British Mercantilism and the Economic Development of the Thirteen Colonies

1952 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis P. Nettels
Keyword(s):  
Food Supply ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The State ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
Navigation Acts ◽  
High Degree

Mercantilism is defined for this discussion as a policy of government that expressed in the economic sphere the spirit of nationalism that animated the growth of the national state in early modern times. The policy aimed to gain for the nation a high degree of security or self-sufficiency, especially as regards food supply, raw materials needed for essential industries, and the sinews of war. This end was to be achieved in large measure by means of an effective control over the external activities and resources upon which the nation was dependent. In turn, that urge impelled the mercantilists to prefer colonial dependencies to independent foreign countries in seeking sources of supply. If the state could not free itself completely from trade with foreign nations, it sought to control that trade in its own interest as much as possible. To realize such objectives, mercantilism embraced three subordinate and related policies. The Corn Laws fostered the nation's agriculture and aimed to realize the ideal of self-sufficiency as regards food supply. State aids to manufacturing industries, such as the protective tariff, sought to provide essential finished goods, including the sinews of war. The Navigation Acts were intended to assure that foreign trade would be carried on in such a way as to yield the maximum advantage to the state concerned.

Parents and their minor children: familial politics in the middle Maghrib in the eighth/fourteenth century

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID S. POWERS
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Legal Guardian ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
Strong Ties ◽  
Legal Advice ◽  
Court Judge ◽  
The Family ◽  
Minor Children

In this essay I reconstruct a dispute that occurred in the middle Maghrib during the first half of the eighth/fourteenth century among members of a wealthy family with strong ties to the state. The pre mortem transfer of shares of a mill to minor children, one male and the other female, carried out ca. 705/1305 became problematic 20 years later, long after the children's father had died. The widowed mother used her position as legal guardian to prevent her daughter – now grown up and married – from exercising effective control over her shares of the mill; eventually, the mother sold her daughter's shares of the mill to her son, a jurist employed by the state. When her attempts to settle the dispute within the family proved unsuccessful, the daughter took her case to a sharī a court judge; the latter solicited the legal advice of a muftī, who called for nullification of the sale. The case sheds light on the operation of the Islamic legal system, points to the willingness of legal actors to uphold the rights of a female against a powerful male relative, and suggests that Muslim judges enjoyed a relatively large measure of judicial autonomy.

scholarly journals The Analysis of Sanctions’ Influence on Russian Stock Market Based on Sanction Index Development

2019 ◽  
pp. 2155-2169
Author(s):  
Elena A. Fedorova ◽  
Liubov E. Khrustova ◽  
Svetlana O. Musienko
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
Financial Market ◽  
The State ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Stated Objective ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Russian Stock Market ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact

Anti-Russian sanctions have become one of the key factors, determining the state of the Russian national economics in recent years. Financial restrictions against companies and residents, which constrict the possibility of raising foreign funding and limit cooperation with abroad investors, have become one of the sanctions’ types. Such events could not but affect the state of the Russian financial market. The aim of the work under discussion is to estimate the impact of anti-Russian sanctions on the Russian financial market from 2014 till 2018. In order to achieve the stated objective the authors developed a system of indexes that allow quantitatively showing the sanctions imposed against Russia by different foreign countries. The indexes were calculated not only for all restrictions in total, but also for sanctions imposed by different groups of countries (USA, European Union and other countries). In addition, the developed indexes make it possible to take into account the degree of particular sanctions’ impact based on the level of the object under sanctions. The stated indexes’ analysis in relation to the variation of MOEX index allowed establishing the high degree of dependence of the Russian financial market’s dynamics on the imposed sanction restrictions and justifying the proposed approach to indexes’ calculation

Early Archaic Settlement on the Southeastern Atlantic Slope: A View from the Rucker's Bottom Site, Elbert County, Georgia

1984 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Anderson ◽  
Joseph Schuldenrein
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Savannah River ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
Early Archaic ◽  
Major River ◽  
Tool Types ◽  
High Degree ◽  
River Drainages ◽  
Southeastern Atlantic

In 1981 and 1982 a 160 m2 block was opened into the Early Archaic deposits at the Rucker's Bottom site in northeast Georgia along the upper Savannah River. An assemblage dominated by Palmer points, expedient flake tools, and debitage was recovered, and is compared to Early Archaic assemblages from elsewhere on the southeastern Atlantic slope. While there is considerable variability in the quantity of material recovered from individual sites over the region (something interpreted here as due in large measure to reoccupation), the composition, or content of Early Archaic assemblages is surprisingly uniform. Most assemblages are characterized by crude bifacial core/tools, expedient unifaces, and debitage. Other tool types, particularly hafted bifaces, formal unifaces, and cobble tools, are less common. Extralocal raw materials most commonly appear on sites along major river drainages, while raw material use in the interriverine area appears directed to local sources. A high degree of group mobility, particularly along major drainages, is suggested.

Assessment of the state region food supply system in the context of digital transformation

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 107-116
Author(s):  
Е. Dugina ◽  
◽  
Е. Dorzhieva ◽  
L. Garmaeva ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Supply ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Digital Transformation ◽  
The State ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Resource Potential ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
The Republic

The article examines the relevance of the research topic, due to the fact that the development of digital transformation processes covers almost all types and areas of activity of a modern person. The digital transformation process has received a certain impetus for development in conditions of self-isolation. The active use of modern digital technologies made it possible to solve a number of important problems. In conditions of self-isolation, due to the fall in real incomes of the population, the structure of consumption has changed, the population is reorienting to the consumption of food products that are more affordable. The article shows that digitalization is being actively implemented in the life of every person who is directly related to the food supply system. The effective functioning of the food supply system for the population of the region presupposes an increase in the level of self-sufficiency in food products, as one of the important indicators of food independence of the regions of Russia. In the course of the study, the prerequisites, restrictions on the development of the food supply system for the population of the region in the context of digitalization were identified. An assessment of the state and use of agro-resource potential, the level of self-sufficiency of the population with basic food products of the subjects of the Baikal region is given. It was revealed that the agro-resource potential of the Republic of Buryatia and the Transbaikal Territory is not used effectively. The Irkutsk Region has a higher innovative potential, has certain competitive advantages, in particular, low electricity tariffs, etc., this creates favorable conditions for the development of the food supply system of the region. The barriers hindering the development of the digital transformation process in the food supply system have been identified: a low level of agribusiness margins, a lack of financial resources, an underdeveloped infrastructure, and a lack of highly qualified personnel. Strategic directions for the development of the food supply system for the population in the context of digital transformation are proposed

A possibility of using nickel concentrate, obtained as a result of hydrometallurgical enrichment of manganese-containing raw materials, at steel alloying

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (7) ◽  
pp. 709-715
Author(s):  
O. Yu. Kichigina
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Selective Extraction ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Nickel Iron ◽  
Nickel Recovery ◽  
Nickel Concentrate ◽  
Steel Alloying ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Comprehensive Processing

At production of stainless steel expensive alloying elements, containing nickel, are used. To decrease the steel cost, substitution of nickel during steel alloying process by its oxides is an actual task. Results of analysis of thermodynamic and experimental studies of nickel reducing from its oxide presented, as well as methods of nickel oxide obtaining at manganese bearing complex raw materials enrichment and practice of its application during steel alloying. Technology of comprehensive processing of complex manganese-containing raw materials considered, including leaching and selective extraction out of the solution valuable components: manganese, nickel, iron, cobalt and copper. Based on theoretical and experiment studies, a possibility of substitution of metal nickel by concentrates, obtained as a result of hydrometallurgical enrichment, was confirmed. Optimal technological parameters, ensuring high degree of nickel recovery out of the initial raw materials were determined. It was established, that for direct steel alloying it is reasonable to add into the charge pellets, consisting of nickel concentrate and coke fines, that enables to reach the through nickel recovery at a level of 90%. The proposed method of alloying steel by nickel gives a possibility to decrease considerably steel cost at the expense of application of nickel concentrate, obtained out of tails of hydrometallurgical enrichment of manganese-bearing raw materials, which is much cheaper comparing with the metal nickel.

The Efficiency of Russia's Foreign Financial Assets Realization

2004 ◽  
pp. 76-91
Author(s):  
B. Kheifets
Keyword(s):  
State Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
Financial Assets ◽  
Foreign Countries

Russia's financial requirements in respect to foreign countries have considerably lowered during recent years without noticeable return for the country's budget. Different assessments of the value of foreign financial assets are considered in the article and main reasons that have led to their lowering are revealed. The state policy in the field is critically analyzed, alternative variants of increasing the effectiveness of foreign financial assets realization are offered.

On the Marketness of Markets and Actor Clout: Market-shaping Roles

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 170-184
Author(s):  
Suvi Nenonen ◽  
Kaj Storbacka
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Market Maker ◽  
Relative Power ◽  
Market Evolution ◽  
Network Position ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Market Shaping

In reconnecting marketing to more plastic and malleable markets, we need more understanding about market evolution. In this research we explore how to assess the state of a market, and how the roles of a market-shaping actor vary depending on this state. We view markets as configurations of 25 interdependent elements and argue that well-functioning markets have a high degree of configurational fit between elements. The level of configurational fit describes the state of a market as a continuum from low to high marketness. The clout of a market actor to influence a market configuration is an amalgamation of the actor’s capabilities, network position and relative power. By exploring marketness and clout as contextual contingencies, we identify four market-shaping roles: market maker, market activist, market champion, and market complementor. The focus of a market-shaping actor, in terms of which elements to influence and in which order, vary significantly between roles.

Safety assessment of biological raw materials in the system of medicines quality assurance

2020 ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Yu. Olefir ◽  
E. Sakanyan ◽  
I. Osipova ◽  
V. Dobrynin ◽  
M. Smirnova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
First Time ◽  
Medicines Quality

The entry of a wide range of biotechnological products into the pharmaceutical market calls for rein-forcement of the quality, efficacy and safety standards at the state level. The following general monographs have been elaborated for the first time to be included into the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation, XIV edition: "Viral safety" and "Reduction of the risk of transmitting animal spongiform encephalopathy via medicinal products". These general monographs were elaborated taking into account the requirements of foreign pharmacopoeias and the WHO recommendations. The present paper summarises the key aspects of the monographs.

Mechanisms of Green Development of Urban Agricultural Production in a Large Industrial City

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 823-829
Author(s):  
E. V. Malysh
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Urban Agriculture ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Agricultural Technologies ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
Industrial City ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Green Development

A city’s potential for food self-sufficiency is expected to increase through the distribution of innovative, high-tech, green agricultural practices of producing food in an urban environment, which can improve the city’s food security due to increased food accessibility in terms of quantity and quality. Aim. Based on the systematization of theoretical approaches and analysis of institutional aspects, the study aims to propose ways to strengthen the city’s food security by improving food supply in urban areas, increasing the socio-economic and environmental sustainability of urban food systems, and changing the diet of urban residents.Tasks. The authors propose methods for the development of urban agricultural production in a large industrial city based on the principles of green economy and outline the range of strategic urban activities aimed at implementing green agricultural production technologies associated with the formation and development of the culture of modern urban agricultural production.Methods. This study uses general scientific methods of cognition to examine the specificity of objectives of strengthening a city’s food security by improving the quality of food supply to the population. Methods of comparison, systems analysis, systematization of information, and the monographic method are also applied.Results. A strategic project for the development of urban agricultural systems through the implementation and green development of advanced urban agricultural technologies is described. Green development mechanisms will create conditions for the city’s self-sufficiency in terms of organic and safe products, functioning of short supply chains, and green urban agriculture.Conclusions. Managing the growth of urban agriculture will promote the use of highly effective, easily controlled, resource-efficient, eco-friendly, weather- and season-independent, multi-format urban agricultural technologies. The study describes actions aimed at creating conditions for stabilizing a city’s high-quality food self-sufficiency with allowance for the growing differentiation of citizen needs.

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