Biosystematics of entomopathogenic nematodes: current status, protocols and definitions

1997 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 271-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.M. Hominick ◽  
B.R. Briscoe ◽  
F.G. del Pino ◽  
Jian Heng ◽  
D.J. Hunt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Management Committee ◽  
Cold Active ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Eu

COST Action 819: Entomopathogenic nematodes, supercedes Action 812: Cold active lines of insect parasitic nematodes in Agriculture and Biotechnology. It functions in the field of Agriculture and Biotechnology and began in July 1994 and will end in May, 1999. The main objective is to combine interrelated European expertise to increase the use of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in integrated pest management and to reduce the need for chemical control. Coordination of the Action is the responsibility of a management committee in accordance with a Memorandum of Understanding, which has been signed by representatives of 17 countries: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. A research institute in Israel is also participating. Over 40 research institutions and 10 commercial companies participate in Action 819. The EU funding meets the costs related to coordination including the scientific secretariat, workshops, management committee and working group meetings, publications, short term scientific missions and evaluations.

scholarly journals Evaluating the implications of Brexit for research collaboration and policy: a network analysis and simulation study

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. e025025
Author(s):  
George Garas ◽  
Isabella Cingolani ◽  
Vanash M Patel ◽  
Pietro Panzarasa ◽  
Ara Darzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Collaboration ◽  
Research Impact ◽  
Collaboration Network ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Research And Innovation ◽  
Strategic Relationships ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

ObjectiveTo evaluate the role of the European Union (EU) as a research collaborator in the UK’s success as a global leader in healthcare research and innovation and quantify the impact that Brexit may have.DesignNetwork and regression analysis of scientific collaboration, followed by simulation models based on alternative scenarios.SettingInternational real-world collaboration network among all countries involved in robotic surgical research and innovation.Participants772 organisations from industry and academia nested within 56 countries and connected through 2397 collaboration links.Main outcome measuresResearch impact measured through citations and innovation value measured through the innovation index.ResultsGlobally, the UK ranks third in robotic surgical innovation, and the EU constitutes its prime collaborator. Brokerage opportunities and collaborators’ geographical diversity are associated with a country’s research impact (c=211.320 and 244.527, respectively; p<0·01) and innovation (c=18.819 and 30.850, respectively; p<0·01). Replacing EU collaborators with US ones is the only strategy that could benefit the UK, but on the condition that US collaborators are chosen among the top-performing ones, which is likely to be very difficult and costly, at least in the short term.ConclusionsThis study suggests what has long been argued, namely that the UK-EU research partnership has been mutually beneficial and that its continuation represents the best possible outcome for both negotiating parties. However, the uncertainties raised by Brexit necessitate looking beyond the EU for potential research partners. In the short term, the UK’s best strategy might be to try and maintain its academic links with the EU. In the longer term, strategic relationships with research powerhouses, including the USA, China and India, are likely to be crucial for the UK to remain a global innovation leader.

The World Economy

1996 ◽  
Vol 158 ◽  
pp. 36-63
Author(s):  
Ray Barrell ◽  
Julian Morgan ◽  
Nigel Pain ◽  
Florence Hubert
Keyword(s):  
World Economy ◽  
Industrial Output ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Working Day ◽  
Bad Weather ◽  
The Uk ◽  
European Economies ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Eu

There was a pause in growth in a number of European economies around the end of 1995, with weak domestic demand leading to moves to return stocks to more normal levels. This was exacerbated by bad weather in the first quarter of 1996. Rather pessimistic conclusions were widely drawn from these few months, but recent developments, especially in Germany have made us, and others, more optimistic about the short-term prospects. In the EU as a whole output rose by 0.49 per cent in the first quarter. Whilst output in France and Italy appears to have declined in the second quarter, in part due to statistical factors arising from the extra working day in the first quarter, growth remained at or above trend levels in the UK, Spain, the Netherlands and Denmark, and recovered significantly in Germany. Industrial output in Germany rose continually in the six months to August, with manufacturing output at its highest level since 1992. This has begun to be reflected elsewhere in the EU, with industrial confidence rising for the first time in 19 months.

Using Evidence

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra M. Nutley ◽  
Isabel Walter ◽  
Huw T. O. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Eu

This book addresses the development of increasingly individualised public social services in the EU. It focuses particularly on activation services that have become crucial in the 'modernisation' of welfare states, comparing their introduction in the UK, Germany, Italy, Finland and the Czech Republic.

UK shipping may not find Brexit such a bounty

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Services ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Content Type ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Red Tape ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Eu

Subject Brexit and the UK shipping sector. Significance The shipping industry wants to maintain maximum openness with the EU27, avoiding restrictions that might delay the transit of goods or passengers and retaining ‘passporting rights’ for maritime-related financial services into the single market. At the same time, it wants to re-examine the regulatory framework, scrap any measures that damage UK competitiveness or create unnecessary red tape, and adopt a ‘Britain First’ approach to procuring maritime products and services and securing government support. The desire to achieve both aims is close to ‘having one’s cake and eating it’. Impacts Reorienting UK trade towards the wider world would boost shipping, particularly if more raw materials were sourced from outside the EU. In practice a reorientation of trade would have limited effects on the UK shipping sector beyond the ports handling such trade. An increase in traffic would be offset by both a decline in short-sea trading with Europe and Brexit’s short-term impact on demand.

scholarly journals Brexit barbarization? The UK leaving the EU as de-civilizing trend

2020 ◽  
pp. 144078332096052
Author(s):  
David Inglis
Keyword(s):  
Short Term ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Sociological Approach ◽  
Conceptual Apparatus ◽  
Political Landscape ◽  
Look Ahead ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Eu

Social scientists have begun to offer varied diagnoses of why Brexit has happened, and what its consequences have been and will likely be. This article does so by drawing upon Elias-inspired notions of longer-term de-civilizing processes, shorter-term de-civilizing spurts, and short-term de-civilizing offensives. Brexit is conceived of as involving a set of interlocking phenomena and tendencies which are de-civilizing in nature, and therefore de-cosmopolit(an)izing too. Diverse empirical phenomena in the UK are made sense of through the unifying conceptual apparatus of ‘de-civilization’, allowing analysis to start to relate them to each other systematically. The article also uses this sociological approach to look ahead tentatively to what the post-Brexit socio-political landscape may look like in the future.

scholarly journals Unia Europejska, globalizacja i Polska

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 169-172
Author(s):  
Anna Małgorzta Niżnik
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Eu

International economic integration, or globalisation, has a long history, dating from the Medieval period; the establishment and later extension of the European Union is part of this process. It is argued that EU membership has brought undoubted advantages, such as support for agriculture and for regions of high unemployment, and the removal of tariffs against Polish goods, but the huge changes experienced by Poland date from the introduction of the market economy in 1989, not from EU membership. The market economy is synonymous with globalisation, which is so powerful that countries are forced to adapt to it, and make changes within this framework. There have been changes since 2004, the most important of which is mass emigration to the UK, Ireland, Germany and Spain, but it is thought that this movement is only short-term, since most Poles intend to return to Poland, having accumulated capital. It is too soon to be able to establish the full impact of EU membership. It seems that a much longer period must be allowed to elapse before it is possible to assess the value of EU membership to Poland. But in any case, it is clear that Poland has become part of the globalisation and economic integration process – something that will be emphasised owing to membership of the EU.

5. Supremacy of EU law

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel Foster
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
European Court Of Justice ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
Member States ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
European Court ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Eu

This chapter focuses on the supremacy of European Union (EU) law over the law of the member states and the relationship with international law. It suggests that the reasons and logic for the supremacy of the EU law have been developed through the decisions and interpretation of the European Court of Justice (CoJ) and provides relevant cases to illustrate the views of the CoJ on the superiority of EU law. This chapter also describes the reception and implementation of EU law in several member states, including the UK, but now in the light of Brexit, Germany, Italy, France, the Czech Republic, Denmark, and Spain.

British Exceptionalism Causes Brexit Conundrum

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
John Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
Political Survival ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Negotiation Strategy ◽  
Modern Economy ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Eu

Abstract This paper examines the shortcomings in the UK government’s Brexit negotiation strategy which reflected Prime Minister Theresa May’s weak political leadership which focused on securing the short-term political survival of her government amidst turbulent and fractious domestic politics, over negotiations with the EU27. Brexit negotiations were poorly planned, and the UK government was woefully unprepared. Brexit also threatened a serious re-opening of old wounds in Northern Ireland, as debate grows around the prospect of a united Ireland inside the EU. UK politics is in turmoil and in a chronic crisis. What route the Brexit saga takes next is uncertain. But the crossroads is approaching – either the UK leaves by 31 January 2020 with no deal or passes the deal the Boris Johnson has negotiated with the EU27. The Brexit process has revealed the weakness of Westminster’s insular politics seemingly incapable of running a modern economy and society. Westminster’s politics are becoming more not less dysfunctional. The phenomenon of British exceptionalism towards the EU is set to take a new dramatic turn, while the UK’s chaotic political divisions will not disappear any time in the foreseeable future. The result of the 12 December 2019 General Election may even complicate the Brexit Conundrum.

scholarly journals The UK on the Verge of Future Relations with the EU

2020 ◽  
pp. 16-26
Author(s):  
Elena Ananieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
International Aid ◽  
Internal Market ◽  
Border Control ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Eu

At the end of November the UK-EU talks were still in progress and in the absence of a deal the perspectives of short-term relations were labelled “provisional application” of interim agreements. The analysis of public opinion in times of COVID-19 pandemic reveals less attention to Brexit and a leaning to its soft alternative while believing exiting the EU to be wrong. The Johnson Cabinet was ready for no deal, having introduced the Internal Market Bill in breach of the UK-EU Agreement, but did not take measures for border control. This study shows that the reasons of the UK uncompromising attitude were dictated by economic as well as political and psychological factors. As to foreign policy the UK intends to underpin “Global Britain” with an expensive modernization of defence forces at the expense of international aid. The conclusion is that the UK is to remain the US major ally notwithstanding differences with the incoming administration.

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