scholarly journals Bacterial Synergism—The Formation byB. typhosusorB. coli anaerogenesfrom Mannitol of an Intermediate Substance from which Morgan's Bacillus produces Gas

1932 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-395
Author(s):  
J. Gibson Graham
Keyword(s):  
General Rule ◽  
Sodium Formate ◽  
General Term ◽  
Carbon Compounds ◽  
Combined Action ◽  
Bacterial Synergism ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Bacterial Association ◽  
Do So ◽  
Intermediate Substance

In the operations of bacteria under natural conditions it is the general rule to find mixed cultures at work, the variability of the results depending upon many factors. Therefore it has been suggested by Holman (1928) that the general term “bacterial association” be used to cover such processes. When, however, the combined action of two or more micro-organisms effects changes which each by itself is incapable of achieving, the term “synergism” is applied. Synergism appears to be used now in a more restricted sense to describe a particular type of bacterial association, and has been defined by Fiallos (1925) as follows: “two bacilli neither of which causes the production of gas in certain compounds, may do so when artificially mixed together provided one of them is capable of producing acidity (never gas) in these carbon compounds, and the other though inert to these compounds (i.e. produces in them neither acid nor gas) is capable of producing gas from glucose.” In 1911 Penfold observed the production of gas from a glucose medium in whichB. typhosuswas growing along with a variant non-aerogenic strain ofB. coli communis, the latter having been derived from a typical gas-producing culture by selective growth on agar containing sodium monochloracetate. Although this organism had lost the power of gas-fermenting glucose it retained the power of gas-fermenting sodium formate. Castellani (1925, 1926 and 1927) states that he noted the phenomenon, which he calls “symbiotic,” in 1904 when investigating the fermentation reactions of bakers' yeast, which is not a pure culture but consists generally of two or more species of yeasts together with one or more types of Gram-negative bacilli.

Frequency and Tense Use in French

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 43-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arie Molendijk ◽  
Henriette E. de Swart
Keyword(s):  
General Rule ◽  
Concrete Situation ◽  
Dependent Frequency ◽  
Temporal Relationships ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Do So

Abstract. This paper deals wilh the use of Ihe passé simple and the imparfait of French in frequentative sentences. It is argued that frequency implies sentence-internal quantification, meaning that frequentative sentences report just one (complex) eventuality. This claim is related to the fact that, as far as establishing temporal relationships between eventualities is concerned, sentences containing frequency adverbs behave like sentences that don't imply quantification at all. So they may establish all kinds of temporal relationships between eventualities. Given the claims put forward in this paper about the temporal meaning of the passe* simple and the imparfait (Molendijk 1990), it naturally follows that, as a general rule, frequency adverbs combine with both tenses. But they do not always do so under exactly the same circumstances. In this regard, a distinction can be made between dependent frequency adverbs {tout le temps 'all the time' etc.), which imply reference to a contextually determinable concrete situation, and independent ones (toujours 'always', etc.), which may be used without any reference to such a situation. This distinction helps us to understand, for instance, why dependent frequency adverbs do not easily combine with the 'absolute' (non-narrative) passe simple, whereas they do combine with the imparfait and the 'narrative' passé simple.

scholarly journals The Child Justice Act: Procedural Sentencing Issues

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 320
Author(s):  
Stephan S Terblanche
Keyword(s):  
General Rule ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Probation Officers ◽  
Care Centre ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Trial Courts ◽  
Victim Impact Statement ◽  
The Status ◽  
Do So

In this contribution a number of procedural issues related to the sentencing of child offenders and emanating from the Child Justice Act 75 of 2008 are considered in some detail. As a general rule, the Act requires pre-sentence reports to be obtained from probation officers before sentencing any child offender, with only a limited number of exceptions. The article argues that the peremptory nature of the Act means that a probation report is always required, even if reports by other experts are also available. The exceptions are limited to instances other than those where the child offender is sentenced to any form of imprisonment or to residence in a care centre. The article addresses the question of whether or not the reference to imprisonment includes alternative imprisonment which is imposed only as an alternative to a fine. It suggests that alternative imprisonment should, generally, not be imposed on child offenders. When an exception is not prevented because of the sentence, a pre-sentence report may be dispensed with only when the offence is a schedule-1 offence (the least serious class of offences) or when obtaining a report would prejudice the child. It is argued that these exceptions are likely to occur rather rarely. A final aspect of the Act’s provisions on pre-sentence reports is the requirement that reasons be given for a departure from the recommendations in a pre-sentence report. This requirement merely confirms the status quo. The Act permits the prosecutor to provide the court with a victim impact statement. Such a statement is defined in the Act. It is a sworn statement by a victim or someone authorised by the victim explaining the consequences to the victim of the commission of the crime. The article also addresses the issue of whether or not the child justice court might mero motu obtain a victim impact statement when the prosecution does not do so. Finally, the article addresses appeals against and reviews of the trial courts’ sentences. It notes that appeal by the child offender is made somewhat easier, as some child offenders need not obtain leave to appeal. These include children under the age of 16, or older children sentenced to imprisonment. Again, the meaning of “imprisonment” is at least somewhat ambiguous. The provisions on automatic review have attracted considerable judicial attention already. The majority of these judgments confirmed the apparently clear wording of the Act, in terms of which the cases of all child offenders under the age of 16 should be reviewed regardless of whether they were legally represented or of the sentence imposed. In the case of child offenders aged 16 or 17, only custodial sentences are reviewable. The judgments which found this to be an incorrect interpretation are dealt with in some detail, with the conclusion that they were incorrectly decided.

scholarly journals A restriction site to differentiate Plasmodium and Haemoproteus infections in birds: on the inefficiency of general primers for detection of mixed infections

Parasitology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 136 (7) ◽  
pp. 713-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. MARTÍNEZ ◽  
J. MARTÍNEZ-DE LA PUENTE ◽  
J. HERRERO ◽  
S. DEL CERRO ◽  
E. LOBATO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Restriction Site ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Dna Amplification ◽  
Additional Restriction ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Dna Analyses ◽  
Restriction Sites ◽  
Additional Restriction Site ◽  
Do So

SUMMARYAvian Plasmodium and Haemoproteus parasites are easily detected by DNA analyses of infected samples but only correctly assigned to each genus by sequencing and use of a phylogenetic approach. Here, we present a restriction site to differentiate between both parasite genera avoiding the use of those analyses. Alignments of 820 sequences currently listed in GenBank encoding a particular cytochrome B region of avian Plasmodium and Haemoproteus show a shared restriction site for both genera using the endonuclease Hpy CH4III. An additional restriction site is present in Plasmodium sequences that would initially allow differentiation of both genera by differential migration of digested products on gels. Overall 9 out of 326 sequences containing both potential restriction sites do not fit to the general rule. We used this differentiation of parasite genera based on Hpy CH4III restriction sites to evaluate the efficacy of 2 sets of general primers in detecting mixed infections. To do so, we used samples from hosts infected by parasites of both genera. The use of general primers was only able to detect 25% or less of the mixed infections. Therefore, parasite DNA amplification using general primers to determine the species composition of haemosporidian infections in individual hosts is not recommended. Specific primers for each species and study area should be designed until a new method can efficiently discriminate both parasites.

Adjudication and Expectations: Bentham on the Role of Judges

Utilitas ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANCESCO FERRARO
Keyword(s):  
General Rule ◽  
Substantive Law ◽  
Do So

According to a well-established interpretive line, the Benthamic judge would be allowed no room for autonomous calculations of utility and his or her task would only be that of mechanically applying substantive law, which expresses the legislator's will. For Gerald Postema, in contrast, Bentham's judge would be granted ample power to decide cases by directly applying the principle of utility. This article criticizes both views, by showing that a ‘mechanical’ adjudication was for Bentham utterly impossible, although this does not mean that judges should be free to decide according to direct utility calculations. Judges must be the tutors of the citizens’ expectations, which, under a system of statute law, will focus on the code. However, they can avoid suboptimality in cases where applying a general rule would not maximize utility, without preponderant damage for law-induced expectations: Bentham's suggestion is that they do so by proposing amendments of the code to the legislature.

scholarly journals The External mechanics of the chromosomes V—The balance theory of mitosis

1936 ◽  
Vol 121 (823) ◽  
pp. 310-319 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
General Rule ◽  
Spindle Pole ◽  
The Body ◽  
Balance Theory ◽  
Chromosome Configuration ◽  
The Third ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Great Body ◽  
Mitosis And Meiosis ◽  
Do So

In the present studies, material of Fritillaria has been used to show the effect of different variables on the external movements of the chromosomes. The first shows the effect of different time-relationships at meiosis on the localization of pairing. The second shows the effect of the body-repulsions on the metaphase arrangement of bivalent chromosomes. The third shows the effect of the centromere-repulsions on the metaphase arrangement of trivalents and their relationship with the polar repulsions and the axial orientation of the spindle particles. The fourth shows the effect of varying the polar repulsions, by varying the time coordination of centrosomes (or spindle-pole determinants) and chromosomes, on the metaphase arrangement at mitosis and meiosis. These and more general observations in other material are the main sources of evidence that I want to consider in relation to the external mechanics of the chromosomes. It is impossible to describe here the evidence of every kind of force working on every kind of chromosome configuration at every stage of development. To do so would make the material unwieldy. We should not be able to see the wood for the trees. Nor is it yet possible to deal thoroughly with those special types of mitosis found in the Protista or those exceptional types of meiosis described by the Schraders (1931, 1932) and by Metz, Moses, and Hoppe (1926), since the general rule must be understood before the exceptions can be explained. I therefore propose to consider merely that great body of plants and animals which seems to obey certain consistent rules at meiosis and mitosis.

scholarly journals Microbiological analysis of the orange crop, mango and bergamot in the middle of BDA cultivation

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
R. Marchezan ◽  
A. R. Aigner ◽  
F. Dahmer ◽  
L. A. Munaretto ◽  
D. P. Ruppenthal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Culture Media ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Search Method ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Valencia Orange ◽  
Identification Of Fungi ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Brazilian Culture ◽  
Do So

This study aimed to verify the development of fungi and any bacteria that may occur in the culture media, which are rich in nutrients needed for the development of micro-organisms, a situation similar to what happens with the area of Brazilian culture, to do so, used If the basis for the BDA search method (potato, dextrose and agar). The treatments were four procedures, which have been disinfected and isolated part of the leaves of citrus orange, mango and bergamot and part of the fruit of valencia orange, for identification of fungi and bacteria that there manifested 24 hours after implantation of the experiment. It follows therefore that the microorganisms have developed satisfactorily outside their natural habitat.

scholarly journals Biofuels from Micro-Organisms: Thermodynamic Considerations on the Role of Electrochemical Potential on Micro-Organisms Growth

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2591
Author(s):  
Umberto Lucia ◽  
Giulia Grisolia
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Temperature Effect ◽  
Open Problem ◽  
Electric Potential ◽  
Present Model ◽  
Electrochemical Potential ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Mitigation ◽  
Do So

Biofuels from micro-organisms represents a possible response to the carbon dioxide mitigation. One open problem is to improve their productivity, in terms of biofuels production. To do so, an improvement of the present model of growth and production is required. However, this implies an understanding of the growth spontaneous conditions of the bacteria. In this paper, a thermodynamic approach is developed in order to highlight the fundamental role of the electrochemical potential in bacteria proliferation. Temperature effect on the biosystem behaviour has been pointed out. The results link together the electrochemical potential, the membrane electric potential, the pH gradient through the membrane, and the temperature, with the result of improving the thermodynamic approaches, usually introduced in this topic of research.

Moral dilemmas

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allyn Fives
Keyword(s):  
John Rawls ◽  
Practical Reasoning ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
Moral Conflict ◽  
Moral Rule ◽  
Public Justification ◽  
Moral Conflicts ◽  
Do So

The argument of this chapter is that we can be faced with genuine, real moral dilemmas, that is, moral conflicts for which there is no general rule for their resolution and conflicts that leave us with moral regret at the item not acted upon. For example, there is a moral conflict involved in every act of parental paternalism. When I, as a parent, act paternalistically, in attempting to do what is best for my child I violate a moral rule in regard to my child. In making this argument, I reject Philippa Foot’s counter arguments claiming to show the moral dilemmas are a logical contradiction. If we cannot identify a general rule for their resolution, how can we resolve moral conflicts? In this chapter I try to show that we can do so through practical reasoning and practical judgement. In doing so, I will borrow from John Rawls and his account of reasonableness and Thomas Nagel’s account of public justification in a context of actual disagreement. However, we must be cognisant of a number of possible dangers here. In particular, we must ensure that we do not impose a ‘liberal’ political solution on moral conflicts and in that way ourselves become guilty of the moral simplification we have been critical of in others.

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