Frequency and Tense Use in French

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 43-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arie Molendijk ◽  
Henriette E. de Swart
Keyword(s):  
General Rule ◽  
Concrete Situation ◽  
Dependent Frequency ◽  
Temporal Relationships ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Do So

Abstract. This paper deals wilh the use of Ihe passé simple and the imparfait of French in frequentative sentences. It is argued that frequency implies sentence-internal quantification, meaning that frequentative sentences report just one (complex) eventuality. This claim is related to the fact that, as far as establishing temporal relationships between eventualities is concerned, sentences containing frequency adverbs behave like sentences that don't imply quantification at all. So they may establish all kinds of temporal relationships between eventualities. Given the claims put forward in this paper about the temporal meaning of the passe* simple and the imparfait (Molendijk 1990), it naturally follows that, as a general rule, frequency adverbs combine with both tenses. But they do not always do so under exactly the same circumstances. In this regard, a distinction can be made between dependent frequency adverbs {tout le temps 'all the time' etc.), which imply reference to a contextually determinable concrete situation, and independent ones (toujours 'always', etc.), which may be used without any reference to such a situation. This distinction helps us to understand, for instance, why dependent frequency adverbs do not easily combine with the 'absolute' (non-narrative) passe simple, whereas they do combine with the imparfait and the 'narrative' passé simple.

scholarly journals Bacterial Synergism—The Formation byB. typhosusorB. coli anaerogenesfrom Mannitol of an Intermediate Substance from which Morgan's Bacillus produces Gas

1932 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-395
Author(s):  
J. Gibson Graham
Keyword(s):  
General Rule ◽  
Sodium Formate ◽  
General Term ◽  
Carbon Compounds ◽  
Combined Action ◽  
Bacterial Synergism ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Bacterial Association ◽  
Do So ◽  
Intermediate Substance

In the operations of bacteria under natural conditions it is the general rule to find mixed cultures at work, the variability of the results depending upon many factors. Therefore it has been suggested by Holman (1928) that the general term “bacterial association” be used to cover such processes. When, however, the combined action of two or more micro-organisms effects changes which each by itself is incapable of achieving, the term “synergism” is applied. Synergism appears to be used now in a more restricted sense to describe a particular type of bacterial association, and has been defined by Fiallos (1925) as follows: “two bacilli neither of which causes the production of gas in certain compounds, may do so when artificially mixed together provided one of them is capable of producing acidity (never gas) in these carbon compounds, and the other though inert to these compounds (i.e. produces in them neither acid nor gas) is capable of producing gas from glucose.” In 1911 Penfold observed the production of gas from a glucose medium in whichB. typhosuswas growing along with a variant non-aerogenic strain ofB. coli communis, the latter having been derived from a typical gas-producing culture by selective growth on agar containing sodium monochloracetate. Although this organism had lost the power of gas-fermenting glucose it retained the power of gas-fermenting sodium formate. Castellani (1925, 1926 and 1927) states that he noted the phenomenon, which he calls “symbiotic,” in 1904 when investigating the fermentation reactions of bakers' yeast, which is not a pure culture but consists generally of two or more species of yeasts together with one or more types of Gram-negative bacilli.

scholarly journals The Child Justice Act: Procedural Sentencing Issues

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 320
Author(s):  
Stephan S Terblanche
Keyword(s):  
General Rule ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Probation Officers ◽  
Care Centre ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Trial Courts ◽  
Victim Impact Statement ◽  
The Status ◽  
Do So

In this contribution a number of procedural issues related to the sentencing of child offenders and emanating from the Child Justice Act 75 of 2008 are considered in some detail. As a general rule, the Act requires pre-sentence reports to be obtained from probation officers before sentencing any child offender, with only a limited number of exceptions. The article argues that the peremptory nature of the Act means that a probation report is always required, even if reports by other experts are also available. The exceptions are limited to instances other than those where the child offender is sentenced to any form of imprisonment or to residence in a care centre. The article addresses the question of whether or not the reference to imprisonment includes alternative imprisonment which is imposed only as an alternative to a fine. It suggests that alternative imprisonment should, generally, not be imposed on child offenders. When an exception is not prevented because of the sentence, a pre-sentence report may be dispensed with only when the offence is a schedule-1 offence (the least serious class of offences) or when obtaining a report would prejudice the child. It is argued that these exceptions are likely to occur rather rarely. A final aspect of the Act’s provisions on pre-sentence reports is the requirement that reasons be given for a departure from the recommendations in a pre-sentence report. This requirement merely confirms the status quo. The Act permits the prosecutor to provide the court with a victim impact statement. Such a statement is defined in the Act. It is a sworn statement by a victim or someone authorised by the victim explaining the consequences to the victim of the commission of the crime. The article also addresses the issue of whether or not the child justice court might mero motu obtain a victim impact statement when the prosecution does not do so. Finally, the article addresses appeals against and reviews of the trial courts’ sentences. It notes that appeal by the child offender is made somewhat easier, as some child offenders need not obtain leave to appeal. These include children under the age of 16, or older children sentenced to imprisonment. Again, the meaning of “imprisonment” is at least somewhat ambiguous. The provisions on automatic review have attracted considerable judicial attention already. The majority of these judgments confirmed the apparently clear wording of the Act, in terms of which the cases of all child offenders under the age of 16 should be reviewed regardless of whether they were legally represented or of the sentence imposed. In the case of child offenders aged 16 or 17, only custodial sentences are reviewable. The judgments which found this to be an incorrect interpretation are dealt with in some detail, with the conclusion that they were incorrectly decided.

Tennant's Struggle with a “Desperate Task”

1942 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-208
Author(s):  
Graham Frisbee
Keyword(s):  
William James ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Do So

In his essay, “On God and the Absolute,” F. H. Bradley declares that the “assertor of an imperfect God is, whether he knows it or not, face to face with a desperate task or a forlorn alternative. He must try to show (how I cannot tell) that the entire rest of the Universe, outside his limited God, is known to be still weaker and more limited. Or he must appeal to us to follow our Leader blindly and, for all we know, to a common and overwhelming defeat.” The appeal of the second course, even when it is set forth in the spirited and heroic manner of William James, cannot survive a full realization of what is involved in such a prospect. It is not surprising, therefore, to find that most of the more sober-minded theologians who hold the idea of a limited God attempt to do so in the first form suggested by Bradley. F. R. Tennant belongs to this group. And it is his attempt to accomplish the “desperate task” that we propose to examine.

The Unconditioned and the Absolute in Kant and Early German Romanticism

Kant Yearbook ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Watkins
Keyword(s):  
German Romanticism ◽  
Friedrich Schlegel ◽  
General Line ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Do So

AbstractThis paper argues not only that Schelling, Novalis, and Friedrich Schlegel are reacting directly to Kant (rather than simply to each other and to other post-Kantian figures), but also that they are responding in complex ways to one particularly prominent and distinctive line of thought in Kant, namely his account of reason, conditions, and the unconditioned. Though Kant argues that we cannot have cognition of unconditioned objects, he none the less thinks that reason demands that we accept the existence of such objects. The paper argues that the German Romantics take over this general line of thought, though they do so in different contexts and to different ends. Specifically, focusing on this dimension of Kant’s thought allows us to see both how the logic of conditioning relations can be seen to be driving their arguments for the Absolute, and how Kant’s particular conception of conditioning relations gives rise to important differences from the views of the German Romantics. For whereas he distinguishes different kinds of real conditioning relations, they operate with a generic conception of conditioning that leads to their distinctive Romantic views.

scholarly journals The heat-tension ratio in prolonged tetanic contractions

1931 ◽  
Vol 108 (759) ◽  
pp. 522-537 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Acid Formation ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Do So

It was found by Hartree and Hill (1921) that in tetanic contractions of various durations the relation between heat liberated and duration of stimulus soon becomes linear; from the slope of the curve relating the two variables the absolute values of the heat production were calculated, per centimetre length of muscle, per gramme weight of tension maintained, per second of stimulus, in contractions at various temperatures. No observations, however, were made with tetani longer than 2 seconds. The isometric time coefficients of lactic acid formation and of phosphagen breakdown (subsequently denoted, following Meyerhof, by the symbols K 2 ( I .) and K 2 ( P ) respectively) have been determined by various workers and summarised by Meyerhof (1930, pp. 102, 234, etc.). Recently, however, the existence of delayed lactic acid formation following a tetanus, long maintained by embden and his school, has been confirmed by Meyerhof and his collaborators (1931), who failed to do so in several previous investigations. Lundsgaard (1931) also has found that the anaerobic delayed lactic acid formation following a 5-second tetanus may be over one-half of the total lactic acid set free. When there is a delayed lactic acid formation amounting to as much as, or more than, 100 per cent. of that occurring during the contraction proper, it is obvious that the values of K 2 ( I .) and K 2 ( P ) lack significance unless the time from the end of the stimulus at which the chemical determinations are made is specified. The older chemical investigations mentioned thus require revision, which has been given in a recent paper by Meyerhof and Schulz (1931).

Creatively Engaging the Political

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caron E. Gentry
Keyword(s):  
Visual Arts ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
The Political ◽  
Power Structures ◽  
Christian Realism ◽  
Alternative Perspective ◽  
The People ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Do So

This chapter establishes feminist Christian realism in IR as focused upon addressing power structures and articulating a rigorous creative response to anxiety. A creative response to injustice recognizes not just the ability of love to operate in political contexts but the absolute need for it to do so. Creativity has been reduced to an egotistical proposition, glorifying human ingenuity and genius. It tends to focus on the people who are well recognized and therefore set apart from the rest of population for their contributions to society: whether this is written or spoken word, music, visual arts, or inventions. There is an alternative perspective on creativity, one that is not located within human ingenuity per se but rather on relationships, community, and agape—one that is cognizant of mutual vulnerability.

Rousseau's Moral Realism: Replacing Natural Law with the General Will

1983 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 633-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur M. Melzer
Keyword(s):  
Social Contract ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Natural Law ◽  
Moral Realism ◽  
General Will ◽  
Classical View ◽  
Natural Goodness ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Do So

The Social Contract is reinterpreted by emphasizing its relation to Rousseau's other writings and doctrines. In the spirit of Hobbesian realism, Rousseau regards natural law and other forms of “private morality” as ineffectual, invalid, and in practice dangerous tools of oppression and subversion. But, still more realistic than Hobbes, Rousseau thinks it impossible to build a nonoppressive state on men's selfish interests alone and embraces the classical view that morality or virtue is politically necessary (as well as intrinsically good). Rousseau's doctrine of the natural goodness of man, however, which traces all vice to the effects of oppression, leads him to conclude that the non-oppression more or less guaranteed by the absolute rule of general laws is also sufficient to make men virtuous. Thus Rousseau can declare law as such (General Will) infallible and “sovereign”—and he must do so in order to protect rule of law from its greatest danger, the subversive appeal to “natural law.”

scholarly journals A restriction site to differentiate Plasmodium and Haemoproteus infections in birds: on the inefficiency of general primers for detection of mixed infections

Parasitology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 136 (7) ◽  
pp. 713-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. MARTÍNEZ ◽  
J. MARTÍNEZ-DE LA PUENTE ◽  
J. HERRERO ◽  
S. DEL CERRO ◽  
E. LOBATO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Restriction Site ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Dna Amplification ◽  
Additional Restriction ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Dna Analyses ◽  
Restriction Sites ◽  
Additional Restriction Site ◽  
Do So

SUMMARYAvian Plasmodium and Haemoproteus parasites are easily detected by DNA analyses of infected samples but only correctly assigned to each genus by sequencing and use of a phylogenetic approach. Here, we present a restriction site to differentiate between both parasite genera avoiding the use of those analyses. Alignments of 820 sequences currently listed in GenBank encoding a particular cytochrome B region of avian Plasmodium and Haemoproteus show a shared restriction site for both genera using the endonuclease Hpy CH4III. An additional restriction site is present in Plasmodium sequences that would initially allow differentiation of both genera by differential migration of digested products on gels. Overall 9 out of 326 sequences containing both potential restriction sites do not fit to the general rule. We used this differentiation of parasite genera based on Hpy CH4III restriction sites to evaluate the efficacy of 2 sets of general primers in detecting mixed infections. To do so, we used samples from hosts infected by parasites of both genera. The use of general primers was only able to detect 25% or less of the mixed infections. Therefore, parasite DNA amplification using general primers to determine the species composition of haemosporidian infections in individual hosts is not recommended. Specific primers for each species and study area should be designed until a new method can efficiently discriminate both parasites.

scholarly journals Expectations on mass determination using astrometric microlensing by Gaia

2020 ◽  
Vol 640 ◽  
pp. A83
Author(s):  
J. Klüter ◽  
U. Bastian ◽  
J. Wambsganss
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo Simulation ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Mass Determination ◽  
Single Star ◽  
Data Release ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Background Star ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Do So

Context. Astrometric gravitational microlensing can be used to determine the mass of a single star (the lens) with an accuracy of a few percent. To do so, precise measurements of the angular separations between lens and background star with an accuracy below 1 milli − arcsec at different epochs are needed. Therefore only the most accurate instruments can be used. However, since the timescale is on the order of months to years, the astrometric deflection might be detected by Gaia, even though each star is only observed on a low cadence. Aims. We want to show how accurately Gaia can determine the mass of the lensing star. Methods. Using conservative assumptions based on the results of the second Gaia data release (Gaia DR2), we simulated the individual Gaia measurements for 501 predicted astrometric microlensing events during the Gaia era (2014.5–2026.5). For this purpose we used the astrometric parameters of Gaia DR2, as well as an approximative mass based on the absolute G magnitude. By fitting the motion of the lens and source simultaneously, we then reconstructed the 11 parameters of the lensing event. For lenses passing by multiple background sources, we also fitted the motion of all background sources and the lens simultaneously. Using a Monte-Carlo simulation we determined the achievable precision of the mass determination. Results. We find that Gaia can detect the astrometric deflection for 114 events. Furthermore, for 13 events Gaia can determine the mass of the lens with a precision better than 15% and for 13 + 21 = 34 events with a precision of 30% or better.

Superior Colliculus Neurons Use Distinct Operational Modes in the Integration of Multisensory Stimuli

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (5) ◽  
pp. 2575-2586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Perrault ◽  
J. William Vaughan ◽  
Barry E. Stein ◽  
Mark T. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Temporal Relationships ◽  
Superior Colliculus Neurons ◽  
Stimulus Effectiveness ◽  
Operational Modes ◽  
Substantial Heterogeneity

Many neurons in the superior colliculus (SC) integrate sensory information from multiple modalities, giving rise to significant response enhancements. Although enhanced multisensory responses have been shown to depend on the spatial and temporal relationships of the stimuli as well as on their relative effectiveness, these factors alone do not appear sufficient to account for the substantial heterogeneity in the magnitude of the multisensory products that have been observed. Toward this end, the present experiments have revealed that there are substantial differences in the operations used by different multisensory SC neurons to integrate their cross-modal inputs, suggesting that intrinsic differences in these neurons may also play an important deterministic role in multisensory integration. In addition, the integrative operation employed by a given neuron was found to be well correlated with the neuron's dynamic range. In total, four categories of SC neurons were identified based on how their multisensory responses changed relative to the predicted addition of the two unisensory inputs as stimulus effectiveness was altered. Despite the presence of these categories, a general rule was that the most robust multisensory enhancements were seen with combinations of the least effective unisensory stimuli. Together, these results provide a better quantitative picture of the integrative operations performed by multisensory SC neurons and suggest mechanistic differences in the way in which these neurons synthesize cross-modal information.

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