scholarly journals Diarrhoea and enteritis amongst infants in the London area, 1930–8

1946 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 480-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Payling Wright ◽  
Helen Payling Wright
Keyword(s):  
Representative Sample ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Medical Officer ◽  
Seasonal Distribution ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Widespread Dissemination

The present inquiry was undertaken to obtain some indication of the relative frequencies of deaths amongst infants from the various forms of diarrhoea and enteritis—‘neonatal’, ‘parenteral’ and ‘infectious’—in the Greater London area in the decade before the war. Since much of the material needed for such an analysis was not available in the published records, a sampling inquiry, making use of the more elaborate records maintained by the Medical Officer of Health, was undertaken for the Borough of Willesden. A comparison of the relevant epidemiological and social conditions in this borough with those in the Greater London area as a whole showed, that for such a purpose, it might properly be regarded as a representative sample.There was little evidence for the occurrence of the neonatal form in Willesden during the period studied, nor did the seasonal distribution of the deaths suggest that many took place in consequence of preceding parenteral infections. On the other hand, there did seem to be some evidence that a significant proportion of these deaths were in some degree associated with one another, in time or place or both, and it is suggested that this distribution might have resulted from the widespread dissemination in the community of one or more strains of some common micro-organism of relatively low virulence for all but the infant population.A less detailed study of data for other London boroughs, viz., Bermondsey, Croydon, East Ham, Tottenham and West Ham, supported the main conclusion reached from the Willesden records.

Function of coprophagous beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Geotrupidae, Hydrophilidae) in cattle pastures inferred from pitfall trapping data

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Šlachta ◽  
Jan Frelich ◽  
Tomáš Tonka
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Seasonal Distribution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pitfall Trapping ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Nested Anova ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Dung Decomposition

Function of coprophagous beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Geotrupidae, Hydrophilidae) in cattle pastures inferred from pitfall trapping dataAn analysis of data on the dry weight biomass of coprophagous beetles in standardized dung (4.5 l) was conducted in order to characterize the spatial and the seasonal distribution of the beetles' biomass in cattle pastures and to elucidate their function in dung decomposition. Nested Anova with factors of farm, site (nested in farm), seasonal period and year was used to evaluate the effect of these factors on the biomass of four functional species groups: the dung dwellers ofScarabaeidae(subfamilyAphodiinae), the dung dwellers ofHydrophilidae, the small tunnellers ofScarabaeidae(subfamilyCoprinae) and the large tunnellers ofGeotrupidae. The spatial variation of biomass (between the sites and the farms) was insignificant (P>0.05) in the two dung-dweller groups and in the large-tunnellers group. On the other hand, a significant (P<0.05) seasonal variation of biomass was found in all but the large tunneller group. In dung dwellers, the spring biomass was formed mainly by two species,Aphodius prodromusandA. sphacelatus. In summer, most of the biomass was accounted for bySphaeridium lunatum, S. scarabaeoidesandA. rufipes. In the two tunneller groups,Onthophagus fracticornis, Geotrupes stercorariusandG. spinigerformed a majority of the biomass in dung.

Jargon, Bullshit, sinnlos

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 646-660
Author(s):  
Max Beck
Keyword(s):  
Critical Theory ◽  
Logical Empiricism ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Content ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Personal Approach ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Theological Language

Abstract Theodor W. Adorno’s Jargon of Authenticity (1964) is one of the bestknown, but also most controversial works of Critical Theory. Many philosophers, writers and editorialists have attacked the text in recent decades and accused Adorno of cultivating his own “jargon”. In his book, Adorno develops a critique of metaphysical and theological language, which he observed in Germany from the 1920s up to the 1960s. In my paper, I argue that the mode of critique Adorno deploys is still relevant today, even if its object has largely disappeared. This becomes clear in comparison to the language criticism of the analytical tradition, namely logical empiricism or Harry G. Frankfurt’s critique of “bullshit,” which are comparably more widespread today in academic debates. While Adorno examines linguistic expressions in terms of their social content and places them in a historical constellation, the critique of “bullshit” following Frankfurt remains constrained to a personal approach. In the language criticism of logical empiricism, on the other hand, the possibility of understanding linguistic phenomena as expressions of social conditions is still present. From this comparison, much can be learned for an up-to-date language criticism.

John Conrad Hansen (1869–1952) and his scientific illustrations

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Brinkman
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
Field Museum ◽  
Oil Paintings ◽  
Other Hand

Over the course of his 14-year career at Chicago's Field Museum of Natural History, artist and engraver John Conrad Hansen rendered hundreds of beautiful and accurate scientific illustrations of animals – mostly extinct fossil vertebrates. His principal media were oil paintings, pencil, pen-and-ink and wash drawings. Many of his illustrations have been published in the scientific literature. His oil paintings, on the other hand, were made for display alongside specimens in the Field Museum's exhibits. Despite the quality of Hansen's full-colour reconstructions, few of them have been seen outside the Museum. A small, representative sample of his work is reproduced here, along with a brief account of his troubled life and career.

scholarly journals La guerre des six jours et la presse Française : essai d'analyse

Res Publica ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 617-644
Author(s):  
Paul Henriet
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
The Other ◽  
Complete Sample ◽  
Present Essay ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Quantitative Approaches

The present essay aims at defining the attitude of the French press towards the conflict of May/]une 1967 between Israel and Arab countries.As a thematic analysis of a representative sample of daily, weekly and monthly newspapers, covering bath periods of the preceding diplomatic antagonism and of the actual war, the article comprises a number of quantitative approaches which, as they complement each other, lead to certain conclusions in respect, on the one hand, of the particular newspaper analysed and, on the other hand, of the complete sample under observation. This method makes it possible to bring to light the fundamental pro-Israel and anti-Arab leanings of the sample, as they reflect the pre-existent attitudes of French public opinion. It also reveals that the only pro-Arab and anti-Israel newspaper are those that belang at the far left end of the sample.These factors lead to hypothesize that the disposition which favoured Israel sprung in fact not from any special sympathy towards Jewry, but from a feeling of bond with a mode of civilisation as represented by the Western and pro-Western characteristics of Israel.

Animal Liberationist Responses to Non-Anthropogenic Animal Suffering

2006 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Thornhill ◽  
Michael Morris
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Individual Animal ◽  
Animal Suffering ◽  
Animal Liberation ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Individual Human

AbstractAnimal liberationists generally pay little attention to the suffering of animals in the wild, and it is arguable that this is a significant proportion of the total amount of animal suffering. We examine a range of different responses of animal liberationists to the issue of non-anthropogenic suffering, but find none of them entirely satisfactory. Responses that lead logically to the conclusion that anthropogenic suffering should be eliminated can apply equally logically to the suffering of animals in the wild. On the other hand, the solution of micro-managing habitats to prevent suffering is counter-intuitive, and on closer examination eliminates the intrinsic value of animals' lives. On balance, the approach that we favour is acceptance of the intrinsic value of individual animal lives, extending this from either individual human lives (as accepted predominantly by theists), or from biodiversity, species and ecosystems (as currently accepted by ecocentric philosophies). We also suggest that the combination of animal liberation and environmentalism only really makes sense in the context of a belief in the redeemable qualities of nature, as expressed in quasi-Hindu terms or in terms of some Biblical animal liberationist worldviews.

Trademarks in Developing Countries

1976 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Industrial Property ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

The concern with the impact of industrial property legislation and practices on the developing countries, at both the national and international levels, has so far been confined almost entirely to patents and patent-related transactions. This focus on the protection of knowledge concerning production processes reflects, on the one hand, a preoccupation with the terms and conditions which owners of technology may be able to obtain for its sale or lease, when their proprietary position is reinforced by legal instruments; and on the other hand, a recognition that unless the developing countries can themselves control the generation of a significant proportion of the technology they employ, it is unlikely either that appropriate technology will be produced, or that good use will be made of what is already available and relevant.

Erranze poetiche e geografiche nei poeti del Gharb al-Andalus

2021 ◽  
pp. 53-62
Author(s):  
Adalberto Alves
Keyword(s):  
Social Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Social

The arab poetry is born among the wandering bedouins of the desert. The long odes (qasidat), were born to be recited in the camp, at night, under the stars and around the fire. The ode includes always a section named nasib wich intention is to describe the erratic course of the desert rider in search of his beloved woman. On the other hand, throughout centuries and with rare exceptions, the social conditions of arab poets were precarious. This meant that they were obliged to wander between courts to find patrons, in order to guarantee means of subsistence. These two circumstances, together with the hazards of existing politics, determined the erring matrix of life of the ancient arab poets: most of them, despite their outstanding talent, were compelled to being mainly vagrant panegyrists.

scholarly journals A Further Study of an Unusual Bacillus recovered from Cases presenting Symptoms of Dysentery

1929 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. H. A. Clayton ◽  
S. H. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Medical Officer ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
The Other ◽  
Biochemical Reactions ◽  
Presenting Symptoms ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Mixed Suspension

(1) The unusual organism previously described (1929) has since been recovered from two additional sources, in each case children suffering from dysenteric symptoms.(2) It is suggested that this organism be named the “Newcastle dysentery bacillus.”(3) A more extensive study of its biochemical reactions, using Lemco broth (Dudgeon and Pulvertaft, 1927), as a basis for carbohydrates, has shown that these reactions are notably free from variation and that they exhibit decided divergences from those characteristic of certain bacilli often associated with, but not specifically related to, dysentery. They are more or less closely paralleled in the case of the Glässer-Voldagsen sub-group of the Salmonella, and particularly the Dammann strain of Voldagsen's bacillus, but nevertheless show quite definite differences.(4) Further examination of the serological peculiarities of the Newcastle bacillus has demonstrated that it is difficult to prepare from it a very active rabbit anti-serum, that its velocity of agglutination is low, and that the titre obtained with saline suspensions is higher than that obtained with broth cultures.(5) Complete absence of agglutination has been the result in tests with B. typhosus, many members of the Salmonella group, including all most frequently met with and also the Glässer-Voldagsen sub-group, and with a number of the bacilli often associated with, but not specifically related to, dysentery. On the other hand, with one strain of B. dysenteriae Sonne (3) there was a suggestion of agglutination and with at least four out of five races (V, W, X, Y and Z) of B. dysenteriae Flexner this was well-marked.(6) Saturation with a mixed suspension of these five races completely removes all trace of these secondary agglutinins without materially affecting the specific agglutinins for the Newcastle bacillus while, on the other hand, saturation with each of the four strains of the latter has, in each separate instance, practically eliminated the specific and completely removed the secondary agglutinins.Finally we desire to acknowledge the helpful criticism we have received from Prof. H. J. Hutchens throughout our study of this organism, the facilities placed at our disposal by Dr Harold Kerr, Medical Officer of Health for Newcastle, and the great assistance rendered by the Deputy Medical Officer of Health, Dr J. A. Charles.

scholarly journals Pemikiran Pendidikan al-Ghazali

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Muhammad Jafar Sodiq
Keyword(s):  
Golden Age ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Religious Studies ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
Educational Thought ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Education Today ◽  
Islamic Civilization

There are many controversial views in assessing Al-Ghazali thought. For example, there is an opinion that the reason of Islam deterioration is caused by his categorisation of fard 'ain for Religious Studies, and fard kifayah for others. Abdulloh Mas'ud said that the dichotomy in education today can be traced to his categorisation. On the other hand, there are many defenders declared that al Ghazali is not responsible for this dichotomy, but he is the true defender of Islam. Even al-Zubaidi, he said that If there is a prophet after Muhammad, he would be al - Ghazali. Based on these controversies, this article will describe al-Ghazali's ideas about education in his two books, Ihya Ulumuddin and Ayyuhal Walad. This article concluded that al-Ghazali's ideas can not be separated from its socio-cultural context. With this perspective we can get a whole picture of al-Ghazali. He lived in a period of the emersion of various sects and schools (mazhab) in Islam, the deterioration of the Abbasid dynasty, and the golden age of the dynasty Saljuk until its collapse. Al-Ghazali's educational thought is an integral part of this dynamics Islamic civilization in general. Thus, Islamic education also should not be alienated from the economic, political and social conditions that affect and determine the direction and the shape of Islamic civilization.

scholarly journals Sustainable Loyalty of Employees in Poland as a Result of the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 9411
Author(s):  
Anna Lipka ◽  
Małgorzata Król
Keyword(s):  
Representative Sample ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Questionnaire Research

The pandemic has triggered, on one hand, a wave of employee disloyalty in the form of quitting from non-functioning companies and choosing those seeking employees, and on the other hand, reinforcing their relationships with those companies that made a lot of effort to prevent quitting or letting employees go. The cognitive aim of this article is to answer the question of whether this transition is intended to be temporary or permanent—an issue which has not been recognized in the literature on the subject so far. The planned cognitive contribution is the verification of the hypothesis pertaining to the uneven occurrence of individual types of loyalty. The study was conducted on a nationwide, representative sample (n = 1000) with the use of the CAWI questionnaire. Research has confirmed that sustainable loyalty occurs more often than other types of loyalty. This is a balanced type of loyalty in which the commitment of the employer and the employee is equal, and the employee is attached to the organization and puts their trust in it. The obtained results were interpreted in the context of the influence of the pandemic.

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