scholarly journals Live influenza B vaccine in volunteers

1969 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Beare ◽  
D. A. J. Tyrrell ◽  
D. Hobson ◽  
C. H. L. Howells ◽  
M. S. Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Unit ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Serological Response ◽  
Antigenic Analysis ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Common ◽  
Resistance To Infection

SUMMARYA trial of an experimental live influenza B vaccine has been described.The virus it contained was active and produced infections, antibody rises and clinical reactions.Second and third vaccinations had much less effect than the first. Resistance to revaccination was only partially reflected in the serological response.It seems that another factor, probably local antibody, exerts a considerable influence on resistance to infection with influenza viruses.We are greatly indebted to Dr P. G. Higgins of the Public Health Laboratory, Cirencester, who went to much trouble to provide us with specimens from patients with influenza; to Dr H. G. Pereira of the National Institute for Medical Research for the antigenic analysis of the vaccine virus; to Messrs Sankey Ltd., Bilston, Wolverhampton, for their unfailing courtesy and forbearance throughout the trial; to the volunteers for their enthusiastic co-operation in the face of some discom forts; and to Messrs Pfizer Ltd., Sandwich, for originally providing facilities for the preparation of the vaccine.In particular we wish to record our gratitude for the invaluable technical help of Miss Pamela Ball of the Common Cold Research Unit, Mrs Maria Gregory of the Bacteriology Department of Liverpool University, Mrs L. Johnson of the Virus Laboratory of New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton, and Mr A. Westoby, an assistant in the practice of Dr Tyler.

scholarly journals Predominance of influenza B/Yamagata lineage viruses in Bulgaria during the 2017/2018 season

2019 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. S. Korsun ◽  
S. G. Angelova ◽  
I. T. Trifonova ◽  
I. L. Georgieva ◽  
I. S. Tzotcheva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Molecular Surveillance ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Double Deletion ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Na Sequences

AbstractIn this study, we investigated the antigenic and genetic characteristics of influenza viruses circulating in Bulgaria during the 2017/2018 season. The detection and typing/subtyping of influenza viruses were performed using real-time RT-PCR. Results of antigenic characterisation, phylogenetic and amino acid sequence analyses of representative influenza strains are presented. The season was characterised by the predominance of B/Yamagata viruses, accounting for 77% of detected influenza viruses, followed by A(H1N1)pdm09 (17%), B/Victoria (3.7%) and A(H3N2) (2.4%). The sequenced B/Yamagata, B/Victoria, A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) viruses belonged to the genetic groups 3, 1A, 6B.1 and 3C.2a1, respectively. Amino acid analysis of B/Yamagata isolates revealed the presence of three changes in haemagglutinin (HA), eight changes in neuraminidase (NA) and a number of substitutions in internal proteins compared with the B/Phucket/3073/2013 vaccine virus. Despite the amino acid changes, B/Yamagata viruses remained antigenically related to the vaccine strain. B/Victoria isolates fell into a group of viruses with double deletion (Δ162–163) in HA1. Substitutions in HA and NA sequences of B/Victoria, A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) viruses were also identified compared with the vaccine strains, including in antigenic sites. The results of this study confirm the genetic variability of circulating influenza viruses and the need for continual antigenic and molecular surveillance.

scholarly journals Report on influenza viruses received and tested by the Melbourne WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza in 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merryn Roe ◽  
Matthew Kaye ◽  
Pina Iannello ◽  
Hilda Lau ◽  
Iwona Buettner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Seasonal Influenza ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
World Health ◽  
Influenza Surveillance ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Neuraminidase Inhibitors ◽  
Response System ◽  
Surveillance And Response

As part of its role in the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS), the WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza in Melbourne received a record total of 5866 human influenza positive samples during 2017. Viruses were analysed for their antigenic, genetic and antiviral susceptibility properties and were propagated in qualified cells and hens’ eggs for use as potential seasonal influenza vaccine virus candidates. In 2017, influenza A(H3) viruses predominated over influenza A(H1)pdm09 and B viruses, accounting for a total of 54% of all viruses analysed. The majority of A(H1)pdm09, A(H3) and influenza B viruses analysed at the Centre were found to be antigenically similar to the respective WHO recommended vaccine strains for the Southern Hemisphere in 2017. However, phylogenetic analysis indicated that the majority of circulating A(H3) viruses had undergone genetic drift relative to the WHO recommended vaccine strain for 2017. Of 3733 samples tested for susceptibility to the neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir and zanamivir, only two A(H1)pdm09 viruses and one A(H3) virus showed highly reduced inhibition by oseltamivir, while just one A(H1)pdm09 virus showed highly reduced inhibition by zanamivir.

scholarly journals Reassortment and Insertion-Deletion Are Strategies for the Evolution of Influenza B Viruses in Nature

1999 ◽  
Vol 73 (9) ◽  
pp. 7343-7348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan A. McCullers ◽  
George C. Wang ◽  
Shiqin He ◽  
Robert G. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
The United States ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Nucleotide Sequencing ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Antigenic Analysis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Reassortant Viruses

ABSTRACT The evolution of influenza B viruses is poorly understood. Reassortment of influenza B viruses in nature as a means of genetic variation has not been considered to be a major contributor to their evolution. However, the current practice of assigning evolutionary relationships by antigenic analysis of the hemagglutinin of influenza B viruses would fail to detect reassortants. In this study, influenza B viruses isolated within the past 10 years from sites in the United States and China were studied by nucleotide sequencing of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes and construction of phylogenetic trees to assess evolutionary relationships. A group of viruses represented by B/Houston/1/92 possess a hemagglutinin derived from a B/Yamagata/16/88-like strain and a neuraminidase derived from a B/Victoria/2/87-like strain. A second reassortment event between the hemagglutinin of a B/Yamagata/16/88-like virus closely related to the B/Beijing/184/93 strain and the neuraminidase of a B/Victoria/2/87-like strain is represented by a single virus, B/Memphis/3/93. The neuraminidase of the reassortant viruses is most closely related to that of B/Victoria/2/87-like viruses currently circulating in Nanchang, China. A pattern of insertions and deletions in the hemagglutinin and the neuraminidase of different strains of influenza B viruses is observed. Reassortment plays a role in the evolution of influenza B viruses and may necessitate a change in the methods used to assess and identify new influenza viruses.

scholarly journals Report on influenza viruses received and tested by the Melbourne WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza in 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia H Price ◽  
Natalie Spirason ◽  
Cleve Rynehart ◽  
Sook Kwan Brown ◽  
Angela Todd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Seasonal Influenza ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
World Health ◽  
Influenza Surveillance ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Response System ◽  
Surveillance And Response

As part of its role in the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS), the WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza in Melbourne received a total of 3993 human influenza-positive samples during 2018. Viruses were analysed for their antigenic, genetic and antiviral susceptibility properties. Selected viruses were propagated in qualified cells or hens’ eggs for use as potential seasonal influenza vaccine virus candidates. In 2018, influenza A(H1)pdm09 viruses predominated over influenza A(H3) and B viruses, accounting for a total of 53% of all viruses analysed. The majority of A(H1)pdm09, A(H3) and influenza B viruses analysed at the Centre were found to be antigenically similar to the respective WHO-recommended vaccine strains for the Southern Hemisphere in 2018. However, phylogenetic analysis indicated that a significant proportion of circulating A(H3) viruses had undergone genetic drift relative to the WHO-recommended vaccine strain for 2018. Of 2864 samples tested for susceptibility to the neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir and zanamivir, three A(H1)pdm09 viruses showed highly reduced inhibition by oseltamivir, while one B/Victoria virus showed highly reduced inhibition by both oseltamivir and zanamivir.

scholarly journals Annual report on influenza viruses received and tested by the Melbourne WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza in 2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivian.k Leung ◽  
Yi-Mo Deng ◽  
Matthew Kaye ◽  
Iwona Buettner ◽  
Hilda Lau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Seasonal Influenza ◽  
Annual Report ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
World Health ◽  
Influenza Surveillance ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Surveillance And Response ◽  
Selection Of

As part of its role in the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS), the WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza in Melbourne received a total of 4,247 human influenza positive samples during 2016. Viruses were analysed for their antigenic, genetic and antiviral susceptibility properties and also propagated in qualified cells and hens eggs for potential seasonal influenza vaccine virus candidates. In 2016, influenza A(H3) viruses predominated over influenza A(H1)pdm09 and B viruses, accounting for a total of 51% of all viruses analysed. The vast majority of A(H1)pdm09, A(H3) and influenza B viruses analysed at the Centre were found to be antigenically similar to the respective WHO recommended vaccine strains for the Southern Hemisphere in 2016. However, phylogenetic analysis of a selection of viruses indicated that the majority of circulating A(H3) viruses had undergone some genetic drift relative to the WHO recommended strain for 2016. Of more than 3,000 samples tested for resistance to the neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir and zanamivir, six A(H1)pdm09 viruses and two B/Victoria lineage viruses showed highly reduced inhibition to oseltamivir.

scholarly journals MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES TO HEMAGGLUTININ OF INFLUENZA B VIRUSES VICTORIA EVOLUTIONARY LINEAGE

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 275-280
Author(s):  
E. V. Sorokin ◽  
T. R. Tsareva ◽  
A. I. Zheltukhina
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Hemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Antigenic Analysis ◽  
Epidemic Season ◽  
Evolutionary Lineage

Co-circulation of two evolutionary distinct lineages of influenza virus in one epidemic season has led to development specific reagents for rapid identification and typing of new isolates. Panel of MAbs to hemagglutinin of influenza virus B/Brisbane/46/15 belonging to Victoria evolutionary lineage was developed. All MAbs reacted in ELISA with B/Victoria-like strains only. There were no interactions with heterologous influenza viruses of B/Yamagata lineage, seasonal and potentially pandemic influenza A viruses. All MAbs reacted in hemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralization. MAbs interacted in hemagglutination inhibition only with B/Victoria-like viruses, but did not interacted B/Yamagata-like strains. Neutralization and hemagglutination inhibition studies of viruses isolated before 1983 with MAbs revealed that MAbs 6E11, 9G5, 9B5 and 6A4 had the ability to interact with the virus B/ Russia/69 which may evidence that B strains of early isolation period (before lineage separation) have common epitope with recent Victoria lineage viruses. MAbs 7C8, 7G9, 7H8 and 8D11 were directed to a conserved epitope (or epitopes) specific for influenza hemagglutinin viruses of B/Victoria group. The presence of differences in the effectiveness of the interaction of MAbs 6A9, 7G9 and 8A8 in hemagglutination inhibition test allows the identification and differentiation of strains isolated in chicken embryos and MDCK cell culture. Thus, the developed MAbs can be successfully used for identification and antigenic analysis of B/Victoria-like strains.

Can Gaius Really Be Compared To Darwin?

2000 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Child Abuse ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Legal Reform ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
General Question ◽  
Private Law ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Common

One might, by way of introduction, return to the general question. What is one to make of the debate between Professor Birks and the apparent schematic disorder of the common law? One immediate response is to consign this whole debate to a past age. Those who believe that meaningful legal reform can be achieved through classification risk being ridiculed.7 Such a view is understandable. The amount of intellectual energy spent on emancipating unjust enrichment from the categories of contract, tort and equity seems to bear little relation to the actual social benefits detectable in the restitution decisions themselves.8 And the experimentation with the public and private law dichotomy appears to have proved of little worth in the face of such social horrors as child abuse.9

scholarly journals Development of high-yield influenza B virus vaccine viruses

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (51) ◽  
pp. E8296-E8305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jihui Ping ◽  
Tiago J. S. Lopes ◽  
Gabriele Neumann ◽  
Yoshihiro Kawaoka
Keyword(s):  
Virus Vaccine ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
World Health ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
B Virus

The burden of human infections with influenza A and B viruses is substantial, and the impact of influenza B virus infections can exceed that of influenza A virus infections in some seasons. Over the past few decades, viruses of two influenza B virus lineages (Victoria and Yamagata) have circulated in humans, and both lineages are now represented in influenza vaccines, as recommended by the World Health Organization. Influenza B virus vaccines for humans have been available for more than half a century, yet no systematic efforts have been undertaken to develop high-yield candidates. Therefore, we screened virus libraries possessing random mutations in the six “internal” influenza B viral RNA segments [i.e., those not encoding the major viral antigens, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase NA)] for mutants that confer efficient replication. Candidate viruses that supported high yield in cell culture were tested with the HA and NA genes of eight different viruses of the Victoria and Yamagata lineages. We identified combinations of mutations that increased the titers of candidate vaccine viruses in mammalian cells used for human influenza vaccine virus propagation and in embryonated chicken eggs, the most common propagation system for influenza viruses. These influenza B virus vaccine backbones can be used for improved vaccine virus production.

The Relevance of Energy Service Contracts in the Budget Sphere

2018 ◽  
pp. 64-68
Author(s):  
George V. Boos ◽  
Elena Yu. Matveeva
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
The Public ◽  
Debt Burden ◽  
Comprehensive Plan ◽  
Effective Implementation ◽  
Service Contracts ◽  
The Face ◽  
Energy Service ◽  
The Russian Federation

The problematic aspects related to the implementation of energy saving policy in the budget sphere are examined in the article. The factors hindering the mass and effective implementation of energysaving measures are highlighted in the article. Among these factors, there is the technical complexity of energysaving projects, the presence of innovative and investment risks, problems with the financial provision of costs in the face of increasing debt burden in most public budgets. The article concludes that in these circumstances only the energy service contract is a tool that allows implementing energy­saving measures without the first participation of budgetary funds in financing and allows transferring the risks of making technically inefficient decisions directly to the investor. In the article, the authors substantiate the importance of the institutional development of energy services directly in the public sector and analyze the measures of the comprehensive plan to improve the energy efficiency of the economy of the Russian Federation aimed at expanding the scope of energy service contracts in the public sector.

Verán ustedes las chozas más humildes. El discurso de pobreza en la diplomacia pública cardenista dirigida a Estados Unidos

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-281
Author(s):  
Sylvia Dümmer Scheel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Deal ◽  
Public Diplomacy ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Government ◽  
Lazaro Cardenas ◽  
The New Deal

El artículo analiza la diplomacia pública del gobierno de Lázaro Cárdenas centrándose en su opción por publicitar la pobreza nacional en el extranjero, especialmente en Estados Unidos. Se plantea que se trató de una estrategia inédita, que accedió a poner en riesgo el “prestigio nacional” con el fin de justificar ante la opinión pública estadounidense la necesidad de implementar las reformas contenidas en el Plan Sexenal. Aprovechando la inusual empatía hacia los pobres en tiempos del New Deal, se construyó una imagen específica de pobreza que fuera higiénica y redimible. Ésta, sin embargo, no generó consenso entre los mexicanos. This article analyzes the public diplomacy of the government of Lázaro Cárdenas, focusing on the administration’s decision to publicize the nation’s poverty internationally, especially in the United States. This study suggests that this was an unprecedented strategy, putting “national prestige” at risk in order to explain the importance of implementing the reforms contained in the Six Year Plan, in the face of public opinion in the United States. Taking advantage of the increased empathy felt towards the poor during the New Deal, a specific image of hygienic and redeemable poverty was constructed. However, this strategy did not generate agreement among Mexicans.

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