scholarly journals A study of acute respiratory disease in the community of Port Chalmers I. Illnesses within a group of selected families and the relative incidence of respiratory pathogens in the whole community

1978 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Jennings ◽  
R. D. MacDiarmid ◽  
J. A. R. Miles
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Median Number ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Group A Streptococci ◽  
Isolation Rate ◽  
Group A ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Intensive Surveillance

SUMMARYA study of respiratory diseases in the semi-isolated community of Port Chalmers, New Zealand, began in April 1973. The intensive surveillance of a selected group of 26 families involved the weekly reporting of illness, the collection of specimens for virus, Group A streptococci and Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolation and the collection of sera at 6-month intervals. A total of 956 illnesses were reported during 32 months. The median number of illnesses per year were: infants 4·4, children 2·5, female adults 2·4 and male adults 2·0. Of all these illnesses, 57% were upper respiratory, 31% were lower respiratory and 9% were enteric. The severity of these illnesses was not greater than would be expected in open communities. Surveillance by pathogen isolation only of the whole community through the patients in the general practice was carried out concurrently.A total of 640 nasopharyngeal swab specimens were collected from which 161 viruses, 47 Group A streptococci and 2 M. pneumoniae were isolated. The overall isolation rate was 33%. The similarities between the epidemiological patterns of respiratory disease in the open community and the isolated community are discussed.

scholarly journals Isolation of Bacterial causes of Respiratory Infections in Calves in Smallholder farms in and around Gonder Town, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tefera Manaye ◽  
Pawlos Wasihun Asnake ◽  
Ashebr Abraha ◽  
Tsegaw Fentie
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Mannheimia Haemolytica ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Isolation Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background: Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is considered as the major cause of severe respiratory tract infections in calves. Pasteurellosis is a multifactorial respiratory disease, which mainly affect calves within four weeks of weaning. A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2017 to April 2018 in and around Gondar town, Amhara Regional State, North West of Ethiopia. The aim of the study was to isolate Mannheimia and Pasteurella species from calves up to six months old, and to assess the associated risk factors with the occurrence of respiratory disease. Sex, age (< 16 weeks and > 16 weeks), body condition status (poor, medium, good), breed (local and cross breed), livelihood (mixed crop and urban), farming systems (semi intensive and intensive), herd size (small medium, and large), maternity pens (present or absent), and method of colostrum feedings (hand bucket and suckling) were the examined risk factors.Results: A total of 84 nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected from calves with any signs of illness related to pasteurellosis. The overall isolation rate of the respiratory pathogens was 64/84 (76.2%) (95% CI=65.7-84.8), with 46.4% of Mannheimia haemolytica and 28.8% Pasteurella multocida isolates. The distribution of pathogens was statistically higher (P< 0.001) in calves with respiratory problems (93.6%; 95% CI= 82.5-98.7) compared to those with no symptoms of respiratory illness (54.1%; 95% CI= 36.9-70.5). Among the examined risk factors age, sex, breed, farming system were found to be potential risk factors and significantly associated with Pasteurella infection of calves (p<0.05). The higher isolation rate of Mannheimia haemolytica indicated that it is the major cause of respiratory disease in the study area.Conclusion: The present finding revealed that pasteurellosis is one of the major diseases of calves in the study area in which M. haemolytica and P. multocida were found to be commonly involved in respiratory infections. Improved farm management including timely feeding of colostrum, appropriate hygiene of the calf house and training of farmers is recommended to prevent and control of respiratory diseases in the study area.

scholarly journals Streptococcal pharyngitis in general practice. 1. Some unusual features of the epidemiology

1992 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Higgins
Keyword(s):  
Sore Throat ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Positive Culture ◽  
Streptococcal Pharyngitis ◽  
Group A Streptococci ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Acute Infections ◽  
Group A ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Highly Correlated

SUMMARYThis report is based on a study of acute infections of the upper respiratory tract in 1965 and detailed records of such infections in 1963 and 1964. A change from illnesses mainly yielding viruses to illnesses mainly yielding group A streptococci was noted around the age of 5 years. A positive culture for group A streptococci in patients over 4 years of age was highly correlated with a complaint of sore throat and with serological evidence of streptococcal infection. A bimodal age distribution curve for pharyngitis associated with a positive culture for group A streptococci was consistently noted. The incidence was highest in children aged 5–9 but a second smaller peak occurred among adults in the 30–39 age group. The evidence suggests that being female increases the risk of acquiring group A streptococci and of experiencing sore throat.

Significance of Quantitative Salivary Cultures for Group A and Non-group A β-Hemolytic Streptococci in Patients with Pharyngitis and in Their Family Contacts

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 904-912
Author(s):  
Edward L. Kaplan ◽  
Robert Couser ◽  
Barbara Ballard Huwe ◽  
Carolyn Mckay ◽  
Lewis W. Wannamaker
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Group A Streptococci ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Throat Culture ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Group A ◽  
Bona Fide ◽  
Upper Respiratory

One hundred ninety-six individuals, 86 with clinically overt pharyngotonsillitis and 110 of their clinically negative contacts were studied to evaluate the sensitivity and the specificity of quantitative saliva cultures for group A β-hemolytic streptococci. We also compared this technique with semiquantitative throat cultures as a means of isolating group A streptococci and of differentiating the streptococcal carrier state from patients with bona fide streptococcal upper respiratory tract infection as defmed by the presence of an antibody response. The data indicate that the throat culture is a more reliable means of identifying group A β-hemolytic streptococci in the upper respiratory tract than is the saliva culture. The converse is true for non-group A β-hemolytic streptococci; the saliva culture is a much better means for isolating these organisms. In individuals positive by both techniques we found good correlation between the degree of positivity of the saliva culture and the degree of positivity of the throat culture. Furthermore, while there was a definite trend for individuals with strongly positive cultures to demonstrate more often an antibody rise in either antistreptolysin O and/or antideoxynibonuclease B—indicating bona fide infection—this relationship was not sufficiently constant to provide a clear differentiation. This study also indicates that discordance (one positive, one negative) of simultaneous duplicate semiquantitative throat cultures is much more common among individuals who do not show an antibody response ("carriers") than among those with an antibody response (bona fide infection). This study confirms our previous observations suggesting that the presence of C-reactive protein in the serum of patients with a positive culture for group A streptococci and clinical signs and symptoms of pharyngitis is often an indication of true streptococcal upper respiratory tract infection, and that even with a positive saliva culture at the initial visit, a negative C-reactive protein is only infrequently (25%) associated with an antibody response.

scholarly journals The role of normal skin in the spread of streptococcal pyoderma

1970 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Dudding ◽  
J. W. Burnett ◽  
S. S. Chapman ◽  
L. W. Wannamaker
Keyword(s):  
Normal Skin ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Group A Streptococci ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Skin Flora ◽  
Primary Body ◽  
Group A ◽  
Upper Respiratory

SummaryThe primary body site of acquisition of group A streptococci was examined prospectively in a population with endemic streptococcal pyoderma. Weekly cultures were obtained during the skin infection season from apparently normal upper respiratory and cutaneous sites (and from skin lesions when present) in 44 children and adults living on the Red Lake Indian Reservation.During the 9-week period of the study 705 of a total of 2305 cultures were positive for group A streptococci. The percentage of positive cultures from the various sites were: throat (20%); nose (24%); wrist (32%); ankle (35%); back (22%); and skin lesions (81%). Group A streptococci were also isolated from fingernail dirt, clothing and bedding as well as from a few household pets and insects.Analysis of serial cultures obtained from the same individuals at weekly intervals suggested that the strains isolated from skin lesions first appeared on normal skin in the 2 weeks preceding the lesion. Spread to the nose and throat followed skin acquisition and/or skin lesions.The high prevalence of group A streptococci on normal skin in the absence as well as the presence of pyoderma, and their appearance on normal skin before recovery from either skin lesions or the upper respiratory tract are consistent with the view that skin acquisition was a primary predisposing factor to pyoderma. Since the literature indicates that group A streptococci are rarely part of the normal skin flora, these findings raise the possibility of unique biological properties of these and perhaps other pyoderma strains, as distinct from other group A streptococci.

scholarly journals Splenomegaly in acute infections due to group A streptococci and viruses

1992 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Higgins
Keyword(s):  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Streptococcal Infection ◽  
Group A Streptococci ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cervical Lymphadenitis ◽  
Acute Infections ◽  
Group A ◽  
Coxsackie B Viruses ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Coxsackie B

SUMMARYOver a period of 9 years in general practice temporary enlargement of the spleen was found in 29 episodes of pharyngitis or tonsillitis, in 2 episodes of acute upper respiratory tract infection other than pharyngitis and in 6 episodes of acute cervical lymphadenitis. In five patients more than one episode of illness associated with splenomegaly was recorded.In 26 of the 37 episodes a possible aetiology was identified. Evidence only of infection with group A streptococci was found in 14 episodes, adenoviruses or coxsackie B viruses were isolated alone in 4 episodes and in 4 episodes the only finding was the presence in the blood of more than occasional atypical mononuclear cells; in 4 episodes there was evidence of both streptococcal and viral infection. Episodes with evidence of streptococcal infection only tended to be of shorter duration and to be more evenly distributed over the year than were episodes without such evidence. Temporary splenomegaly was noted also in two children with varicella (one of whom also had streptococcal infection) and in an adult with probable rubella.

scholarly journals SPREADING OF CORONA VIRUS (COVID-19) ACROSS THE GLOBE: NURSING PROTOCOLS FOR HANDLING POSITIVE PATIENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 2944-2948
Author(s):  
P Kamdi
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Human Cell ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Positive Patient ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Close Interaction ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Corona virus causes influenza, vomiting, sneezing, respiratory disease and coughing while diarrhea and upper respiratory diseases are found in animals. The corona virus was transmitted by airborne droplets to humans or primates. Corona virus reaches the human cell through an exo-peptidase receptor with membrane ACE-2. WHO and ECDC also recommended the avoidance of public spaces and close interaction with contagious individuals and pets. Firstly, on 7 January 2020, Corona virus (2019-nCoV) was isolated from the Chinese Wuhan market.

scholarly journals A Case of Group A Streptococcal Meningitis in an Adult

1993 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-226
Author(s):  
Andrew LS Pattullo ◽  
Eric J Bow
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Diagnosis ◽  
Soft Tissue Infections ◽  
Group A Streptococci ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Pyogenic Meningitis ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Group A ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Streptococcal Meningitis

Group A streptococci are an important cause of soft tissue infections but have rarely been reported as the cause of pyogenic meningitis since the advent of antibiotics. A case of group A streptococcal meningitis in an adult is presented along with a review of similar cases reported in the literature. This case serves to illustrate the virulent nature of this pathogen in infections of the meninges, the potential for associated complications, and the need for rapid diagnosis and appropriate treatment. The source of infection in this and many other cases in the literature is the upper respiratory tract. The case presented responded well to antibiotics but resulted in permanent auditory-vestibular dysfunction.

scholarly journals Respiratory disease in a colony of rats. II. Isolation ofMycoplasma pulmonisfrom the natural disease, and the experimental disease induced with a cloned culture of this organism

1972 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Whittlestone ◽  
Ruth M. Lemcke ◽  
R. J. Olds
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Sendai Virus ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Disease ◽  
Lung Homogenate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Mycoplasma Pulmonis ◽  
Group A ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Group B

SUMMARYMycoplasma pulmoniswas isolated from the pneumonic lung of a rat. Two groups of mycoplasma-free rats were inoculated, one with a culture of theM. pulmonisstrain winch had been cloned four times (group A) and the other with a lung homogenate of the rat from which the strain had been isolated (group B). A third group (C) consisted of uninoculated control animals. Each group was kept in strict isolation and allowed to breed so that the progeny was naturally exposed to any pathogens present in the inoculated animals. After different periods of exposure, rats were autopsied, respiratory tracts and inner ears were cultured for mycoplasmas and bacteria, and sera were tested for complement-fixing antibodies to murine mycoplasmas.In group-A rats,M. pulmoniswas consistently isolated from the inner ears or lungs from 50 to 715 days after exposure. Complement-fixing antibody toM. pulmoniswas detected 20 days after inoculation, but in the naturally exposed progeny antibody took longer than 50 days to develop. Antibodies to the other known mycoplasmas of murino origin,M. arthritidisandM. neurolylicum, were never found. Purulent otitis interna was consistently found from day 55 onwards, while lung lesions were first observed at 85 days and persisted to 715 days. Pulmonary lesions developed more slowly in inoculated parents than in exposed progeny. Similar results were found in group-B rats, which were examined up to 441 days after inoculation. Uninoculated group-C rats were examined up to 768 days of ago, butM. pulmoniswas not recovered; of tho 54 animals whose serum was tested all wore negativo to tho three species of mycoplasmas, except one which had a titre of 16 withM. pulmonis. Pneumonia, bronchiectasis or lymphoroticular hyperplasia wore not seen in any of these control rats. Bacterial respiratory pathogens were not isolated from rats in any of the groups, nor was antibody to Sendai virus detected.Tho results suggest thatM. pulmonisalono can cause pneumonia and bronchiee-tasis in rats since mechanical carry-over of another pathogen with the initial cloned inoculum is very unlikely and there was no evidence for the participation of any other rat pathogen. The respiratory disease induced by the cloned culture was comparable with that induced by the lung homogenate, and with the well-known syndrome of chronic respiratory disease and bronchiectasis in the rat.

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