scholarly journals Isolation of Bacterial causes of Respiratory Infections in Calves in Smallholder farms in and around Gonder Town, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tefera Manaye ◽  
Pawlos Wasihun Asnake ◽  
Ashebr Abraha ◽  
Tsegaw Fentie
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Mannheimia Haemolytica ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Isolation Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background: Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is considered as the major cause of severe respiratory tract infections in calves. Pasteurellosis is a multifactorial respiratory disease, which mainly affect calves within four weeks of weaning. A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2017 to April 2018 in and around Gondar town, Amhara Regional State, North West of Ethiopia. The aim of the study was to isolate Mannheimia and Pasteurella species from calves up to six months old, and to assess the associated risk factors with the occurrence of respiratory disease. Sex, age (< 16 weeks and > 16 weeks), body condition status (poor, medium, good), breed (local and cross breed), livelihood (mixed crop and urban), farming systems (semi intensive and intensive), herd size (small medium, and large), maternity pens (present or absent), and method of colostrum feedings (hand bucket and suckling) were the examined risk factors.Results: A total of 84 nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected from calves with any signs of illness related to pasteurellosis. The overall isolation rate of the respiratory pathogens was 64/84 (76.2%) (95% CI=65.7-84.8), with 46.4% of Mannheimia haemolytica and 28.8% Pasteurella multocida isolates. The distribution of pathogens was statistically higher (P< 0.001) in calves with respiratory problems (93.6%; 95% CI= 82.5-98.7) compared to those with no symptoms of respiratory illness (54.1%; 95% CI= 36.9-70.5). Among the examined risk factors age, sex, breed, farming system were found to be potential risk factors and significantly associated with Pasteurella infection of calves (p<0.05). The higher isolation rate of Mannheimia haemolytica indicated that it is the major cause of respiratory disease in the study area.Conclusion: The present finding revealed that pasteurellosis is one of the major diseases of calves in the study area in which M. haemolytica and P. multocida were found to be commonly involved in respiratory infections. Improved farm management including timely feeding of colostrum, appropriate hygiene of the calf house and training of farmers is recommended to prevent and control of respiratory diseases in the study area.

scholarly journals Frequency of Risk Factors Leading to Acute Respiratory Infections Among Children Under Two Year’s Age and their Gender and Age Wise Comparison

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (01) ◽  
pp. 16-21
Author(s):  
Nighat Musa ◽  
Riaz Gul ◽  
Yasir Mehmood ◽  
Saira Afridi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Female Children ◽  
Sick Children ◽  
Tract Infections

OBJECTIVETo determine the frequency of different risk factors leading to Acute Respiratory Infections among children under two yearsTo determine the most susceptible age group and to compare frequency of disease in both gendersMETHODOLOGYStudy design was cross sectional observational. Duration of the study was three months (September – November 2014. Study was conducted in two tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar namely Khyber Teaching hospital & Hayatabad Medical Complex. A total of 200 children under 2 years of age who were attending outpatient department of two tertiary hospitals of Peshawar were studied. After getting consent from parents of children, data was collected from parents. A semi structured questionnaire was used as study tool. Pilot study was conducted prior to the actual study to check the feasibility of questionnaire. Children with acute respiratory tract infections were included in the study while immune compromised and children with other serious systemic diseases were excluded from the study Data was presented in the form of tables and graphs.RESULTSFrequency of acute respiratory infections was common among males (65%) as compare to female children under two year of age. The most susceptible age group was found to be less than 06 months (46%), then is 7-12 months (33%). Environmental risk factors found to be involved in cases of ARI were poverty (73.5%), rural residency with poor cross ventilation in houses (poor or no cross ventilation 66%), no or partial immunization was 35% with malnutrition of sick children 76% may contribute to development of illness more quickly than other children. Illiteracy among mothers (78%) and 39% among fathersCONCLUSIONSARI is more common in infants less than 6 months of age and males are more affected as compared to female children. Poor socioeconomic status, Illiteracy, poor or no cross ventilation in houses, poor immunization status and malnutrition are the key risk factors.

scholarly journals Severity of Respiratory Infections due to SARS-CoV-2 in Working Population: Age and Body Mass Index Outweigh ABO Blood Group

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Schetelig ◽  
Henning Baldauf ◽  
Sarah Wendler ◽  
Falk Heidenreich ◽  
Ruben Real ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Blood Group ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Working Population ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tract Infections

AbstractBackgroundWith increasing rates of SARS-CoV-2 infections and the intention to avoid a lock-down, the risks for the working population are of great interest. No large studies have been conducted which allow risk assessment for this population.MethodsDKMS is a non-profit donor center for stem cell donation and reaches out to registered volunteers between 18 and 61 years of age. To identify risk factors for severe COVID-19 courses in this population we performed a cross-sectional study. Self-reported data on oro- or nasopharyngeal swabs, risk factors, symptoms and treatment were collected with a health questionnaire and linked to existing genetic data. We fitted multivariable logistic regression models for the risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2, risk of severe respiratory infection and risk of hospitalization.FindingsOf 4,440,895 contacted volunteers 924,660 (20.8%) participated in the study. Among 157,544 participants tested, 7,948 reported SARS-CoV-2 detection. Of those, 947 participants (11.9%) reported an asymptomatic course, 5,014 (63.1%) mild/moderate respiratory infections, and 1,987 (25%) severe respiratory tract infections. In total, 286 participants (3.6%) were hospitalized for respiratory tract infections. The risk of hospitalization in comparison to a 20-year old person of normal weight was 2.1-fold higher (95%-CI, 1.2-3.69, p=0.01) for a person of same age with a BMI between 35-40 kg/m2, it was 5.33-fold higher (95%-CI, 2.92-9.70, p<0.001) for a 55-year old person with normal weight and 11.2-fold higher (95%-CI, 10.1-14.6, p<0.001) for a 55-year old person with a BMI between 35-40 kg/m2. Blood group A was associated with a 1.15-fold higher risk for contracting SARS-CoV-2 (95%-CI 1.08-1.22, p<0.001) than blood group O but did not impact COVID-19 severity.InterpretationIn this relatively healthy population, the risk for hospitalizations due to SARS-CoV-2 infections was moderate. Age and BMI were major risk factors. These data may help to tailor risk-stratified preventive measures.FundingDKMS initiated and conducted this study. The Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) supported the study by a research grant (COVID-19 call (202), reference number 01KI20177).

scholarly journals Storage time and temperature affect the isolation rate of Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida from bovine bronchoalveolar lavage samples

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Van Driessche ◽  
Charlotte De Neve ◽  
Freddy Haesebrouck ◽  
Katharina van Leenen ◽  
Filip Boyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Mannheimia Haemolytica ◽  
Isolation Rate ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Storage Temperatures

Abstract Background: A microbiological diagnosis is essential to better target antimicrobial treatment, control and prevention of respiratory tract infections in cattle. Under field conditions, non-endoscopic broncho-alveolar lavage (nBAL) samples are increasingly collected. To what extent the highly variable turnaround time and storage temperatures between sampling and cultivation affect the isolation rate of bacterial pathogens is unknown. Therefore, the objective of this experimental study was to determine the effect of different storage temperatures (0°C, 8°C, 23°C and 36°C) and times (0,2,4,6,8,24,48 hours) on the isolation rate and concentration of Pasteurellaceae in nBAL samples from clinically affected animals.Results: At a storage temperature temperature of 36°C isolation rates of Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida were significantly reduced 6h and 48h after sampling, respectively. At room temperature (23°C), a decrease in M. haemolytica and P. multocida isolation rate was noticed, starting at 24 and 48 hours after sampling, respectively, but only significant for P. multocida at 48h. The presence of microbial contamination negatively affected the isolation of P. multocida in clinical nBAL samples, but not of M. haemolytica. Conclusion: Optimal M. haemolytica and P. multocida isolation rates from clinical nBAL samples are obtained after storage at 0°C or 8°C, provided that the sample is cultivated within 24 hours after sampling. The maximum period a sample can be stored without an effect on the M. haemolytica and P. multocida isolation success varies and is dependent on the storage temperature and the degree of microbial contamination.

scholarly journals Storage time and temperature affect the isolation rate of Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida from bovine bronchoalveolar lavage samples

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Van Driessche ◽  
Charlotte De Neve ◽  
Freddy Haesebrouck ◽  
Katharina van Leenen ◽  
Filip Boyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Mannheimia Haemolytica ◽  
Isolation Rate ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Storage Temperatures

Abstract Background: A microbiological diagnosis is essential to better target antimicrobial treatment, control and prevention of respiratory tract infections in cattle. Under field conditions, non-endoscopic broncho-alveolar lavage (nBAL) samples are increasingly collected. To what extent the highly variable turnaround time and storage temperatures between sampling and cultivation affect the isolation rate of bacterial pathogens is unknown. Therefore, the objective of this experimental study was to determine the effect of different storage temperatures (0°C, 8°C, 23°C and 36°C) and times (0,2,4,6,8,24,48 hours) on the isolation rate and concentration of Pasteurellaceae in nBAL samples from clinically affected animals. Results: At a storage temperature temperature of 36°C isolation rates of Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida were significantly reduced 6h and 48h after sampling, respectively. At room temperature (23°C), a decrease in M. haemolytica and P. multocida isolation rate was noticed, starting at 24 and 48 hours after sampling, respectively, but only significant for P. multocida at 48h. The presence of microbial contamination negatively affected the isolation of P. multocida in clinical nBAL samples, but not of M. haemolytica. Conclusion: Optimal M. haemolytica and P. multocida isolation rates from clinical nBAL samples are obtained after storage at 0°C or 8°C, provided that the sample is cultivated within 24 hours after sampling. The maximum period a sample can be stored without an effect on the M. haemolytica and P. multocida isolation success varies and is dependent on the storage temperature and the degree of microbial contamination.

scholarly journals A study of acute respiratory disease in the community of Port Chalmers I. Illnesses within a group of selected families and the relative incidence of respiratory pathogens in the whole community

1978 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Jennings ◽  
R. D. MacDiarmid ◽  
J. A. R. Miles
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Median Number ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Group A Streptococci ◽  
Isolation Rate ◽  
Group A ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Intensive Surveillance

SUMMARYA study of respiratory diseases in the semi-isolated community of Port Chalmers, New Zealand, began in April 1973. The intensive surveillance of a selected group of 26 families involved the weekly reporting of illness, the collection of specimens for virus, Group A streptococci and Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolation and the collection of sera at 6-month intervals. A total of 956 illnesses were reported during 32 months. The median number of illnesses per year were: infants 4·4, children 2·5, female adults 2·4 and male adults 2·0. Of all these illnesses, 57% were upper respiratory, 31% were lower respiratory and 9% were enteric. The severity of these illnesses was not greater than would be expected in open communities. Surveillance by pathogen isolation only of the whole community through the patients in the general practice was carried out concurrently.A total of 640 nasopharyngeal swab specimens were collected from which 161 viruses, 47 Group A streptococci and 2 M. pneumoniae were isolated. The overall isolation rate was 33%. The similarities between the epidemiological patterns of respiratory disease in the open community and the isolated community are discussed.

scholarly journals Storage time and temperature affect the isolation rate of Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida from bovine bronchoalveolar lavage samples

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Van Driessche ◽  
Charlotte De Neve ◽  
Freddy Haesebrouck ◽  
Katharina van Leenen ◽  
Filip Boyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronchoalveolar Lavage ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Mannheimia Haemolytica ◽  
Isolation Rate ◽  
Storage Temperatures

Abstract Background A microbiological diagnosis is essential to better target antimicrobial treatment, control and prevention of respiratory infections in cattle. Under field conditions, non-endoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage (nBAL) samples are increasingly collected. To what extent the highly variable turnaround time and storage temperatures between sampling and cultivation affect the isolation rate of bacterial pathogens is unknown. Therefore, the objective of this experimental study was to determine the effect of different storage temperatures (0°C, 8°C, 23°C and 36°C) and times (0,2,4,6,8,24,48 hours) on the isolation rate and concentration of Pasteurellaceae in nBAL samples from clinically affected animals.Results Storage at 36°C resulted in a reduced isolation rate already 2 hours after sampling for Mannheimia haemolytica and 24 hours after sampling for Pasteurella multocida . When samples were stored at 23°C, a decrease in M. haemolytica and P.multocida isolation rate was noticed, starting at 24 and 48 hours after sampling, respectively. The presence of microbial contamination negatively affected the isolation of P. multocida in clinical nBAL samples. An increase in concentration of contaminating bacteria was noticed after 24 hours of sampling at a temperature of 36°C and after 48 hours of sampling at a temperature of 23°C.Conclusion Optimal M. haemolytica and P. multocida isolation rates from clinical nBAL samples are obtained after storage at 0°C or 8°C, provided that the sample is cultivated within 24 hours after sampling. The maximum period a sample can be stored without an effect on the M. haemolytica and P. multocida isolation success varies and is dependent on the storage temperature and the degree of microbial contamination.

scholarly journals Social contacts and other risk factors for respiratory infections among internally displaced people in Somaliland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin van Zandvoort ◽  
Mohamed Omer Bobe ◽  
Abdirahman Ibrahim Hassan ◽  
Mohamed Ismail Abdi ◽  
Mohamed Saed Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Internally Displaced People ◽  
Social Mixing ◽  
Displaced People

Background Populations affected by humanitarian crises experience high burdens of acute respiratory infections (ARI), potentially driven by risk factors for severe disease such as poor nutrition and underlying conditions, and risk factors that may increase transmission such as overcrowding and the possibility of high social mixing. However, little is known about social mixing patterns in these populations. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional social contact survey among internally displaced people (IDP) living in Digaale, a permanent IDP camp in Somaliland. We included questions on household demographics, shelter quality, crowding, travel frequency, health status, and recent diagnosis of pneumonia, and assessed anthropometric status in children. We calculated age-standardised social contact matrices to assess population mixing, and conducted regression analysis on risk factors for recent self-reported pneumonia. Results We found crowded households with high proportions of recent self-reported pneumonia (46% in children). 20% of children younger than five are stunted, and crude death rates are high in all age groups. ARI risk factors are common, but we did not find any significant associations with self-reported pneumonia. Participants reported around 10 direct contacts per day. Social contact patterns are assortative by age, and physical contact rates are very high (78%). Conclusions ARI risk factors are very common in this population, while the large degree of contacts that involve physical touch could further increase transmission. Such IDP settings potentially present a perfect storm of risk factors for ARIs and their transmission, and innovative approaches to address such risks are urgently needed.

scholarly journals Clinical outcome and risk factors of patients with suspected pneumonia in Southwest district of Ethiopia, 2020: A retrospective study

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 205873922110482
Author(s):  
Mengistu A Sebsibe ◽  
Molla A Kebede ◽  
Yosef H Kazintet ◽  
Bizuayehu T Gosaye ◽  
Addisalem M Teferi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Clinical Outcome ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
Poor Clinical Outcome ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Early Management ◽  
Suspected Pneumonia

Acute respiratory infections (ARIs), especially pneumonia, remain the leading cause of childhood mortality and the most common reason for adult hospitalization in low- and middle-income countries, despite advances in preventative and management strategies. This study was conducted to assess factors associated with poor clinical outcome of suspected pneumonia cases among hospitalized patients at the three public health hospitals in Southwest district of Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from May to July, 2020. Those patients admitted with suspected pneumonia were followed up during their hospital stay, and data on outcomes were captured by study nurses. Socio-demographics, clinical features, and follow-up data were gathered, and analyzed using SPSS versions 20.0. The differences in patients’ outcome in relation to their clinical features and epidemiologically linked exposures were described and compared using chi-square tests at 95% confident intervals. In this study, 742 patients with suspected pneumonia were analyzed. Of these, 473 (62.8%) of them were male, and 264 (35.6%) were of age 1–4 years. About 533 (71.8%) patients with suspected pneumonia were presented with irregular respiratory signs/symptoms (more than one symptoms) and 132 (17.9%) had underline illnesses. About 633 (85.4%) of patients were improved after treatment, and 109 (14.7%) of them ended with poor clinical outcome after completion of their treatment. Age of the patients and presence of comorbid conditions such as HIV/AIDS infections and bronchial asthma were identified as the risk factors for poor outcome of patients with suspected pneumonia. The clinical outcome of patients with suspected pneumonia at the three hospitals in Southwest district of Ethiopia was not satisfactory. Our findings highlight that in order to reduce poor clinical outcome related to suspected pneumonia, the efforts should be focused on some factors like management and prevention of chronic comorbidities. Increasing clinicians’ awareness on early management of suspected pneumonia cases is also essential in reducing the burden of the disease .

scholarly journals Evaluating Specimen Quality and Results from a Community-Wide, Home-Based Respiratory Surveillance Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley E. Kim ◽  
Elisabeth Brandstetter ◽  
Naomi Wilcox ◽  
Jessica Heimonen ◽  
Chelsey Graham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Respiratory Pathogen ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Pathogen Screening

AbstractIntroductionWhile influenza and other respiratory pathogens cause significant morbidity and mortality, the community-based burden of these infections remains incompletely understood. The development of novel methods to detect respiratory infections is essential for mitigating epidemics and developing pandemic-preparedness infrastructure.MethodsFrom October 2019 to March 2020, we conducted a home-based cross-sectional study in the greater Seattle area, utilizing electronic consent and data collection instruments. Participants received nasal swab collection kits via rapid delivery within 24 hours of self-reporting respiratory symptoms. Samples were returned to the laboratory and were screened for 26 respiratory pathogens and a human marker. Participant data were recorded via online survey at the time of sample collection and one week later.ResultsOf the 4,572 consented participants, 4,359 (95.3%) received a home swab kit, and 3,648 (83.7%) returned a nasal specimen for respiratory pathogen screening. The 3,638 testable samples had a mean RNase P CRT value of 19.0 (SD: 3.4) and 1,232 (33.9%) samples had positive results for one or more pathogens, including 645 (17.7%) influenza-positive specimens. Among the testable samples, the median time between shipment of the home swab kit and completion of laboratory testing was 8 days [IQR: 7.0-14.0].DiscussionHome-based surveillance using online participant enrollment and specimen self-collection is a feasible method for community-level monitoring of influenza and other respiratory pathogens, which can readily be adapted for use during pandemics.

scholarly journals Changing Epidemiology of Acute Respiratory Infections in Under-Two Children in Dhaka, Bangladesh

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karine Vidal ◽  
Shamima Sultana ◽  
Alberto Prieto Patron ◽  
Irene Salvi ◽  
Maya Shevlyakova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Prevention Measures

Objectives: Risk factors for acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in community settings are not fully understood, especially in low-income countries. We examined the incidence and risk factors associated with ARIs in under-two children from the Microbiota and Health study.Methods: Children from a peri-urban area of Dhaka (Bangladesh) were followed from birth to 2 years of age by both active surveillance of ARIs and regular scheduled visits. Nasopharyngeal samples were collected during scheduled visits for detection of bacterial facultative respiratory pathogens. Information on socioeconomic, environmental, and household conditions, and mother and child characteristics were collected. A hierarchical modeling approach was used to identify proximate determinants of ARIs.Results: Of 267 infants, 87.3% experienced at least one ARI episode during the first 2 years of life. The peak incidence of ARIs was 330 infections per 100 infant-years and occurred between 2 and 4 months of age. Season was the main risk factor (rainy monsoon season, incidence rate ratio [IRR] 2.43 [1.92–3.07]; cool dry winter, IRR 2.10 [1.65–2.67] compared with hot dry summer) in the first 2 years of life. In addition, during the first 6 months of life, young maternal age (&lt;22 years; IRR 1.34 [1.01–1.77]) and low birth weight (&lt;2,500 g; IRR 1.39 [1.03–1.89]) were associated with higher ARI incidence.Conclusions: Reminiscent of industrialized settings, cool rainy season rather than socioeconomic and hygiene conditions was a major risk factor for ARIs in peri-urban Bangladesh. Understanding the causal links between seasonally variable factors such as temperature, humidity, crowding, diet, and ARIs will inform prevention measures.

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