Marking the Boundaries between the Community, the State and History in the Andes

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 575-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Radcliffe
Keyword(s):  
Regular Point ◽  
The State ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Peasant Community ◽  
Multiple References

This paper attempts to draw out the significance and meaning of the recorreo [sic] (recorrido) de los linderos (going around the boundaries), also called linderaje ritual in an Andean peasant community. In villages such as Kallarayan which lie in the crop and pastureland regions of Cuzco department, Peru, the recorreo is a regular point in the ritual calendar, occurring as part of the lead-up to Lent.1 The event, which occurs on the Tuesday before Ash Wednesday, contains multiple references to the Peruvian nation, to surrounding haciendas, to local apus (spiritual powers embodied in mountain peaks), and to the community: as such it is a ‘polyvalent’ ritual,2 juxtaposing and inter-mingling symbols and meanings which otherwise are kept separate.

Abandonment Issues

2020 ◽  
pp. 102-138
Author(s):  
Ben Nobbs-Thiessen
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
The State ◽  
Tropical Environment ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Migrant Laborers ◽  
The 1950S

The chapter examines the intertwined movement of indigenous letters and bodies in the March to the East. In an array of letters Andeans demanded they take part in colonization in the 1950s and then denounced its shortcomings in the following decade. The chapter follows their petitions as they traveled from highland hamlets and humid settlement zones to the halls of government. Letters produced in the Andes in the 1950s and 1960s painted a provocative portrait of desperate situations in home communities with the promise and allure of the tropical environment of the lowlands. Writers attempted to shame the state by emphasizing their struggles as migrant laborers or braceros in neighboring Argentina and demanded land as part of the state’s commitments to its own revolutionary legacy. Along the lowland frontier, the reality of colonization failed to match the harmonious human experiment depicted in state propaganda. Government officials blamed a high rate of settler abandonment in new colonization zones on the “backwards” cultural practices of Indigenous migrants. Settlers flung this accusation back on the state, claiming that the MNR had abandoned them. Each group would cast failure as the justification for new rounds of intervention or radicalism in the following decades.

Constructing Indigenous Autonomy in Plurinational Bolivia: Possibilities and Ambiguities

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 53-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Augsburger ◽  
Paul Haber
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Local Control ◽  
Indigenous Community ◽  
The State ◽  
Development Model ◽  
Indigenous Autonomy ◽  
Peasant Community ◽  
And Control

The municipality of Charagua recently became the first autonomía indígena originaria campesina (autonomous indigenous peasant community) in Bolivia under the 2009 plurinational constitution. A coalition of indigenous leaders backed by a majority of voters embraced the change as a vehicle for bolstering local control over key decisions, thereby advancing local preferences for indigenous forms of governance, values, and control over the development model with special attention to natural resources. The possibility remains, however, that it may operate to incorporate the indigenous community into the governing apparatus, thus making it more legible to the state and open to new forms of regulation, management, and control. Examining the state as a historically contingent and socially determined relationship helps make sense of this situation. La municipalidad de Charagua se convirtió recientemente en la primera autonomía indígena originaria campesina en Bolivia bajo la constitución plurinacional de 2009. Una coalición de líderes indígenas respaldada por la mayoría de los votantes abrazó al cambio como un vehículo para reforzar el control local sobre las decisiones clave, así promoviendo las preferencias locales por las formas indígenas de gobernanza, valores y control sobre el modelo de desarrollo con especial atención a los recursos naturales. Sin embargo, queda la posibilidad de que pueda operar para incorporar a la comunidad indígena en el aparato de gobierno, haciéndola más legible para el estado y abierta a nuevas formas de regulación, gestión y control. Examinar el estado como una relación históricamente contingente y determinada socialmente ayuda a comprender a esta situación.

State by Proxy: Privatized Government in the Andes

2010 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Krupa
Keyword(s):  
Political Power ◽  
State Theory ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
African Countries ◽  
World Today ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Administration Of Justice ◽  
The World ◽  
State Functions

Recent ethnographic work on the state has exposed a crack in one of the founding myths of modern political power. Despite the state's transcendental claim to wielding absolute, exclusive authority within national territory, scholars have shown that in much of the world there are, in fact, “too many actors competing to perform as state,” sites where various power blocs “are acting as the state and producing the same powerful effects” (Aretxaga 2003: 396, 398) Achille Mbembe (2001: 74), writing of the external fiscal controls imposed upon African countries during the late 1980s, has termed this a condition of “fractionated sovereignty”—the dispersal of official state functions among various non-state actors. There is, as Mbembe suggests, “nothing particularly African” about this situation (ibid.). Around the world, the power of various “shadow” organizations like arms dealers and paramilitary groups seems increasingly to depend upon their ability to out-perform the state in many of its definitive functions, from the provision of security and welfare to the collection of taxes and administration of justice (Nugent 1999; Nordstrom 2004; Hansen 2005). These observations present a serious challenge to conventional state theory. They force us to consider whether such conditions of fragmented, competitive statecraft might be better understood not as deviant exceptions to otherwise centralized political systems but, rather, as the way that government is actually experienced in much of the world today.

ASPECTS OF GEODIVERSITY IN THE WEST OF ACRE STATE - BRAZIL

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-10
Author(s):  
FRANK OLIVEIRA ARCOS ◽  
ELISANDRA MOREIRA DE LIRA ◽  
HILZA DOMINGOS SILVA DOS SANTOS ARCOS
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
The State ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
The West ◽  
Natural Heritage ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Andes Mountain

Geodiversity is associated with aspects of geoconservation, natural geological and hydrogeomorphological heritage in each morphoclimatic domain in Brazil. In the Amazon domain, such aspects have been forged in an environment of sedimentary origin since the Cretaceous, identified in the Rio Branco, Juruá-Mirim, Moa and Jaquirana mountains, composed predominantly of sandstones and siltstones. The Serra do Divisor National Park (PNSD) is located in the state of Acre, on the border with Peru and the Andes mountain range. The region has a natural heritage and a geological-geomorphological structure, where waterfalls, caves, valleys and high hills are found, endogenous to the site. The general objective of this article is to present elements of the Geodiversity of the Serra do Divisor National Park (PNSD) focused on the category of geotourism aiming at dissemination at regional, national and international levels.

Law as a Means to Change

1961 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Goins
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Peasant Society ◽  
Peasant Community ◽  
Large Compound

In that remarkable little book, so deftly argued and so elegantly phrased, which he wrote about anthropologists and coincidentally Peasant Society and Culture, Robert Redfield made more than one wise observation, but one was both a promise and a suggestion. Noting that peasant society in one sense consists of two connecting halves, he remarks that “we may be able to see a sort of link or hinge between the local life of a peasant community and the state or feudal system of which it is a part.”The recognition and disclosure of connections in the extended relations of indigenous peoples — especially those who comprise major elements of modern states — is surely one way in which anthropologists, from the peculiar advantage of their ethnographic tradition, can contribute something of method and point of view to the study of large, compound societies and cultures.

New species of Andiorrhinus Cognetti, 1908 (Oligochaeta: Rhinodrilidae) from Venezuela and Brazil

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4363 (1) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALEXANDER M. FEIJOO ◽  
GEORGE G. BROWN ◽  
SAMUEL W. JAMES
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
New Species ◽  
South America ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
The State ◽  
Ecological Interactions ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
The Andes ◽  
New Subgenus ◽  
A New Species

Findings pertinent to 11 earthworm species from Venezuela and Brazil are reported. Six of these species are described as new to science, one is re-described and relocated in the genus Andiorrhinus, and new sites of occurrence are reported for four other species. Eight species of oligochaetes were found in the Andes in the state of Mérida, Venezuela: Andiorrhinus (Turedrilus) duranti sp. nov., Andiorrhinus (Meridrilus) timotocuica sp. nov., Andiorrhinus (Meridrilus) torondoy sp. nov., Andiorrhinus (Meridrilus) sp. 1, Andiorrhinus (Quibario) tatuy sp. nov., Andiorrhinus (Meridrilus) kuika (Righi, 1993), Andiorrhinus (Meridrilus) mukuci (Righi, 1993), and Andiorrhinus (Meridrilus) rimeda (Righi & Araujo, 2000). Andiorrhinus (Meridrilus) sp. 1, represented by one specimen only, is possibly a new species. Three other species were collected in Brazil: Andiorrhinus (Amazonidrilus) karinae sp. nov. in the Cerrado bioregion of Mato Grosso state; Andiorrhinus (Amazonidrilus) rodriguezi sp. nov. in the Amazon region in compost, and Andiorrhinus (Amazonidrilus) duseni (Michaelsen, 1918) in the Atlantic Forest, in the states of São Paulo and Paraná, the last species characterized by broad geographical and land use occurrences. The new subgenus Quibario was distinguished by the presence of three pairs of hearts in segments 10, 11, and 12. Keys are also included to differentiate species of subgenera Amazonidrilus and Meridrilus. The implications of these results in the context of ecological interactions, and dispersion of Andiorrhinus species in South America are discussed. 

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