The Elevation of the See of Constantinople at the Council of Chalcedon: The Course of the Procedure

Introduction. Despite multiple references to the proposed topic in the scholarly literature, it still seems relevant to identify and consistently describe the entire set of measures taken at the Council of Chalcedon in order to raise the status of the see of Constantinople. Methods. The work is based on the application of the historicalcritical method of analysing source data of the original text, compiled in Greek and Latin. Analysis. The article consistently describes and analyses the church-political steps and actions taken during the conciliar meetings, which paved the way for the elevation (“addition to honour”) of the see of Constantinople, which took place during the 17th conciliar act. These measures included the corroboration of the status of the Council of Constantinople in 381 as the Second Ecumenical Council, the use of the ecclesiastical and political actions of the see of Constantinople in the previous period as court of appeal and “superprovincial” instance as precedents, as well as a demonstration of the equal status of the Archbishop of Constantinople in relation to his Roman counterpart. The result was the adoption of the so-called 28th canon and its approval by the officials presiding at the council, and then by the emperor Marcian himself. Results. The author concludes that the actions taken by the officials, who were presiding at the council, and the representatives of the Church of Constantinople during the council were planned and consistently aimed at establishing the equal honour of the see of Constantinople in relation to the see of Rome and its second place in regard to the latter. He also points to certain similarities in the process of elevation of both sees.

Perspectives, dimensions, and references that shape the notion of nature: A semiotic model based on socioecological relations

If the significance of nature is a crucial phenomenon in understanding the forms of relations societies establish with the environment, in what way is this significance built? This paper presents the results of a case study focused on exploring how the meanings of nature and socioecological relationships relate to each other in an indigenous population. The first part of the article explains the theoretical scaffolding used to collect and analyse data, based on ecological anthropology and Ogden and Richards’ semiotic scheme. The second part describes the methodological procedures and the first findings, that is, the elements and dimensions that integrate the meanings of nature and land for the inhabitants of this population. It is also explained how those meanings are built and how they are fused to local socioecological relationships in an ontological way. The findings reveal that the inhabitants of this community configure their meanings of ‘nature’ from multiple references of biological, spiritual, axiological, and cultural character, often represented by its referent ‘land’. The notion of ‘nature’ (as land) is created from subjective and social experiences with the environment and the territory, and in turn provides meaning to the biocultural identity of the population. However, historical learning, worldview, and social organization also emerge as the main structuring elements of the social meanings of nature and land.

Fálétí’s Philosophical Sensibility

Let us begin with an unfortunate fact: Adébáyọ̀ Fálétí is one major writer that is hardly anthologized. The problem could not have been that he wrote in Yorùbá because Fágúnwà is far more anthologized than he is. Simon Gikandi’s edited Encyclopedia of African Literature (2003) has an entry and other multiple references to Fágúnwà. There is only one reference to Fálétí which is found in the index without any accompanying instance in the work. In Irele and Gikandi’s edited volumes, The Cambridge History of African and Caribbean Literature (2004), Fálétí only managed an appearance in the bibliography that featured four of his works—Wọn Rò Pé Wèrè Ni ́ (1965), Ọmọ Olókùn Ẹṣin (1969), Baṣòrun Gáà (1972) and Ìdààmú Páàdì Mínkáílù (1974). In the preface, Irele and Gikandi write: The scholarly interest in African orality also drew attention to the considerable body of literature in the African languages that had come into existence as a consequence of the reduction of these languages to writing, one of the enduring effects of Christian evangelization. The ancient tradition of Ethiopian literature in Ge’ez, and modern works like Thomas Mofolo’s Shaka in the Sotho language, and the series of Yorùbá novels by D. O. Fágúnwà, were thus able finally to receive the consideration they deserved. African-language literatures came to be regarded as a distinct province of the general landscape of imaginative life and literary activity on the African continent (2004, xiii). Essays 60 Adeshina Afolayan In fact, the publication of Fágúnwà’s Ògbójù Ọdẹ Nínú Igbó Ìrúnmalẹ (The ̀ Intrepid Hunter in the Forest of Spirits, 1938) made the chronology of literary events in Africa, and it misses out Fálétí’s 1965 work. In her “Literature in Yorùbá: poetry and prose; traveling theater and modern drama,” in the same volume, Karin Barber seems to redress this imbalance when she gives a place to Fálétí in her discussion of post-Fágúnwà writers. According to her, In the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s there was an explosion of literary creativity, with many new authors emerging and pioneering new styles and themes. Among the most prominent were Adébáyọ Fálétí whose ̀ Ọmọ Olókùn Ẹṣin (1969) is a historical novel dealing with a revolt against the overlordship of Ọyọ, and Ọládèjọ Òkédìjí, author of two brilliantly innovative crime thrillers (Àjà ló lẹrù, 1969, and Àgbàlagbà Akàn, 1971), as well as a more somber tragic novel of the destruction of a young boy who is relentlessly drawn into a life of crime in the underworld of Ifẹ (Atótó Arére, 1981). Notable also are Akínwùnmí Ìsòlá, whose university campus novel Ó le kú (1974) broke new ground in social setting and ambience; Afọlábí Ọlábímtán, author of several novels, including Kékeré Ẹkùn (1967), which deals with the conflicts arising from early Christian conversion in a small village, and Baba Rere! (1978), a contemporary satire on a corrupt big man; and Kólá Akínlàdé, prolific author of well-crafted detective stories such as Ta ló pa Ọmọ Ọba? (Who Killed the Prince’s Child?). These authors were all verbal stylists of a high order; they transformed the literary language, moving away from Fágúnwà’s rolling cadences to a more demotic, supple prose that successfully caught the accents of everyday life (2004, 368). While it may be misplaced to draw a comparison between Fágúnwà and Fálétí, there is a sense in which Fálétí’s demonstrates a more robust literary sensibility that goes beyond the allegorical into a realistic assessment of human relationship and sociality within the context of the Yorùbá cultural template. While Fágúnwà could not resist the influence of Christianity, and especially the allegorical motif of the journey in which humans encounter spiritual challenges (which John Bunyan’s Pilgrim Progress made popular), Fálétí is fundamentally a cultural connoisseur; a writer with a most intimate and dynamic understanding of the Yorùbá condition, especially in its conjunction with the political and sociocultural contexts of contemporary Nigeria. And we have Ọlátúndé Ọlátúnjí to thank for the deep exploration and interrogation of the fundamental poetic and literary nuances that Fálétí has left for us. In this essay, I will attempt to unearth the philosophical sensibility that undergirds Fálétí’s literary prowess, especially as demonstrated by his poems. Fálétí’s Philosophical Sensibility 61 Both the poets and the philosophers have always had one thing in common— the exploration of the possibilities that ideas and visions yield: As theoretical disciplines concerned with raising social consciousness, philosophy and literature engage in similar speculation about the good society and what is good for humanity. They influence thoughts about political currents and conditions. They can, for instance, lead the reader to critical reflections on the type of leaders suitable for a given society and on the degree of civic consciousness exercised by the people in protecting their rights. Philosophy and literature, equally, offer critical evaluation of existing and possible forms of political arrangements, beliefs and practices. In addition, they provide insights into political concepts and justification for normative judgements about politics and society. They also create awareness of possibilities for change (Okolo 2007, 1). Compared to Ọlátúnjí’s exploratory unraveling of Fálétí’s poetry, my objective is to enlist Fálétí as a poet that has not been given his due as one who is sensitive to the requirements of political philosophy and its objective of ensuring the imagination of a society that is properly ordered according to the imperatives of justice.

How Different Text-Preprocessing Techniques using the Bert Model Affect the Gender Profiling of Authors

Forensic author profiling plays an important role in indicating possible profiles for suspects. Among the many automated solutions recently proposed for author profiling, transfer learning outperforms many other state-of-the-art techniques in natural language processing. Nevertheless, the sophisticated technique has yet to be fully exploited for author profiling. At the same time, whereas current methods of author profiling, all largely based on features engineering, have spawned significant variation in each model used, transfer learning usually requires a preprocessed text to be fed into the model. We reviewed multiple references in the literature and determined the most common preprocessing techniques associated with authors' genders profiling. Considering the variations in potential preprocessing techniques, we conducted an experimental study that involved applying five such techniques to measure each technique’s effect while using the BERT model, chosen for being one of the most-used stock pretrained models. We used the Hugging face transformer library to implement the code for each preprocessing case. In our five experiments, we found that BERT achieves the best accuracy in predicting the gender of the author when no preprocessing technique is applied. Our best case achieved 86.67% accuracy in predicting the gender of authors.

Pola Irama Keroncong Progresif - Pada Komposisi Kidung Panyuwun

This research creates a progressive or innovative keroncong rhythm pattern. Keroncong music is one of the musical genres that exist in Indonesia, which is a hybrid music from Javanese (Central Java and Yogyakarta) gamelan music, 'pop' music and Western diatonic orchestras. Keroncong music consists of vocals, ukulele or 'cuk' (derived from Hawai'i), 'cak' (Portugal), flute, violin, cello, and contrabass (instruments derived from Western diatonic orchestral instruments). Since the 1950s until today, the keroncong rhythm pattern has had very little development, so it needs to be developed. There are several rhythm patterns in keroncong music but the ones that are often played are 'engkel' and 'double' rhythm patterns. The aim of this research is to create a progressive keroncong rhythm pattern so that keroncong music is more interesting and it is hoped that it will have more fans. The creation of this progressive rhythm pattern is used in the compositions of the author's Kidung Panyuwun. This study used descriptive and experimental analytical methods with the following steps. First, examine the audio recording, transcribe, analyze, and conclude; second analyzes rhythm patterns on multiple references; the third records (audio-video) a 'standard' rhythm pattern; fourth, exploration of progressive rhythm patterns; the fifth recorded a progressive keroncong rhythm pattern. This research resulted in the creation of several rhythmic patterns and several formulations, namely: 1) the creation of a vertical progressive keroncong rhythm pattern (one-instrument solo, two-instrument solo, three-instrument solo) and 2) the creation of a horizontal progressive keroncong rhythm pattern (two-bar pattern and four-dimensional pattern). time frame). The important thing that has the meaning is the temuah cirikhas or 'ruh' keroncong music as the 'jati diri'.Keywords: rhythm; pattern; keroncong; progressive AbstrakPenelitian ini menciptakan pola irama keroncong progresif atau inovatif. Musik keroncong merupakan salah satu genre musik yang ada di Indonesia merupakan musik hibrid dari karawitan Jawa (Jawa Tengah dan Yogyakarta), musik ‘pop’ dan orkestra diatonis Barat. Musik keroncong terdiri dari vokal, ukulele atau ‘cuk’ (berasal dari Hawai’i), ‘cak’ (Portugal), flute, biola, cello, dan contrabass (merupakan instrumen-instrumen yang berasal dari instrumen orkestra diatonis Barat). Sejak tahun 1950-an sampai hari ini, pola irama keroncong sedikit sekali perkembangannya sehingga perlu dikembangkan. Ada beberapa pola irama dalam musik keroncong tetapi yang sering dimainkan hanya pola irama ‘engkel’ dan ‘dobel’. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menciptakan pola irama keroncong progresif sehingga musik keroncong lebih menarik dan diharapkan lebih banyak penggemarnya. Penciptaan pola irama progresif ini digunakan pada komposisi Kidung Panyuwun ciptaan penulis. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analitik deskriptif dan eksperimental dengan lankah-langkah sebagai berikut. Pertama mencermati rekaman audio, mentranskrip, menganalisis, dan menyimpulkan; kedua menganalisis pola irama pada beberapa referensi; ketiga merekam (audio-video) pola irama ‘pakem’; keempat eksplorasi pola irama progresif; kelima merekam pola irama keroncong progresif. Penelitian ini menghasilkan beberapa ciptaan pola irama dan beberapa formulasi, yaitu: 1) penciptaan pola irama keroncong progresif vertikal (solo satu instrumen, solo dua instrumen, solo tiga instrumen) dan 2) penciptaan pola irama keroncong progresif horizontal (pola dua birama dan pola empat birama). Hal penting yang bermakna adalah temuah cirikhas atau’ruh’ musik keroncong sebagai ‘jatidiri’nya.Kata kunci: pola irama; keroncong; progresif

Gramtools enables multiscale variation analysis with genome graphs

Genome graphs allow very general representations of genetic variation; depending on the model and implementation, variation at different length-scales (single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), structural variants) and on different sequence backgrounds can be incorporated with different levels of transparency. We implement a model which handles this multiscale variation and develop a JSON extension of VCF (jVCF) allowing for variant calls on multiple references, both implemented in our software . We find outperforms existing methods for genotyping SNPs overlapping large deletions in M. tuberculosis and is able to genotype on multiple alternate backgrounds in P. falciparum, revealing previously hidden recombination.

CRITICAL STUDY OF WORK OF ASHA WORKERS

Better Health Of every citizen is responsibility of that government. For the betterment of people governments always do needful majors. There are many government schemes which help people to get advantage of it. Central government introduces health policies, which are implemented by state government with the help of Local authorities. In rural areas Local authority is Jeela parishad and panchayat Sammitee, For Cities it is Municipal Council which take care of it. India has very low expenditure on public health- 1.29 %of the GDP in 2019-20. This is very lower than other countries. The constitution of India does not expressly guarantee a fundamental right to health, but there are multiple references about public health and state governments’ role about provision of healthcare of citizens. India’s National Rural Health Mission was launched in 2005 ,aiming is to provide every village in the country with trained female community activist Accredited Social Health Activist[ASHA].This mission begins in 2005 full implementation was targeted for 2012. In July 2013 there were 870,089 ASHA workers in India. Goal of this mission was to connect marginalized communities to the health care system. But we assessed this program on the utilization of maternity services. But from 2020 lockdown the role of ASHA workers changed. ASHA workers play vital role in this pandemic situation. ASHA workers assisted state government in contact tracing and community surveillance. Research wants to know the problem faced by ASHA workers in this crucial period.

MUREN: a robust and multi-reference approach of RNA-seq transcript normalization

Background Normalization of RNA-seq data aims at identifying biological expression differentiation between samples by removing the effects of unwanted confounding factors. Explicitly or implicitly, the justification of normalization requires a set of housekeeping genes. However, the existence of housekeeping genes common for a very large collection of samples, especially under a wide range of conditions, is questionable. Results We propose to carry out pairwise normalization with respect to multiple references, selected from representative samples. Then the pairwise intermediates are integrated based on a linear model that adjusts the reference effects. Motivated by the notion of housekeeping genes and their statistical counterparts, we adopt the robust least trimmed squares regression in pairwise normalization. The proposed method (MUREN) is compared with other existing tools on some standard data sets. The goodness of normalization emphasizes on preserving possible asymmetric differentiation, whose biological significance is exemplified by a single cell data of cell cycle. MUREN is implemented as an R package. The code under license GPL-3 is available on the github platform: github.com/hippo-yf/MUREN and on the conda platform: anaconda.org/hippo-yf/r-muren. Conclusions MUREN performs the RNA-seq normalization using a two-step statistical regression induced from a general principle. We propose that the densities of pairwise differentiations are used to evaluate the goodness of normalization. MUREN adjusts the mode of differentiation toward zero while preserving the skewness due to biological asymmetric differentiation. Moreover, by robustly integrating pre-normalized counts with respect to multiple references, MUREN is immune to individual outlier samples.

Unification of functional annotation descriptions using text mining

A common approach to genome annotation involves the use of homology-based tools for the prediction of the functional role of proteins. The quality of functional annotations is dependent on the reference data used, as such, choosing the appropriate sources is crucial. Unfortunately, no single reference data source can be universally considered the gold standard, thus using multiple references could potentially increase annotation quality and coverage. However, this comes with challenges, particularly due to the introduction of redundant and exclusive annotations. Through text mining it is possible to identify highly similar functional descriptions, thus strengthening the confidence of the final protein functional annotation and providing a redundancy-free output. Here we present UniFunc, a text mining approach that is able to detect similar functional descriptions with high precision. UniFunc was built as a small module and can be independently used or integrated into protein function annotation pipelines. By removing the need to individually analyse and compare annotation results, UniFunc streamlines the complementary use of multiple reference datasets.