The Best Laid Schemes … Gang Aft A-gley: Judicial Reform in Latin America – Evidence from Costa Rica

2004 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRUCE M. WILSON ◽  
JUAN CARLOS RODRÍGUEZ CORDERO ◽  
ROGER HANDBERG
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Free Market ◽  
United States Supreme Court ◽  
Judicial Independence ◽  
Judicial Reform ◽  
Supreme Court Justice ◽  
Personal Liberty ◽  
Market Economic ◽  
The Impact

‘Judicial independence is a means to a strong judicial institution, which is a means to personal liberty and prosperity.’ United States Supreme Court Justice Stephen G. Breyer.Starting in the 1980s, and accelerating through the 1990s, international financial institutions (IFIs), non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and development agencies funnelled considerable resources into judicial reform and rule of law programmes in virtually every Latin American and Caribbean country. The assumption was that reformed court systems would foster free market economic development strategies. This article examines the impact of two frequently advocated aspects of judicial reform, judicial access and judicial independence, on economic policy making in Costa Rica. We argue that there is a potentially significant disjuncture between the sponsors' expectations of the judicial reforms' economic impact and the observed outcomes.

Good-Bye to the Washington Consensus?

2003 ◽  
Vol 102 (661) ◽  
pp. 58-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Mahon
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Washington Consensus ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Economic Openness ◽  
Latin Americans ◽  
Social Disintegration ◽  
Market Economic

Latin Americans might have expected, after following the free-market economic policies of the ‘Washington consensus’ for a dozen years, that the region would have begun to savor the fruits of openness. But with some exceptions—notably Chile, Costa Rica, and much of Mexico—the fruit has turned out to be bitter, as economic openness appears to have accelerated social disintegration.

A World of Despair

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greta de Jong
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Ronald Reagan ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Market Economic ◽  
Government Interference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Efficient Mechanisms

This chapter describes the impact of free market economic policies on rural development in the 1980s and 1990s. Seeking to end excessive government interference in the economy, President Ronald Reagan cut taxes, weakened civil rights enforcement, and reduced funding for social programs that served low-income Americans. Reagan believed that private enterprise and market forces were the most efficient mechanisms for creating wealth and distributing resources. Such policies failed to address the problems facing unemployed and poor people in the rural South. At the turn of the twentieth century, the region was still plagued by unemployment, poverty, inadequate health care, substandard housing, and out-migration.

scholarly journals Impact of folic acid fortification of flour on neural tube defects: a systematic review

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 901-911 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Castillo-Lancellotti ◽  
Josep A Tur ◽  
Ricardo Uauy
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Folic Acid ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Neural Tube Defects ◽  
Folic Acid Fortification ◽  
Potential Association ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Impact

AbstractObjectiveTo review the impact of folic acid fortification of flour on the prevalence of neural tube defects (NTD).DesignSystematic review of the literature on MEDLINE via PubMed, Scopus, OvidSP and LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature) reporting the impact of folic acid fortification of flour on the prevalence of NTD in 2000–2011. Focusing on Santiago of Chile's birth defects registry (1999–2009) and the monitoring of flour fortification, we analysed the prevalence (NTD cases/10 000 births) pre and post flour fortification and the percentile distribution of folic acid content in flour (2005–2009). We explored the potential association between median folic acid in flour (mg/kg) and the prevalence of NTD.SettingChile, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, Iran, Jordan, South Africa and the USA.SubjectsLive births and stillbirths.ResultsTwenty-seven studies that met inclusion criteria were evaluated. Costa Rica showed a significant reduction in NTD (∼60 %). Prevalence in Chile decreased from 18·6 to 7·3/10 000 births from 1999 to 2007 and showed a slight increase to 8·5 in 2008–2009, possibly due to changes in fortification limits. When we related the prevalence of NTD with levels of flour fortification, the lowest prevalence was observed at a folic acid level of 1·5 mg/kg.ConclusionsFortification of flour with folic acid has had a major impact on NTD in all countries where this has been reported. Chile showed a 55 % reduction in NTD prevalence between 1999 and 2009. There is a need to constantly monitor the levels of flour fortification to maximize benefits and prevent the potential risk of folic acid excess, moreover to be vigilant for any new adverse effects associated with excess.

scholarly journals The Rise and Fall of Judicial Self-Government in Poland: On Judicial Reform Reversing Democratic Transition

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 1839-1870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Śledzińska-Simon
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Judicial Independence ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
Judicial Reform ◽  
National Council ◽  
Court Administration ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis article argues that the establishment of the National Council of the Judiciary in 1989 and the empowerment of the general assemblies of court judges gave rise to the idea of judicial self-government in Poland. This very idea of self-government, implying that judges hold important decision-making or veto powers on matters concerning the judiciary, was regarded as a precondition of the separation of powers and judicial independence, neither of which existed under Communist rule. However, the package of laws introduced in 2017 marks the end of judicial self-government as we know it. Not only did it undermine the independence of the National Council of the Judiciary by altering the mode of electing its judicial members, but it also concentrated the power over the judiciary in the hands of the executive branch, allowing for, inter alia, the exchange of key positions in court administration and the reconfiguration of the Supreme Court. This article examines the impact of this “reform” on such values as independence, accountability, and transparency. Investigating the role of judicial self-government in ensuring the principle of separation of powers and democracy, the article concludes with an assessment of the early consequences of the introduced changes for the Polish judiciary.

Dragonomics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Wise
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Regulatory Oversight ◽  
Wide Margin ◽  
Political Economies ◽  
Chinese Entrepreneurs ◽  
Economic Ties ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Latin American Countries

This book explores the impact of Chinese growth on Latin America since the early 2000s. Some twenty years ago, Chinese entrepreneurs headed to the Western Hemisphere in search of profits and commodities, specifically those that China lacked and that some Latin American countries held in abundance—copper, iron ore, crude oil, fishmeal and soybeans. Focusing largely on Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Mexico, and Peru, the book traces the evolution of political and economic ties between China and these countries back to the 1950s and explores how more recent and ongoing interaction with China has shaped the respective political economies of these country cases. Drawing on the development economics literature as an analytical roadmap, the book offers two sets of findings. First, the three small, open economies—Chile, Costa Rica, and Peru—outperformed Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico by a wide margin during the China 2003–2013 boom and thereafter. Second, success in dealing with China has varied by sector, project, and country. The author argues that while opportunities for closer economic integration with China are seemingly infinite, so are the risks. The best outcomes have stemmed from endeavours where the rule of law, regulatory oversight, and a clear strategy exist on the Latin American side.

scholarly journals Community Engagement and Cognition in a Sample of Older Adults Residing in Costa Rica

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 1279-1279
Author(s):  
E Valdivieso Mora ◽  
M Ivanisevic ◽  
D Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Community Engagement ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Social Engagement ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Costa Rican ◽  
Urban Region ◽  
Rural Region ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objective Costa Rica has the highest percentage of older adults (65+) of the Central American and Latin American region. In fact, Costa Rica has the highest life expectancy within an advanced healthcare system and socioeconomic infrastructure that differentiates it from neighboring countries in Central America. Previous research has shown that older adults who engage in higher social engagement show overall better cognitive functioning (Chen et al., 2018); however, limited research has examined the impact of socialization on cognition across rural and urban regions and furthermore no research to date has examined these factors in Costa Rican older adults. This study examined the effects of community engagement on cognition in urban and rural older adults residing in Costa Rica. Participants and Method Participants were neurotypical older adults residing in San Jose (urban region, n = 156) and Guanacaste (rural region, n = 69). Those with a history of neurological conditions and major psychiatric disorders were excluded. Results Older adults residing in an urban area (M = 55.43, SD = 23.26) participate more in social engagement within the community compared to those residing in the rural region (M = 46.30, SD = 28.50), p = 0.019. Furthermore, in the urban sample, those with higher social engagement showed better performance on learning and encoding (r = 30), verbal memory (r = 0.26), and executive functioning (r = .20). In older adults residing in the rural region, higher social engagement was only associated with better visuospatial abilities (r = 0.27). Conclusions Findings suggest that social engagement in the community for older adults in Costa Rica may serve as a protective factor for their cognitive health. However, there are significant differences on what cognitive processes serve as a protective factor as a function of location (rural versus urban). This study highlights the importance of examining the quality of social engagement when evaluating the cognition of Costa Rican older adults. References Chen, Ya-Mei, Tu, Yu-Kang, Yu, Hsiao-Wei, Chiu, Tzu-Ying, Chiang, Tung-Liang, Chen, Duan-Rung, & Chang, Ray-E. (2018). Leisure time activities as mediating variables in functional disability progression: An application of parallel latent growth curve modeling. PLoS ONE, 13(10).

scholarly journals La presencia de José Carlos Mariátegui en el "Repertorio americano" (Costa Rica, 1919-1959)

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Roberta Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Local Politics ◽  
Contemporary Culture ◽  
The People ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Impact

En las revistas latinoamericanas de los años veinte, un núcleo de escritores publicaba sus trabajos sobre la interacción entre las artes internacionales y la política local, creando así un genuino espíritu fraterno y un diálogo internacional entre los formuladores de la conciencia nacional de una multitud de países. Las revistas dejaban el testimonio de un proceso intelectual en formación por medio de un gran número de materiales que coexistían simultáneamente en varias revistas. En este diálogo, dos de las voces más sobresalientes fueron la de José Carlos Mariátegui, director de Amauta y colaborador en muchas revistas de su época, entre ellas, el Repertorio Americano; y la de Joaquín García Monge, redactor infatigable del Repertorio Americano. Mariátegui contribuyó principalmente con tres discursos del Repertorio Americano: el americanismo continental, el papel de la enseñanza en la creación de la nación y el impacto del artista en la formulación de la cultura contemporánea. Aquí también se señala cómo los críticos de la época vieron a Mariátegui y sus contribuciones, especialmente su trabajo como director de Amauta. In Latin American magazines of the 20's, a group of writers published their works on the interaction of international arts and local politics, thus creating a genuine fraternal spirit and an international dialogue between the people who formulate the national conscience of a multitude of countries. These magazine s are the testimony of an intellectual process in formation, through a great ammount of materials that coexisted in various magazines. In this dialogue, two of the most outstanding voices were that of José Carlos Mariátegui, director of Amauta and contributor to many magazines of his time, including Repertorio Americano, and that of Joaquín García Monge, untiring editor of Repertorio Americano. Mariátegui contributed mainly with three discourses of Repertorio Americano: continental Americanism, the role of teaching in the creation of the nation, and the impact of the artist in the formulation of contemporary culture. Here we also point out how the critics of that time saw Mariátegui and his contributions, specially his work as the director of Amauta.

Analisa Kinerja Keuangan Kppri Dengan Pendekatan Laporan Keuangan Pada Kppri

Owner ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 454-470
Author(s):  
Dwi Dewianawati
Keyword(s):  
Free Market ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
Ratio Analysis ◽  
Performance Measurements ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Industry Standards ◽  
Market Economic ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
The Impact

Economic development in today is very fast, this can be seen from the changes that are happening now, these changes are the impact of economic globalization which is none other than trade liberalization and free market economic investment, as a result of that free market is likely to occur competition free tight, so the strong party and high purchasing power will dominate the market and become a winner in the competition and vice versa, the weak party with low purchasing power will automatically be excluded from the scope of competition and will be a passive audience in trading. From the ratio analysis of financial statements. KPRI  can be seen in comparing the number of assets with the ability to meet short-term obligations turned out to be less good because it is still far from industry standards, and in the ability to pay all financial obligations both short-term and long-term are also still liquid, but in obtaining income net every year, in 2016-2020 KPRI was considered able to obtain high profits. Because in each year the income earned is increasing. And in generating a net profit KPRI is considered sufficient because it is measured by its effectiveness in investing its capital throughout all assets. Based on the results of KPRI performance measurements using the concept of ratio analysis of financial statements that have been carried out, it results in a satisfactory total performance measurement. Strategic planning that has been made is carried out to the fullest so that the cooperative's performance is in accordance with the vision and mission of KPRI.

scholarly journals Neural tube defects in Latin America and the impact of fortification: a literature review

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Rosenthal ◽  
Jessica Casas ◽  
Douglas Taren ◽  
Clinton J Alverson ◽  
Alina Flores ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Folic Acid ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Time Trends ◽  
Folic Acid Fortification ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Latin American Countries

AbstractObjectiveData on the prevalence of birth defects and neural tube defects (NTD) in Latin America are limited. The present review summarizes NTD prevalence and time trends in Latin American countries and compares pre- and post-fortification periods to assess the impact of folic acid fortification in these countries.DesignWe carried out a literature review of studies and institutional reports published between 1990 and 2010 that contained information on NTD prevalence in Latin America.ResultsNTD prevalence in Latin American countries varied from 0·2 to 9·6 per 1000 live births and was influenced by methods of ascertainment. Time trends from Bogota, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Guatemala City, Mexico and Puerto Rico showed average annual declines of 2·5 % to 21·8 %. Pre- and post-fortification comparisons were available for Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico and Mexico. The aggregate percentage decline in NTD prevalence ranged from 33 % to 59 %.ConclusionsThe present publication is the first to review data on time trends and the impact of folic acid fortification on NTD prevalence in Latin America. Reported NTD prevalence varied markedly by geographic region and in some areas of Latin America was among the lowest in the world, while in other areas it was among the highest. For countries with available information, time trends showed significant declines in NTD prevalence and these declines were greater in countries where folic acid fortification of staples reached the majority of the population at risk, such as Chile and Costa Rica.

scholarly journals Thinking globally, acting locally: Women activists’ accounts

Temida ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
Pam Alldred
Keyword(s):  
Women Activists ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
The South ◽  
Market Economic ◽  
The Impact

This paper intends to describe the range of forms women?s resistance to globalisation takes, emphasising diverse strategies from everyday acts, the development of practical alternative resources, organising in women?s groups or trades unions, mass demonstrations and symbolic defiance. Recognising that it is the women of the South, in particular, who bear the brunt of the impact of neoliberal ?free market? economic policies, it hoped to be sensitive to the struggles for survival that might frame the urgency of resistance amongst women of the South, and make links with some of the strategies of activist women in the more privileged North.

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