The Formation and First Years of the United Malays National Organization (U.M.N.O.) 1946–1948

1977 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Stockwell
Keyword(s):  
Political Party ◽  
Early Years ◽  
The Other ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Popular Support ◽  
National Organization ◽  
Remarkable Event ◽  
History Of ◽  
Effective Organization ◽  
First Time

The United Malays National Organization has been the strongest Malay political party since its foundation in May 1946; its leaders place it pre-eminent in the history of Malay nationalism and Malayan independence. Needless to say, these claims have been disputed by its opponents and queried by its students; not only have the origins of Malay nationalism been traced to the pre-war era, but also, it can be argued, in its early years the party's leaders were more concerned to safeguard Malay rights vis à vis the other races of Malaya, and were more inclined to collaborate with the British authorities in opposition to radicalism within their own community, than to struggle for self-government. Nevertheless, the formation of U.M.N.O. was a remarkable event. For the first time a mass and pan-peninsula Malay movement emerged to attack British policy. Its popular support, forceful leadership and effective organization surprised Briton and Malay alike. U.M.N.O. amounted to an unprecedented Malay response to colonial rule.

Litigating Honor, Defamation, and Shame in Southern Rhodesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 79-98
Author(s):  
Allison K. Shutt
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Government Employees ◽  
Court Records ◽  
History Of ◽  
Southern Rhodesia ◽  
Special Protection

Abstract:This article reviews the history of defamation cases involving Africans in Southern Rhodesia. Two precedent-setting cases, one in 1938 and the other in 1946, provided a legal rationale for finding defamation that rested on the ability of litigants to prove they had been shamed. The testimony and evidence of these cases, both of which involved government employees, tracks how colonial rule was altering hierarchy and changing definitions of honor, often to the bewilderment of the litigants themselves. Importantly, both cases concluded that African employees of the state deserved special protection from defamation. The article then traces how the rules and ambiguities resulting from the legal logic of the 1938 and 1946 cases gave a wider group of litigants such as clerks, police, clergy, and teachers room to maneuver in the courtroom where they also claimed their professional honor. Such litigants perfectly understood the expectations of the court and performed accordingly by recounting embarrassing, even painful, experiences, all to validate their personal and professional honor in court. Such performances raise the question of how we might use court records to write a history of the emotional costs to people who used astute strategies that rested on dishonorable revelations to win their cases.

XII. —Hastivanj

1904 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-272
Author(s):  
H. Beveridge
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Mountain Ridge ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

There is a mountain-ridge on the old route to Kamīr viâ Bhimbar and Bahrāmgala which bears the name of Hastīvanj. It is near the ‘Alīābād Serai, but is on the other, or right, bank of the Pīr Pantsāl stream, and is marked on Dr. Stein's map of Kamīr. See also his Rājataranginī, book i, pp. 44–5, and vol. ii, pp. 394–5. Dr. Stein visited the spot and identified it as the place where King Mihrakul, who lived in the first part of the sixth century, is said to have had a hundred elephants thrown over the cliffs. The circumstance is mentioned in the Āīn Akbarī, Jarrett, ii, 382, but both there and at p. 347 id. the place is called in the Persian text Hastī Watar or Vatar. The name Hastīvanj occurs apparently for the first time in Ḥaidar Malik's history of Kamīr, which was written during Jahāngīr's reign and about 1621. After that it occurs in a note to the oldest MS. of the Rājataranginī, written apparently about 1680, and in Narayan Kūl's history, which was written about 1710. Ḥaidar Malik mentions the place in his account of Mihrakul near the beginning of his book. He there describes the incident, and says that the place has since been called Hastīvanj , because hastī means elephant (fīl) in the Hindī (qu. Sanskrit) tongue, and vanj in the same language means ‘going’ (raftan). Narayan Kūl's explanation is similar, and is probably copied from Ḥaidar.

scholarly journals The system of points of view in Vasily Shukshin's short stories

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-154
Author(s):  
Natalia A. Guz ◽  
Yulia G. Babicheva
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Scientific Understanding ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Frequent Change ◽  
History Of ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
First Time

The purpose of the work is to explore the point of view in Vasily Shukshin's short stories in its systematic and diverse manifestation. Topicality is provided by the exceptional significance of this category in narratology. The study of the point of view based on the material of short stories by Vasily Shukshin has been conducted for the first time. The article briefly traces the history of scientific understanding of the category of point of view in foreign and Russian philology and notes the variety of approaches and definitions in the formulation of the concept. The authors use the classification of Boris Uspenskij for analysis and consider the point of view in Vasily Shukshin's short stories in psychological, ideological (evaluative), spatial-temporal and phraseological terms. The positions of Boris Korman, Yuri Lotman, Wolf Schmid and Franz Karl Stanzel also take into account. The authors note the features of Vasily Shukshin's narration that affect the expression of the point of view in the text. Vasily Shukshin's short stories are characterised by a dynamic and frequent change of points of view, which indicates the technique of “montageˮ and similarities in this regard with cinematic techniques. The conclusions generalise the variety of ways and forms of expression of the point of view in the studied artistic material. The point of view in the considered stories is characterised by variability in the correlation of subjects of speech and subjects of consciousness, alternation of external and internal points of view, mutual transitions from one to the other, text interference and other hybrid phenomena.

Hungary, philosophy in

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laszlo Perecz
Keyword(s):  
German Idealism ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
History Of Thought ◽  
Philosophical Language ◽  
History Of ◽  
Institutional System ◽  
Philosophical Life ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time

The situation of Hungarian philosophy can be best illustrated by two sayings: ‘there are Hungarian philosophers, but there is no Hungarian philosophy’, and ‘a certain period of Hungarian philosophy stretches from Descartes to Kant’. The two ideas are closely connected. Thus on the one hand, there is such a thing as Hungarian philosophy: there are scientific-educational institutions in philosophical life and there are philosophers working in these institutions. On the other hand, there is no such thing as Hungarian philosophy: it is a history of adoption, largely consisting of attempts to introduce and embrace the great trends of Western thought. After some preliminaries in the medieval and early-modern periods, Hungarian philosophy started to develop at the beginning of the nineteenth century. As a result of the reception of German idealism – the so-called Kant debate and Hegel debate – the problems of philosophy were formulated as independent problems for the first time, and a philosophical language began to evolve. After an attempt to create a ‘national philosophy’ – and after some outstanding individual achievements – the institutionalization of Hungarian philosophy accelerated at the end of the century. The early years of the twentieth century brought the first heyday of philosophy to Hungary, with the rapid reception of new idealist trends and notable original contributions. In the period between the two wars the development stopped: many philosophers were forced to emigrate, and Geistesgeschichte (the history of thought) became prevalent in philosophical life. Following the communist take-over, the institutions of ‘bourgeois’ philosophy were eliminated, and Marxism-Leninism, which legitimated political power, took a monopolistic position. During this period, the only significant works created were in the tradition of critical Marxism and philosophical opposition. The changes in 1989 regenerated the institutional system, and the articulation of international contemporary trends – analytic philosophy, hermeneutic tradition and postmodernism – came to the fore. Besides some works by thinkers in exile, Hungarian philosophy has produced only one achievement which can be considered significant at an international level: the oeuvre of György (Georg) Lukács.

Protogeometric Vases from Amorgos in the Museum of the British School

1989 ◽  
Vol 84 ◽  
pp. 177-185
Author(s):  
R.W.V. Catling ◽  
R.E. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Early History ◽  
The Other ◽  
The South ◽  
South West ◽  
British School ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

Two vases, a cup and an oinochoe, from Arkesine in south-west Amorgos are published for the first time. It is argued that both are probably Middle Protogeometric, one an import from Euboia, the other from the south-east Aegean; chemical analysis supports both attributions. Their implications for the early history of Amorgos are discussed.

On the Eelworm Disease of Primulas caused by Anguillulina dipsaci, Kühn

1937 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 221-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. E. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
High Order ◽  
The Other ◽  
Complete Destruction ◽  
Great Severity ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

In Britain, the year 1937 is likely to be memorable in the history of cultivation of many species and varieties of plants belonging to the genus Primula, as witnessing, for the first time, attacks of great severity by the nematode, Anguillulina dipsaci in a number of plantations of Primulas, reducing the vitality of the plants wherever it occurred, and in many instances causing complete destruction of certain species. The plants classed as members of the Candelabra Section, which includes some of the finest and most extensively grown species and varieties in the whole genus, proved particularly susceptible but, while members of many of the other Sections of Primulas did not escape attack, the injury inflicted was not usually of such high order of severity.

Mothers and Citizens: Gender and Social Policy in Germany after the First World War

1997 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Rouette
Keyword(s):  
Early Years ◽  
Social Rights ◽  
World War ◽  
Citizenship Rights ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Equal Citizenship ◽  
First World

Historians have generally interpreted the early years of the Weimar Republic as an important stage in the development of the German welfare state. For the first time in the history of Germany, the state established in the constitution not only its own wideranging responsibilities and opportunities for intervention, but also the political and social rights of its citizens. Apart from “fundamentally” equal citizenship rights for womenand men (Art. 108) these also included entitlement to state support for the family and maternity as well as special state protection for marriage which, the constitution proclaimed, was to rest on an “equality of the two sexes” (Art. 119).

Systematics of Senecio section Crociseris (Compositae, Senecioneae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 211 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOEL CALVO ◽  
INÉS ÁLVAREZ ◽  
CARLOS AEDO
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The Other ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
History Of ◽  
Perennial Herbs ◽  
First Time ◽  
Northwestern Africa ◽  
Shape And Size

The complexity of the evolutionary history of Senecio is reflected in its conflicted taxonomy. Within this genus, Senecio section Crociseris (Compositae, Senecioneae), a group of perennial herbs distributed in Europe, western and Central Asia, and northwestern Africa, was not fully revised. A worldwide revision of this section recognizing 28 species and eight subspecies is presented here. The main morphological characters revealed as useful for distinguishing between species are the number and shape of supplementary and involucral bracts, synflorescence architecture, indumentum, and the shape and size of leaves and achenes. In this new taxonomic treatment S. provincialis and S. lagascanus have been segregated from S. doronicum, within which three subspecies are recognized (S. doronicum subsp. orientalis is validly published herein). On the other hand, S. ruthenensis from France and S. lusitanicus from Portugal have been synonymized to S. lagascanus, as well as S. ovatifolius, S. pisidicus, and S. tmoleus from Anatolia to S. kolenatianus, S. olympicus, and S. castagneanus respectively, S. bertramii from Lebanon to S. cilicius, and S. delbesianus from Syria to S. racemosus subsp. racemosus. Sixty eight names are lectotypified, the names S. barrelieri, S. pyrenaicus, and S. scopolii are neotypified, and one epitype is designated for the name S. perralderianus. Descriptions and distribution maps are provided for all the species included, as well as an identification key. Nine species are illustrated for the first time.

A REVISION OF PEDICULARIS SERIES CURVIPES (PRAIN) HURUS. (OROBANCHACEAE)

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. HUSAIN ◽  
A. GARG ◽  
P. AGNIHOTRI ◽  
R. R. MILL
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Geographical Range ◽  
Restricted Area ◽  
Ne India ◽  
Taxonomic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Related Series ◽  
Seed Characters ◽  
First Time

Pedicularis L. series Curvipes (Prain) Hurus. (=Pedicularis [unranked] Curvipes Prain) in the Orobanchaceae (often included in the Scrophulariaceae s.l.) is revised. It is demonstrated that the correct name for the series is Pedicularis ser. Curvipes, not Pedicularis ser. Curvipedes as used by at least two previous authors. Arguments are presented for the retention of the three existing species, Pedicularis curvipes Prain, Pedicularis nagaensis H.L.Li and Pedicularis amplicollis T.Yamaz., and the taxonomic history of each is summarized. Pedicularis curvipes from Sikkim and Pedicularis nagaensis from NE India are very similar but can be distinguished on corolla and seed characters. Flowering material of Pedicularis curvipes collected from cultivated material of uncertain origin in 1900 is positively identified as that species for the first time. The known geographical range of Pedicularis nagaensis, which was previously believed to be endemic to a restricted area of Nagaland in NE India, is extended to include Manipur. Pedicularis amplicollis from Bhutan is distinct from both the other two and easily separable by its woolly, 4-lobed calyx. A key to the series and formal taxonomic accounts of each species are provided. The relationships of the series with related series, particularly Pedicularis ser. Furfuraceae, are discussed.

scholarly journals Art. VII.—The Early Years of Shāh Isma'īl, Founder of the Ṣafavī Dynasty

1896 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Denison Ross
Keyword(s):  
British Museum ◽  
Early Years ◽  
The Other ◽  
Important Work ◽  
Short Account ◽  
Original Source ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
History Of ◽  
Long Life ◽  
The Ganges

The most exhaustive, if not the best known, source for the history of Shāh Isma'īl the Ṣafavī, is undoubtedly the Ḥabib-us-Siyar of Khwāndamīr. Though this large and important work has been lithographed, both in Ṭihrān and in Bombay, it is but too little known in Europe, where it has generally been regarded as a mere epitome of the Rauzat-uṣ-Ṣafā; whereas, besides being an original source for much valuable biographical and geographical matter, it contains detailed accounts of many little-known dynasties. Khwāndamīr's work is thus in many respects more interesting than the ponderous universal history of his grandfather. Now, there is a work, of which the British Museum possesses one copy, and the Cambridge University Library a second, which is devoted entirely to the biography of Shāh Isma'īl. Neither MS. bears a title nor gives any author's name, and in no part of the work have I been able to find a clue to the author's identity. MS. L bears the title , which is taken from the Epilogue, and in the very last line after we read which, according to Dr. Rieu, is most probably meant for the transcriber and not the author. The work ends with a short account of the accession of Isma'īl's son Ṭahmāsp, and with prayers for the prosperity and long life of the young prince. This would lead one to fix the completion of the history soon after the accession of Ṭahmāsp Mīrzā in a.h. 930. On the other hand, on fol. 277a of MS. L, we are told, in a momentary digression from the main narrative, that Moḥammad Zamān Mīrzā was drowned in the Ganges in the year 947, on the occasion of Humāyūn's retreat from Bengal.

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