scholarly journals Art. VII.—The Early Years of Shāh Isma'īl, Founder of the Ṣafavī Dynasty

1896 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Denison Ross
Keyword(s):  
British Museum ◽  
Early Years ◽  
The Other ◽  
Important Work ◽  
Short Account ◽  
Original Source ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
History Of ◽  
Long Life ◽  
The Ganges

The most exhaustive, if not the best known, source for the history of Shāh Isma'īl the Ṣafavī, is undoubtedly the Ḥabib-us-Siyar of Khwāndamīr. Though this large and important work has been lithographed, both in Ṭihrān and in Bombay, it is but too little known in Europe, where it has generally been regarded as a mere epitome of the Rauzat-uṣ-Ṣafā; whereas, besides being an original source for much valuable biographical and geographical matter, it contains detailed accounts of many little-known dynasties. Khwāndamīr's work is thus in many respects more interesting than the ponderous universal history of his grandfather. Now, there is a work, of which the British Museum possesses one copy, and the Cambridge University Library a second, which is devoted entirely to the biography of Shāh Isma'īl. Neither MS. bears a title nor gives any author's name, and in no part of the work have I been able to find a clue to the author's identity. MS. L bears the title , which is taken from the Epilogue, and in the very last line after we read which, according to Dr. Rieu, is most probably meant for the transcriber and not the author. The work ends with a short account of the accession of Isma'īl's son Ṭahmāsp, and with prayers for the prosperity and long life of the young prince. This would lead one to fix the completion of the history soon after the accession of Ṭahmāsp Mīrzā in a.h. 930. On the other hand, on fol. 277a of MS. L, we are told, in a momentary digression from the main narrative, that Moḥammad Zamān Mīrzā was drowned in the Ganges in the year 947, on the occasion of Humāyūn's retreat from Bengal.

Albert Schweitzer and the Jews

2014 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-398
Author(s):  
James Carleton Paget
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Community ◽  
Academic Career ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
The Other ◽  
Personal Contact ◽  
Christian Communities ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Long Life ◽  
The One

Albert Schweitzer's engagement with Judaism, and with the Jewish community more generally, has never been the subject of substantive discussion. On the one hand this is not surprising—Schweitzer wrote little about Judaism or the Jews during his long life, or at least very little that was devoted principally to those subjects. On the other hand, the lack of a study might be thought odd—Schweitzer's work as a New Testament scholar in particular is taken up to a significant degree with presenting a picture of Jesus, of the earliest Christian communities, and of Paul, and his scholarship emphasizes the need to see these topics against the background of a specific set of Jewish assumptions. It is also noteworthy because Schweitzer married a baptized Jew, whose father's academic career had been disadvantaged because he was a Jew. Moreover, Schweitzer lived at a catastrophic time in the history of the Jews, a time that directly affected his wife's family and others known to him. The extent to which this personal contact with Jews and with Judaism influenced Schweitzer either in his writings on Judaism or in his life will in part be the subject of this article.

Recent Excavations at Nahal Oren, Israel

1973 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 75-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamar Noy ◽  
A. J. Legge ◽  
E. S. Higgs ◽  
R. W. Dennell
Keyword(s):  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
British Museum ◽  
Early Agriculture ◽  
Major Research ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Tel Aviv ◽  
History Of ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Late Palaeolithic ◽  
Organic Remains

The site of Nahal Oren is 10 km south of Haifa in the Wadi Fellah at its junction with the old Tel Aviv-Haifa road, Israel.The first excavations at Nahal Oren were made by Professor Stekelis in 1941, when the cave was emptied; a Natufian industry was found (Stekelis 1942). In 1954–9 there were further excavations in front of the cave (Stekelis and Yisraeli 1963). Numerous fine artefacts indicated the presence of two phases of the Kebaran, Natufian and ‘pre Pottery Neolithic A and B’ industries. The well known complex of house foundations on artificial platforms or terraces was exposed during this work.The industrial succession indicated that the site was suitable for the study of late Palaeolithic cultures and their associated economies. The recent excavations, supported by the British Museum and carried out by Cambridge University and the Israel Museum, had the following objectives: to attempt the total collection of artefacts from restricted areas, to establish the relevant stratigraphy, and to collect a broad spectrum of organic remains, by methods developed by the British Academy's Major Research Project, the History of Early Agriculture.

The Reparations Agreement between Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany

1954 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 564-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Honig
Keyword(s):  
Federal Republic ◽  
The Other ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
Short Account ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Diplomacy

The Agreement which was concluded between Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany on September 10, 1952, and went into force on March 27, 1953, is in some ways unique in the history of diplomacy. It is a treaty between two states which do not entertain diplomatic relations and do not even intend to establish such relations for the purpose of carrying into effect their mutual contractual undertakings. Furthermore, it is a treaty between states of which one was not in existence as a state and the other was not yet constituted in its present legal form when the events giving rise to the payment of reparations occurred. These are the somewhat unusual circumstances in which the Agreement was concluded, and they must be borne in mind when considering some of its features which, at first sight, might seem strange. A short account of the history preceding its conclusion may therefore be of assistance in providing the correct perspective.

VII. On the Scelidothere (Scelidotherium leptocephalum, Owen)

1857 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
pp. 101-110 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Charles Darwin ◽  
British Museum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Extinct Species ◽  
Northern Patagonia ◽  
History Of ◽  
Peculiar Character ◽  
Osseous System

The extinct species of large terrestrial Sloth, indicated by the above name, was first made known by portions of its fossil skeleton discovered by Charles Darwin, Esq., F. R. S., at Punta Alta, Northern Patagonia, which were described by me in the chapters of the Appendix to the ‘Natural History of the Voyage of H. M. S. Beagle,’ treating of the “Fossil Mammalia” collected during that voyage. The subsequent acquisition by the British Museum of the collection of Fossil Mammalia brought from the pleistocene beds, Buenos Ayres, by M. Bravard, has given further evidence of the generic distinction of the Scelidothere from the other Gravigrades of the Bruta phylophaga , and has supplied important characters of the osseous system, and especially of the skull, which the fragments from the hard consolidated gravel of Punta Alta did not afford. The best portion of the cranium from the latter locality wanted the facial part anterior to the orbit, and the greater part of the upper walls; sufficient, however, remained to indicate the peculiar character of its slender proportions, and hence the name leptocephalum proposed for the species.

A Carolingian rock crystal from the Abbey of Saint-Denis at the British Museum

1954 ◽  
Vol 34 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 38-43
Author(s):  
Blaise de Montesquiou-Fezensac
Keyword(s):  
British Museum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rock Crystal ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cross ◽  
King Of France ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
The Revolution

The engravings devoted to the Trésor in Dom Félibien's history of the abbey of Saint-Denis, in spite of their inaccuracy, are a precious source of information about the pieces, some extremely ancient, that composed that celebrated ensemble, unfortunately dispersed at the Revolution. On the plate by Nicolas Guérard, dealing with the third armoire, is pictured a reliquary consisting of two oval rock crystals, placed one above the other, in a rich gold setting (Fig. I). The crystal situated beneath, which is the larger one, is engraved with a representation of Christ on the Cross between the Virgin and St. John the Evangelist. We learn from Dom Félibien that in his time—his book was printed in 1706—this reliquary enclosed some remnants of the clothes of St. Louis, king of France.

The Formation and First Years of the United Malays National Organization (U.M.N.O.) 1946–1948

1977 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Stockwell
Keyword(s):  
Political Party ◽  
Early Years ◽  
The Other ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Popular Support ◽  
National Organization ◽  
Remarkable Event ◽  
History Of ◽  
Effective Organization ◽  
First Time

The United Malays National Organization has been the strongest Malay political party since its foundation in May 1946; its leaders place it pre-eminent in the history of Malay nationalism and Malayan independence. Needless to say, these claims have been disputed by its opponents and queried by its students; not only have the origins of Malay nationalism been traced to the pre-war era, but also, it can be argued, in its early years the party's leaders were more concerned to safeguard Malay rights vis à vis the other races of Malaya, and were more inclined to collaborate with the British authorities in opposition to radicalism within their own community, than to struggle for self-government. Nevertheless, the formation of U.M.N.O. was a remarkable event. For the first time a mass and pan-peninsula Malay movement emerged to attack British policy. Its popular support, forceful leadership and effective organization surprised Briton and Malay alike. U.M.N.O. amounted to an unprecedented Malay response to colonial rule.

Observations on the botany of Kerguelen Island

1879 ◽  
Vol 168 ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
British Museum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Deschampsia Antarctica ◽  
Garden Cress ◽  
Small Plant ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Kerguelen Island ◽  
History Of

The history of the botany of Kerguelen Island (also called Kerguelen’s Land, and Desolation Island), previous to the visit of the Rev. Mr. Eaton, the last and most complete explorer of its flora, is a very brief one. It commences with the visit of Capt. Cook during his third voyage, in the narrative of which the vegetation of the island is thus described by Mr. Anderson, the surgeon of the “Resolution :” “Perhaps no “place hitherto discovered in either hemisphere, under the same parallel of latitude, “affords so scanty a field for the naturalist as this barren spot. The verdure which “appears, when at a little distance from the shore, would flatter one with the expec-“ tation of meeting with some herbage ; but in this we were much deceived. For “ on landing we discovered that this lively colour was occasioned only by one small “ plant, not much unlike some sorts of Saxifrage , which grows in large spreading “ tufts, to a considerable way up the hills. ” Mr. Anderson proceeds then to give some particulars of this plant ( Azorella Selago , Hk. f.), of the cabbage ( Pringlea antiscorbutica , Br.), of two small plants found in boggy places, which were eaten as salad, one “almost like garden cress and very fiery ” (probably Ranunculus crassipes Hk. f.), the other very mild and “having not only male and female, but what bota-“ nists call androynous plants” (? Callitriche). He adds to these a coarse grass ( Poa Cookii , Hk. f.), and a smaller sort which is rarer (probably Deschampsia antarctica , Hk .); a sort of goose-grass (? Cotula plumosa , Hk. f.), and another small plant much like it (this I do not recognise). “ In short,” he says, “ the whole “ catalogue of plants does not exceed 16 or 18, including some sorts of moss and a “ beautiful Lichen ” ( Neuropogon Taylori , Hk. f.) “which grows higher upon the “ rocks than the rest of the vegetable productions. Nor is there the least appear-“ ance of a shrub in the whole country.” The date of Cook’s visit was the summer of 1776, and the specimens obtained by Mr. Anderson were deposited in Sir Joseph Banks’ Herbarium, which subsequently became the property of the nation, and is preserved in the British Museum. Not having been poisoned, all the Kerguelen Island plants were, when I examined them in 1843, much injured by insects, and many were entirely destroyed.

The History of an Experiment in dealing with the Reported Cases of Insanity occurring in the Barony Parish of Glasgow

1894 ◽  
Vol 40 (170) ◽  
pp. 394-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Carswell
Keyword(s):  
Early Years ◽  
The Other ◽  
Distinct Advantage ◽  
New Era ◽  
One Stage ◽  
History Of ◽  
Care And Treatment ◽  
Great Growth ◽  
Do So

The Barony parish of Glasgow has a population of about 320,000. The care of the lunatics chargeable to the parish has engaged the attention of the Board ever since its formation in 1845. Various circumstances have contributed to make the experience of the Barony parish, in relation to lunacy, exceptionally valuable. Unlike most of the other parishes in Scotland the Barony Board has always provided asylum accommodation for its lunatics; it has never been dependent upon a District Board of Lunacy for that purpose. Although at one stage of their history pressed to hand over their asylum to the then existing Glasgow District Board of Lunacy, the Barony Board declined to do so, on the ground mainly that, on account of the largeness of the population and the rateable value of the parish, the Parochial Board was better suited to be entrusted with the management of the arrangements for the care and treatment of its pauper lunatics than a District Board of Lunacy, which had a wider area to provide for, and different interests to consult; and further the Barony Board held that the double management involved in having an asylum of their own along with their statutory obligation to provide for the due certification and maintenance of the pauper insane was a distinct advantage to a Parochial Board, inasmuch as it provided the material for a more complete view of the lunacy requirements of the parish, and gave the members of the Board a greater interest in questions connected with the care and treatment of the insane. In the early years of its management the Board provided for its pauper lunatics in asylum wards connected with the poorhouse at Barnhill. That arrangement was never considered satisfactory by the General Board of Lunacy; but the Parochial Board considered the arrangement quite satisfactory, and opposed the views of the Lunacy Commissioners. Ultimately, however, the Lunacy Commissioners got their views accepted by the Parochial Board, and they determined to build a new asylum at Woodilee, Lenzie. Probably the arguments of the Commissioners were less potent than the rapid increase of patients, caused by a great growth in the population of the parish, in bringing about the new departure. With the erection of the new asylum the Barony Board entered upon what may be called a new era in its relation to lunacy administration, for it soon became evident that it was performing the functions both of a Parochial Board and a District Board of Lunacy. That position ultimately received legislative sanction, and so the parish is now a lunacy district, and the Asylum Committee of the Board is practically, though not in name, a District Board of Lunacy.

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