The growing years and prevention of osteoporosis in later life

Ca is the major mineral in bone, and 99 % of the Ca in the body resides in the skeleton. Skeletal mass is a determinant of risk of fracture in childhood as well as adulthood. Over 40 % of adult peak bone mass is acquired during adolescence. This period is when lifestyle choices, including ensuring adequate dietary Ca, regular weight-bearing exercise and avoiding hormonal insufficiency, are especially important. Current Ca intakes for adolescent females are woefully inadequate.

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The Effect of Fructooligosaccharides with Various Degrees of Polymerization on Calcium Bioavailability in the Growing Rat

Experimental Biology and Medicine ◽

10.1177/153537020322800606 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 228 (6) ◽

pp. 683-688 ◽

Cited By ~ 63

Author(s):

Marlena C. Kruger ◽

Katherine E. Brown ◽

Gabrielle Collett ◽

Lee Layton ◽

Linda M. Schollum

Keyword(s):

Bone Mass ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Peak Bone Mass ◽

Calcium Absorption ◽

Bone Fractures ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Later Life ◽

Male Rat ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Calcium Bioavailability

Maximizing peak bone mass during adolescence may be the key to postponing and perhaps preventing bone fractures due to osteoporosis in later life. One mechanism to maximize peak bone mass is to maximize calcium absorption, and it has been suggested that inulin and oligofructose might be one of the ways of doing so. In this study, fructooligosaccharides with various degrees of polymerization have been compared in terms of impact on calcium absorption, bone density, and excretion of collagen cross-links in the young adult male rat. The various oligosaccharides were oligofructose (DP2-8), inulin (DP>23), and a mixture of 92% inulin and 8% short-chain oligofructose (DP2-8). Measuring ex vivo bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) showed that BMD was significantly higher in the group fed inulin (DP>23) in both femurs, whereas BMC was significantly higher in the spine. The excretion of fragments of Type 1 collagen decreased in all groups over the 4 weeks of feeding, but the decrease was most significant in the group fed inulin (DP>23). Several hypotheses have been offered to explain the effect of the fructooligosaccharides on calcium absorption and retention. These include the production of organic acids that would acidify the luminal contents and enhance solubility and hence absorption, or possibly a mechanism via calbindinD9k. This study is unique in that it compares the different fructooligosaccharides in the same model, and it clearly shows that the various fructans do not have the same effect. In our model, inulin (DP>23) had the most significant effect on calcium bioavailability.

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IZMENENIYa KOSTNOY TKANI ChELOVEKA V KOSMIChESKOM POLETE II. NEKOTORYE ZAKONOMERNOSTI I OSOBENNOSTI

Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases ◽

10.14341/osteo200512-6 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 2-6

Author(s):

V S Oganov ◽

A V Bakulin ◽

V E Novikov ◽

L M Murashko ◽

O E Kabitskaya

Keyword(s):

Bone Mass ◽

Weight Bearing ◽

Early Period ◽

Individual Variability ◽

The Body ◽

Spongy Bone ◽

Space Flights ◽

Fluid Redistribution ◽

Tissue Changes ◽

Genetically Determined

There are considered possible mechanisms of some peculiarities of cosmonauts bone tissue changes after space flights 5-7 month duration, that were diagnosed using dual energy X-ray absoptiometry (DEXA). Local osteopenia in spongy bone of the body lower part may be connected with big weight bearing load in 1g conditions. Increasing of mineral content in upper part of the skeleton and hypermineralization of vertebrae body spongy bone, that were showed by computer tomography possible are the secondary effects and are connected with fluid redistribution to cranial direction, including abdomen. Additional negative gradient of bone mass in bones of lower part of skeleton, that is observed in early period of readaptation (till 1 month) may be explained as result of acceleration of bone remodeling (resorption and formation of bone), as reaction to recover of loading. Individual variability of above mentioned reactions is connected with genetically determined initial bone mass and phenotype of bone metabolism. There are considered possibilities of genetic prediction of osteopenia in discussed conditions.

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Prevention of Osteoporosis: Strategies for Optimizing Peak Bone Mass

Osteoporosis: Genetics, Prevention and Treatment - Endocrine Updates ◽

10.1007/978-1-4615-5115-7_7 ◽

1999 ◽

pp. 89-119

Author(s):

Susan H. Allen

Keyword(s):

Bone Mass ◽

Peak Bone Mass ◽

Prevention Of Osteoporosis

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Genetic studies of osteoporosis

Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine ◽

10.1017/s1462399499000964 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 1 (14) ◽

pp. 1-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Matthew A. Brown ◽

Emma L. Duncan

Keyword(s):

Bone Density ◽

Bone Mass ◽

Peak Bone Mass ◽

Human Genetics ◽

Age Groups ◽

Later Life ◽

Bone Fragility ◽

Genetic Effects ◽

Novel Treatments ◽

Genetically Determined

Osteoporosis is a common condition of men and women, which is characterised by an increase in bone fragility due to a reduction in the amount of bone tissue. Predisposition to osteoporosis is largely genetically determined, and it is likely that several genes, each having a small effect, are involved. Bone density is determined by the peak bone mass achieved, and the rate and timing of subsequent bone loss. Twin and family studies suggest that the genetic determinants of bone density in later life influence predominantly, but not exclusively, peak bone mass. Although many genes influence bone density in both males and females, at different skeletal sites and in different age groups, it is likely that the magnitude of individual genetic effects differs in different population subsets and in different environmental settings. Thus, weak to moderate genetic effects might be identified only in specific subsets of the population. Rapid advances in the field of human genetics during the past decade have greatly improved our chances of successfully identifying genes that are involved in complex genetic conditions such as osteoporosis, and ultimately might lead to the development of new diagnostic and predictive tests as well as novel treatments for this condition. In this review, we have outlined the methods that are currently being employed to identify osteoporosis genes and also the progress that has been made to date in this field.

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Better Bones Buddies: An Osteoporosis Prevention Program

The Journal of School Nursing ◽

10.1177/10598405050210020801 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 106-114 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Susan L. Schrader ◽

Rebecca Blue ◽

Arlene Horner

Keyword(s):

Bone Mass ◽

South Dakota ◽

Bone Health ◽

Peak Bone Mass ◽

Bone Growth ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Later Life ◽

Osteoporosis Prevention ◽

School Year ◽

Key Factor

Although osteoporosis typically surfaces in later life, peak bone mass attained before age 20 is a key factor in its prevention. However, most American children’s diets lack sufficient calcium during the critical growth periods of preadolescence and adolescence to achieve peak bone mass. Better Bones (BB) Buddies is an educational program targeting children ages 9–15 years in an effort to improve their knowledge of bone health and to increase their intake of calcium-rich foods, thereby reducing the risk for osteoporosis later in life. In the 1998–1999 school year, Better Bones Buddies was given to more than 2,200 school children in southeastern South Dakota and southwestern Minnesota. Posttest results ( N = 900) indicate participants improved in their knowledge of osteoporosis, and half reported modifications in their dietary habits to increase calcium consumption. Implications of the Better Bones Buddies program are discussed, with recommendations for future use of this program to increase children’s knowledge about bone growth and osteoporosis.

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Obesity: epigenetic aspects

BioMolecular Concepts ◽

10.1515/bmc-2016-0010 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 145-155 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Prashant Kaushik ◽

James T. Anderson

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Later Life ◽

Lifestyle Changes ◽

The Body ◽

Lifestyle Choices ◽

Early Life Conditions ◽

Pair Sequence ◽

Developmental Exposures ◽

Affect Gene Expression ◽

Made In

AbstractEpigenetics, defined as inheritable and reversible phenomena that affect gene expression without altering the underlying base pair sequence has been shown to play an important role in the etiopathogenesis of obesity. Obesity is associated with extensive gene expression changes in tissues throughout the body. Epigenetics is emerging as perhaps the most important mechanism through which the lifestyle-choices we make can directly influence the genome. Considerable epidemiological, experimental and clinical data have been amassed showing that the risk of developing disease in later life is dependent on early life conditions, mainly operating within the normative range of developmental exposures. In addition to the ‘maternal’ interactions, there has been increasing interest in the epigenetic mechanisms through which ‘paternal’ influences on offspring development can be achieved. Nutrition, among many other environmental factors, is a key player that can induce epigenetic changes not only in the directly exposed organisms but also in subsequent generations through the transgenerational inheritance of epigenetic traits. Overall, significant progress has been made in the field of epigenetics and obesity and the first potential epigenetic markers for obesity that could be detected at birth have been identified. Fortunately, epigenetic phenomena are dynamic and rather quickly reversible with intensive lifestyle changes. This is a very promising and sustainable resolution to the obesity pandemic.

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Osteoporosis, genetics and hormones

Journal of Molecular Endocrinology ◽

10.1677/jme.0.0260079 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 79-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 156

Author(s):

R Rizzoli ◽

JP Bonjour ◽

SL Ferrari

Keyword(s):

Bone Loss ◽

Bone Mass ◽

Peak Bone Mass ◽

Bone Microarchitecture ◽

Later Life ◽

Mass Gain ◽

Low Bone Mass ◽

Skeletal Disease ◽

Age Related ◽

Skeletal Site

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue. At a given age, bone mass results from the amount of bone acquired during growth, i.e. the peak bone mass (Bonjour et al., 1991, Theintz et al. 1992) minus the age-related bone loss which particularly accelerates after menopause. The rate and magnitude of bone mass gain during the pubertal years and of bone loss in later life may markedly differ from one skeletal site to another, as well as from one individual to another. Bone mass gain is mainly related to increases in bone size, that is in bone external dimensions, with minimal changes in bone microarchitecture. In contrast, postmenopausal and age-related decreases in bone mass result from thinning of both cortices and trabeculae, from perforation and eventually disappearance of the latter, leading to significant alterations of the bone microarchitecture (Fig. 1).

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Associations between socioeconomic factors and proinflammatory cytokines in children, adolescents and young adults: a systematic review protocol

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019381 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. e019381 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nick John Fredman ◽

Gustavo Duque ◽

Rachel Louise Duckham ◽

Darci Green ◽

Sharon Lee Brennan-Olsen

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Bone Mass ◽

Socioeconomic Factors ◽

Young Adulthood ◽

Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽

Bone Health ◽

Peak Bone Mass ◽

Later Life ◽

Published Data ◽

Statistical Heterogeneity

IntroductionThere is now substantial evidence of a social gradient in bone health. Social stressors, related to socioeconomic status, are suggested to produce an inflammatory response marked by increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Here we focus on the particular role in the years before the achievement of peak bone mass, encompassing childhood, adolescence and young adulthood. An examination of such associations will help explain how social factors such as occupation, level of education and income may affect later-life bone disorders. This paper presents the protocol for a systematic review of existing literature regarding associations between socioeconomic factors and proinflammatory cytokines in those aged 6–30 years.Methods and analysisWe will conduct a systematic search of PubMed, OVID and CINAHL databases to identify articles that examine associations between socioeconomic factors and levels of proinflammatory cytokines, known to influence bone health, during childhood, adolescence or young adulthood. The findings of this review have implications for the equitable development of peak bone mass regardless of socioeconomic factors. Two independent reviewers will determine the eligibility of studies according to predetermined criteria, and studies will be assessed for methodological quality using a published scoring system. Should statistical heterogeneity be non-significant, we will conduct a meta-analysis; however, if heterogeneity prevent numerical syntheses, we will undertake a best-evidence analysis to determine whether socioeconomic differences exist in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines from childhood through to young adulthood.Ethics and disseminationThis study will be a systematic review of published data, and thus ethics approval is not required. In addition to peer-reviewed publication, these findings will be presented at professional conferences in national and international arenas.

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