Approaches to setting dietary reference values for micronutrients, and translation into recommendations

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilary J. Powers
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Population Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Scientific Advisory Committee ◽  
Dietary Reference Values ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Made In

Dietary reference values (DRV) are estimates of the daily amounts of nutrients or food energy that meet the needs of healthy people. In the UK, three terms are used to express these estimates, assuming a normal distribution of requirements in a population. These are the estimated average requirement, the lower reference nutrient intake and the reference nutrient intake. DRV are for use in a variety of settings, including the assessment of adequacy and safety of nutrient or energy intake in a population group, in the design of meal provision in care settings, in food labelling and in considering food fortification strategies. DRV, and other expressions of nutrient requirements, assume a relationship between the intake of a nutrient and some criterion of adequacy, the outcome. Estimates of requirements are based on a diverse range of measures of adequacy, according to available evidence. The Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) is the body responsible for reviewing and setting DRV for the UK population. The work of SACN is guided by a framework of evidence that relates food and nutrients to health. There have been calls for the harmonisation of approaches used in the setting of nutrient requirements, globally, and an increased transparency in the decision-making process. Some progress has been made in this regard, but there is a great deal of work to be done.

EURRECA’s Approach for Estimating Micronutrient Requirements

2011 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 256-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Matthys ◽  
Pieter van ‘t Veer ◽  
Lisette de Groot ◽  
Lee Hooper ◽  
Adriënne E.J.M. Cavelaars ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
The Body ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Factorial Approach ◽  
Dietary Reference Values ◽  
Health Policy Decision ◽  
Quantitative Integration

In Europe, micronutrient dietary reference values have been established by (inter)national committees of experts and are used by public health policy decision-makers to monitor and assess the adequacy of diets within population groups. The approaches used to derive dietary reference values (including average requirements) vary considerably across countries, and so far no evidence-based reason has been identified for this variation. Nutrient requirements are traditionally based on the minimum amount of a nutrient needed by an individual to avoid deficiency, and is defined by the body’s physiological needs. Alternatively the requirement can be defined as the intake at which health is optimal, including the prevention of chronic diet-related diseases. Both approaches are confronted with many challenges (e. g., bioavailability, inter and intra-individual variability). EURRECA has derived a transparent approach for the quantitative integration of evidence on Intake-Status-Health associations and/or Factorial approach (including bioavailability) estimates. To facilitate the derivation of dietary reference values, EURopean micronutrient RECommendations Aligned (EURRECA) is developing a process flow chart to guide nutrient requirement-setting bodies through the process of setting dietary reference values, which aims to facilitate the scientific alignment of deriving these values.

scholarly journals Dietary strategies for the management of cardiovascular risk: role of dietary carbohydrates

2014 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian A. Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dietary Carbohydrates ◽  
Scientific Advisory Committee ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Dietary Strategies

Carbohydrate-rich foods are an essential component of the diet, providing the glucose that is continuously required by the nervous system and some other cells and tissues in the body for normal function. There is some concern that too much carbohydrate or certain types of carbohydrate such as fructose or the high glycaemic index carbohydrate foods that produce large, rapid increases in blood glucose may be detrimental to health. This review considers these issues and also summarises the public health advice currently available in Europe and the USA concerning dietary carbohydrates. The UK Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition is currently reviewing carbohydrates and health, and the subsequent report should help clarify some of the concerns regarding carbohydrates and health.

scholarly journals Childhood Dietary Intake in Italy: The Epidemiological “MY FOOD DIARY” Survey

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elvira Verduci ◽  
Giuseppe Banderali ◽  
Chiara Montanari ◽  
Roberto Berni Canani ◽  
Luigi Cimmino Caserta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Food Record ◽  
Food Diary ◽  
Dietary Reference Values ◽  
Simple Carbohydrates ◽  
Italian Children

Promoting a healthy lifestyle during the first years of life is a key strategy for controlling obesity risk in later life; having good-quality epidemiological data on eating habits of infants and toddlers can improve awareness and possibly the education given by pediatricians to parents and children. With this aim, we performed a survey about the dietary pattern of Italian children in early childhood. We described the intake of energy, macronutrients and fiber, minerals, and vitamins of 443 Italian children (range 6.4–131 months), through a three-day food record filled out by their parents and assessed by family pediatricians. The results were compared with the Italian Dietary Reference Values. The median protein intake, in g/kg per body weight, exceeded the average requirement in all age groups, and in the 12–36 month period, the intake as % of energy was outside the reference range (>15%). The majority of the children consumed quantities of simple carbohydrates (consisting of both natural sugars and free or added sugars, 82.3% of the children in the study) and saturated fats (69% of the children in the study) above the limits of the Italian Dietary Reference Values, with low intake of fiber and polyunsaturated fats. Median mineral intake, in our study, was different depending on age, while vitamin D intake was very low in all age groups. This is one of the few studies reporting on the nutrient intake of Italian children with reference to nutrition recommendations in order to identify the principal nutritional errors. The present results underline the need for healthcare policies starting from the first years of life in order to ameliorate nutrient intake during childhood, possibly impacting long-term health outcomes.

Dietary reference values and food-based dietary guidelines

2011 ◽  
pp. 19-28
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Food Policy ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Nutritional Adequacy ◽  
Population Groups ◽  
Dietary Reference Values ◽  
The Uk

Dietary reference values 20 Food-based dietary guidelines 24 Dietary reference values (DRVs) are established within a population as a measure of nutritional adequacy. The first DRVs were established in the late 19th century and international values were established by the League of Nations in 1936–1938 to prevent deficiencies in population groups. Many countries have their own values and international values have been published by FAO/WHO/UNU. DRVs for food and nutrients for the UK (report of the Panel on DRVs of the Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy (COMA) were last revised in 1991....

scholarly journals 24-Hour national dietary survey data: how do we interpret them most effectively?

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 657-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothy Mackerras ◽  
Ingrid Rutishauser
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Dietary Survey ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Raw Data ◽  
Dietary Reference Values ◽  
The Uk

AbstractObjectiveTo illustrate the effect of common mistakes when using 24-hour national dietary survey data to estimate the prevalence of inadequate nutrient intakes.DesignRaw data on nutrient intake from the Australian 1995 National Nutrition Survey were adjusted for within-person variance using standard techniques and corrected for underreporting using the criteria of Goldberg et al. The distributions for six nutrients were compared with current dietary reference values from the UK, USA and Australia.SettingA national sample of the Australian population with a 61.4% response rate.ResultsAdjusting for within-person variance reduced the range of nutrient intakes to 66–80% of the raw data range and the proportion with intakes below the estimated average requirement (EAR) by up to 20%. Excluding underreporters further reduced the proportion below the EAR by up to 10%. Using the dietary reference values from different countries also resulted in some markedly different estimates. For example, the prevalence of low folate intakes ranged from <1 to 92% for adult women depending on the reference used. Except for vitamin A and protein, the prevalence of low intakes was invariably higher for women than for men.ConclusionsEstimates of the prevalence of low nutrient intakes based on raw 24-hour survey data are invariably misleading. However, even after adjustment for within-person variance and underreporting, estimates of the prevalence of low nutrient intakes may still be misleading unless interpreted in the light of the reference criteria used and supported by relevant biochemical and physiological measures of nutritional status.

scholarly journals An experimental meat-free diet maintained haematological characteristics in sprint-racing sled dogs

2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (9) ◽  
pp. 1318-1323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy Y. Brown ◽  
Barbara A. Vanselow ◽  
Andrew J. Redman ◽  
John R. Pluske
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Good Health ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Sled Dogs ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Soyabean Meal ◽  
Main Protein

A dog's nutrient requirements can theoretically be met from a properly balanced meat-free diet; however, proof for this is lacking. Exercise places additional demands on the body, and dogs fed a meat-free diet may be at increased risk of developing sports anaemia. We hypothesised that exercising dogs would remain in good health and not develop anaemia when fed a nutritionally balanced meat-free diet. To this end, twelve sprint-racing Siberian huskies were fed either a commercial diet recommended for active dogs (n 6), or a meat-free diet formulated to the same nutrient specifications (n 6). The commercial diet contained 43 % poultry meal, whereas soyabean meal and maize gluten made up 43 % of the meat-free diet, as the main protein ingredients. Dogs were fed these diets as their sole nutrient intake for 16 weeks, including 10 weeks of competitive racing. Blood samples were collected at weeks 0, 3, 8 and 16, and veterinary health checks were conducted at weeks 0, 8 and 16. Haematology results for all dogs, irrespective of diet, were within normal range throughout the study and the consulting veterinarian assessed all dogs to be in excellent physical condition. No dogs in the present study developed anaemia. On the contrary, erythrocyte counts and Hb values increased significantly over time (P < 0·01) in both groups of dogs. The present study is the first to demonstrate that a carefully balanced meat-free diet can maintain normal haematological values in exercising dogs.

Estimating the Bioavailability Factors Needed for Setting Dietary Reference Values

2010 ◽  
Vol 80 (45) ◽  
pp. 249-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan J. Fairweather-Tait ◽  
Rachel Collings
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Population Group ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Factorial Approach ◽  
Nutrition Policies ◽  
Dietary Reference Values ◽  
Absorption Studies ◽  
Policies And Programs ◽  
The Relationship

Estimated average requirements for micronutrients are central to deriving Dietary Reference Values. These are used for nutrition policies and programs, and also for regulatory and labeling purposes, and are traditionally devised to cover the needs of virtually all individuals in any population group. In order to estimate the average requirement, an appropriate endpoint (biomarker) is selected which describes the relationship between dietary intake and health. However, for some micronutrients, such as zinc, there are no good biomarkers, and for others, such as iron, the intake-status relationship is confounded by variations in absorption. Average requirements for these nutrients are derived using a factorial approach in which physiological needs for tissue growth and maintenance and endogenous losses are estimated, and the total converted to a dietary requirement by taking into account the overall absorption from the diet; i. e. multiplying the requirement by a bioavailability factor. The latter can be determined using algorithms, or estimates from absorption studies, some of which are described in this short review paper.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora Goldschmidt ◽  
Barbara Graziosi
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
The Body ◽  
Specific Site ◽  
Entire Volume ◽  
The Third ◽  
Religious Significance ◽  
Classical Poetry ◽  
Life Of The Mind ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Made In

The Introduction sheds light on the reception of classical poetry by focusing on the materiality of the poets’ bodies and their tombs. It outlines four sets of issues, or commonplaces, that govern the organization of the entire volume. The first concerns the opposition between literature and material culture, the life of the mind vs the apprehensions of the body—which fails to acknowledge that poetry emerges from and is attended to by the mortal body. The second concerns the religious significance of the tomb and its location in a mythical landscape which is shaped, in part, by poetry. The third investigates the literary graveyard as a place where poets’ bodies and poetic corpora are collected. Finally, the alleged ‘tomb of Virgil’ provides a specific site where the major claims made in this volume can be most easily be tested.

GA: Armani’s Giorgio Armani

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Brooker ◽  
Margaret Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Shop ◽  
The Third ◽  
Haute Couture ◽  
Fashion Designer ◽  
The Body Shop ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Career Woman

The Armani high-fashion example illustrates the importance of adaptive rational methods in his founding and developing of an iconic high-fashion firm. Armani adapted stylistically to fashion’s new times in the 1970–80s by creating a new style catering for the career woman. His stylistic adaptation is compared with that of another famous Italian fashion designer, Versace, who instead modernized haute couture fashion and created a succession of glamourous styles. Both leaders exploited the same opportunity but in different ways. The third section compares these leaders’ legacies in the 1990s–2000s and assesses from a long-term perspective how capably they had used adaptive rational methods. The final section shifts the focus from fashion to the cosmetics industry and from Italy to the UK. Anita Roddick used adaptive rational methods to establish The Body Shop corporation in the 1970s–80s. However, she then abandoned rational methods with dire results for her corporation in the 1990s.

scholarly journals Medical Students’ Experience of Mindfulness Training in the UK: Well-Being, Coping Reserve, and Professional Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Malpass ◽  
Kate Binnie ◽  
Lauren Robson
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
General Medical Council ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Mindfulness Training ◽  
The Body ◽  
Free Text ◽  
Medical Council ◽  
The Uk

Medical school can be a stressful experience for students, resulting in stress-related mental health problems. Policy recommendations from the General Medical Council (GMC), the body responsible for improving medical education in the UK, recommend the use of mindfulness training to increase well-being and resilience to stress. Students participating in an eight-week mindfulness training between Autumn 2011 and Spring 2015 were invited to complete a free text survey at the end of their mindfulness course. In addition, six qualitative interviews were conducted lasting between 60 and 90 minutes. Interviews used a topic guide and were recorded and transcribed verbatim. We used the framework approach to analyse the data. Students reported a new relationship to their thoughts and feelings which gave a greater sense of control and resiliency, an ability to manage their workload better, and more acceptance of their limitations as learners. The small group context was important. Students described improved empathy and communication skills through building inner awareness of thoughts and feelings, noticing judgments, and developing attentive observation. The findings show how resiliency and coping reserve can be developed within medical education and the role of mindfulness in this process. We present a conceptual model of a learnt cycle of specific vulnerability and describe how MBCT intercepts at various junctures in this self-reinforcing cycle through the development of new coping strategies that embrace an “allowed vulnerability.”

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