scholarly journals The IUCN Technical Guidelines on the Management of Ex Situ Populations for Conservation: reflecting major changes in the application of ex situ conservation

Oryx ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Maunder ◽  
Onnie Byers
Keyword(s):  
Threatened Species ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Captive Populations ◽  
Current Thinking ◽  
Maximum Benefit ◽  
Legal Structures

The recently revised IUCN Technical Guidelines on the Management of Ex Situ Populations for Conservation represent an attempt to synthesize current thinking on the strategic application of ex situ conservation for the maximum benefit of both threatened species and habitats. We review this document as a means of assessing major changes in the application of ex situ conservation. We identify a number of major themes. These include the need for the integrated management of wild and captive populations, expansion of ex situ capacity in terms of institutional facilities and breadth of taxonomic experience, an important emphasis to be given to the need for in-country conservation initiatives, and the need to comply with national and international legal structures, most notably the Convention on Biological Diversity.

scholarly journals Preventing extinctions post-2020 requires recovery actions and transformative change

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friederike C. Bolam ◽  
Jorge Ahumada ◽  
H. Reşit Akçakaya ◽  
Thomas M. Brooks ◽  
Wendy Elliott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Threatened Species ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Transformative Change ◽  
Species Extinction ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Biodiversity ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractStopping human-induced extinctions will require strong policy commitments that comprehensively address threats to species. In 2021, a new Global Biodiversity Framework will be agreed by the Convention on Biological Diversity. Here we investigate how the suggested targets could contribute to reducing threats to threatened vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants, and assess the importance of a proposed target to implement recovery actions for threatened species. We find that whilst many of the targets benefit species, extinction risk for over one third of threatened species would not be reduced sufficiently without a target on recovery actions, including ex situ conservation, reintroductions and other species-specific interventions. A median of 41 threatened species per country require such actions, and they are found in most countries of the world. To prevent future extinctions, policy commitments must include recovery actions for the most threatened species in addition to broader transformative change.

scholarly journals Propagation of Threatened Nepenthes khasiana: Methods and Precautions

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-315
Author(s):  
Jibankumar S. KHURAIJAM ◽  
Rup K. ROY
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Threatened Species ◽  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Propagation Technique ◽  
Subsequent Propagation ◽  
Nepenthes Khasiana

Ex-situ conservation is an important key in the management of rare, endangered and threatened (RET) plant species and its effectiveness depends on several factors. Maintenance of viable germplasm and its subsequent propagation plays an important role in long term conservation of many RET species. Nepenthes khasiana is a rare and gravely threatened species in the wild due to over-collection and other threats. The species needs urgent in-situ and ex-situ conservation. Development of easy to propagate techniques would pave faster multiplication for its use of educational, medicinal and horticultural purpose. In the present paper, successful propagation technique of Nepenthes khasiana through seeds is demonstrated along with detailed information on precautions to be taken during the adoption of the techniques.

Conservation of Fruit Tree Genetic Resources and Their Use in the Breeding Process

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihai Botu ◽  
Ion Botu ◽  
Gheorghe Achim ◽  
Silvia Preda ◽  
Anca Scutelnicu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Sweet Chestnut ◽  
Ex Situ Collections ◽  
Fruit Growing ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
The University

Abstract Conservation of fruit tree biodiversity is important for the mankind according to the Convention on Biological Diversity. In Romania, due to favorable environmental conditions, numerous genetic resources of plum, apple, walnut, hazelnut, sweet chestnut and other fruit crops are present. Identification, evaluation and conservation of fruit genetic resources activities were launched in 1970’ in order to limit the loss of the biodiversity due to erosion and genetic vulnerability. Fruit Growing Research & Extension Station (SCDP) of Valcea, which is belonging now to the University of Craiova, was assigned to deal with conservation of genetic resources for the Prunus, Juglans, Corylus and Castanea genera. As result, national hazelnut collection, the sweet chestnut collection and a part of the plum and walnut national collections are located here. Genetic resources of Malus, Pyrus, Sambucus, Carya and Salix are hold in the active collections too. The ex situ collections include 1160 accessions, out of those 48 species, 533 cultivars and 565 other types like hybrids, biotypes, mutants, etc. Autochthonous or ‘original’ accessions include 173 local cultivars and 565 other genotypes. Breeding activity based on valuable germplasm conducted to releasing of a total number of 31 cultivars and 8 rootstocks registered in the Romanian Official Catalogue for Varieties, 15 varieties have been patented in Romania and for one by CPVO. Identification, in situ evaluation, collection, ex situ evaluation, propagation and regeneration activities regarding fruit tree genetic resources have to be continued in order to conserve the local fruit tree biodiversity and to value it through breeding and use of the new varieties in the orchards.

scholarly journals The Results of Plant Monitoring in the Semistozhki Area of Stavropol Region

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
E N Seliverstova ◽  
V V Khrapach ◽  
V V Volkova ◽  
N V Shegrinets
Keyword(s):  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Distribution Area ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Botanical Gardens ◽  
Plant Associations ◽  
Stavropol Region

Preserving biodiversity is a global problem that was reflected in the Convention on Biological Diversity which appeared in 1992. The adoption of the Convention was an answer to the intensified problem of a significant reduction in the diversity of genetic resources. Botanical gardens are the main centres for preserving the biodiversity of plants that solve the problem of preserving the gene pool. One of the main tasks of botanical gardens is to monitor plant populations in their natural habitats in situ. This paper describes the monitoring of the current state of peonies and sedges in the Semistozhki area of the Andropov district in the Stavropol region. The research determines the growing locations and the belongingness of species to plant associations in the vegetation variety of the Stavropol region. It also determines the species that may be treated as rare due to their limited distribution area. The territory is marked by the presence of Paeonia tenuifolia L., which is a tertiary relict, and Paeonia biebersteiniana Rupr., which is subendimic for Stavropol region. Rear species with low numbers that are not threatened by grave danger of extinction are also present. Carex hordeistichos Vill. and c. otrubae Podp. species in the area are small in number. Their populations in the area are inadequate with young, vegetative and strong specimens lacking. The limiting factors are represented by human agricultural activities. Several specimens of a narrow-leaved peony of pink colour and a big number of petals were planted on an experimental stretch of the botanical garden to continue the analysis ex-situ.

scholarly journals Past, Present, and Future of Fruit Germplasm Exploration

HortScience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-204
Author(s):  
Kim E. Hummer
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Remote Communication ◽  
Fruit Species ◽  
Wild Fruit ◽  
Food And Agriculture

The fruits of the earth have healed, nurtured, and intrigued humanity throughout history. Cultivated fruit species have complex genome that will continue to require the input of novel genetic resources. Prospecting for wild fruit species will continue. The global nature of science and commerce will drive the demand to expand available genetic resources for fruit improvement. New technologies will enable future explorers to reach remote sites and species. Recent advances, such as geopositioning and remote-communication devices, will be used to a greater degree for targeting specific collection sites and documenting records of origin. The sovereignty of countries over their plant genetic resources, as specified by the Convention on Biological Diversity and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, will continue to be a cornerstone for negotiating bilateral agreements and plant exchange. Although this could be considered a limitation to plant exploration in some situations, global strategies now in conceptual infancy will be developed to encourage and support ex situ preservation and continued plant exchange for long-term conservation and humanitarian benefit.

scholarly journals How many bird and mammal extinctions has recent conservation action prevented?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friederike C. Bolam ◽  
Louise Mair ◽  
Marco Angelico ◽  
Thomas M. Brooks ◽  
Mark Burgman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Threatened Species ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Expert Elicitation ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Elicitation Method ◽  
Conservation Action ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Extinction Rates ◽  
Near Future

AbstractAichi Target 12 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) aims to ‘prevent extinctions of known threatened species’. To measure its success, we used a Delphi expert elicitation method to estimate the number of bird and mammal species whose extinctions were prevented by conservation action in 1993 - 2020 (the lifetime of the CBD) and 2010 - 2020 (the timing of Aichi Target 12). We found that conservation prevented 21–32 bird and 7–16 mammal extinctions since 1993, and 9–18 bird and 2–7 mammal extinctions since 2010. Many remain highly threatened, and may still become extinct in the near future. Nonetheless, given that ten bird and five mammal species did go extinct (or are strongly suspected to) since 1993, extinction rates would have been 2.9–4.2 times greater without conservation action. While policy commitments have fostered significant conservation achievements, future biodiversity action needs to be scaled up to avert additional extinctions.

scholarly journals Global patterns in threats to vertebrates by biological invasions

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1823) ◽  
pp. 20152454 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Bellard ◽  
P. Genovesi ◽  
J. M. Jeschke
Keyword(s):  
Biological Invasions ◽  
Threatened Species ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Invasive Alien Species ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Invasive Mammals ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Changes Over Time

Biological invasions as drivers of biodiversity loss have recently been challenged. Fundamentally, we must know where species that are threatened by invasive alien species (IAS) live, and the degree to which they are threatened. We report the first study linking 1372 vertebrates threatened by more than 200 IAS from the completely revised Global Invasive Species Database. New maps of the vulnerability of threatened vertebrates to IAS permit assessments of whether IAS have a major influence on biodiversity, and if so, which taxonomic groups are threatened and where they are threatened. We found that centres of IAS-threatened vertebrates are concentrated in the Americas, India, Indonesia, Australia and New Zealand. The areas in which IAS-threatened species are located do not fully match the current hotspots of invasions, or the current hotspots of threatened species. The relative importance of biological invasions as drivers of biodiversity loss clearly varies across regions and taxa, and changes over time, with mammals from India, Indonesia, Australia and Europe are increasingly being threatened by IAS. The chytrid fungus primarily threatens amphibians, whereas invasive mammals primarily threaten other vertebrates. The differences in IAS threats between regions and taxa can help efficiently target IAS, which is essential for achieving the Strategic Plan 2020 of the Convention on Biological Diversity.

scholarly journals Will the EC Zoos Directive increase the conservation value of zoo research?

Oryx ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. Rees
Keyword(s):  
Information Exchange ◽  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Conservation Value ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
Conservation Of Biodiversity

Article 9 of the Convention on Biological Diversity 1992 requires parties to adopt measures for the ex situ conservation of biodiversity. Within the European Union this has been implemented by the Zoos Directive. The Directive requires zoos and aquariums to adopt a conservation role. Zoos may comply with the Directive by undertaking research from which conservation benefits accrue. However, most current zoo research is concerned with behaviour, environmental enrichment, nutrition and reproduction, and is therefore largely irrelevant to ex situ conservation. It is unlikely that zoos will increase their output of conservation relevant research because most do not have appropriate resources. Furthermore, as an alternative to undertaking research, a zoo may comply with the Directive by engaging in training, information exchange or captive breeding. Most, if not all, zoos already engage in at least one of these activities and therefore may comply with the Directive by doing nothing.

scholarly journals Efficient expansion of global protected areas requires simultaneous planning for species and ecosystems

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 150107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tal Polak ◽  
James E. M. Watson ◽  
Richard A. Fuller ◽  
Liana N. Joseph ◽  
Tara G. Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Threatened Species ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Planning Approach ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
Adequate Representation ◽  
Efficient Expansion

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)'s strategic plan advocates the use of environmental surrogates, such as ecosystems, as a basis for planning where new protected areas should be placed. However, the efficiency and effectiveness of this ecosystem-based planning approach to adequately capture threatened species in protected area networks is unknown. We tested the application of this approach in Australia according to the nation's CBD-inspired goals for expansion of the national protected area system. We set targets for ecosystems (10% of the extent of each ecosystem) and threatened species (variable extents based on persistence requirements for each species) and then measured the total land area required and opportunity cost of meeting those targets independently, sequentially and simultaneously. We discover that an ecosystem-based approach will not ensure the adequate representation of threatened species in protected areas. Planning simultaneously for species and ecosystem targets delivered the most efficient outcomes for both sets of targets, while planning first for ecosystems and then filling the gaps to meet species targets was the most inefficient conservation strategy. Our analysis highlights the pitfalls of pursuing goals for species and ecosystems non-cooperatively and has significant implications for nations aiming to meet their CBD mandated protected area obligations.

scholarly journals An analysis of genetic diversity actions, indicators and targets in 114 National Reports to the Convention on Biological Diversity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Hoban ◽  
Catriona Campbell ◽  
Jessica da Silva ◽  
Robert Ekblom ◽  
W Chris Funk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Genetic Erosion ◽  
Crop Wild Relatives ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Assessment And Monitoring

AbstractGenetic diversity is critically important for all species-domesticated and wild- to adapt to environmental change, and for ecosystem resilience to extreme events. International agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) have committed to conserve and sustainably and equitably use all levels of biodiversity-genes, species and ecosystems-globally. However, assessment and monitoring of genetic diversity are often overlooked, and there are large knowledge and policy gaps regarding genetic diversity conservation. In this study, we present the first quantitative analysis of genetic diversity assessments conducted by Parties to the CBD. We conducted a detailed, systematic analysis of 114 CBD 5th (submitted 2014) and 6th (submitted 2018) National Reports to quantitatively assess actions, progress on targets, values and indicators related to genetic diversity. First, we found that the importance of genetic diversity is recognised by most Parties to the CBD, and that recognition increased over time. However, genetic targets mainly addressed genetic diversity within cultivated plants, farm animals, and crop wild relatives, with little focus on other wild species. Also, actions for conserving genetic diversity primarily concerned ex-situ facilities and policy, rather than monitoring and intervention for maintaining genetic diversity in situ. The most commonly used indicators of genetic diversity status were the number of genetic resources in conservation facilities, number of threatened breeds, and Red List Index, which are not well correlated to genetic erosion in most species -- highlighting that genetic change is poorly monitored by current indicators. Lastly, analyses of genetic data observations, indigenous use and knowledge of genetic diversity, and strategies being developed and implemented to conserve genetic diversity are highly under-reported. We make several recommendations for the post-2020 CBD Biodiversity Framework to improve awareness, assessment, and monitoring, and facilitate consistent and complete reporting of progress of genetic diversity in future National Reports.Article Impact StatementAn analysis of genetic diversity in CBD National Reports neglects non-domesticated species and demonstrates need for sufficient indicators.

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