Biology, morphology and anatomy of aphidophagous syrphid larvae

Parasitology ◽  
1939 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madan Lal Bhatia
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
The Body ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Mode Of Life ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Syrphid Larvae

The paper deals with the biology, morphology and anatomy of seven species of syrphid larvae viz. Syrphus luniger Meig., S. balteatus De Greer, S. ribesii Linne, Catabomba pyrastri Linne, Sphaerophoria flavicauda Zett., Sph. scripta Linne, and Platychirus scutatus Meig.The habitat, mode of progression, aphidophagous habits and characteristic coloration are described for each species.It is shown that the larvae of all the above species, like larvae of other cyclorrhaphous Diptera, definitely pass through three stages separated by two moults. The mode of dehiscence of the puparium is described briefly.Each of the species, except Catabomba pyrastri, has three generations in the breeding season which lasts from May to October. Platychirus scutatus hibernates only in the larval stage, but the other species may be found in both the larval and pupal stages during the winter.The larvae of all the above species, except Syrphus balteatus, are commonly parasitized by ichneumonid larvae.The morphology of the egg, the three larval stages and the puparium of S. luniger is described in detail.The characters common to the third stage larvae of all the species dealt with are summarized and short descriptions of the third stage larvae and puparia of the individual species are given. The general appearance of the living larvae and details of the buccopharyngeal armature, spiracles and puparia of each of the species is represented in figures.In connexion with the pupae a number of new structures are described and it is suggested that some of them are concerned with the formation of the characteristic shape of the puparium and with the dehiscence of the puparium.Internal pupal spiracles are present in all the species dealt with, but external pupal spiracles are present only in Platychirus scutatus.The anatomy of P. scutatus is described and figured, an account being given of all the structures except the musculature of the body wall. Study of the anatomy affords evidence as to the carnivorous mode of life of the larvae and also indicates that the larvae have evolved from aquatic forms.The comparative morphology of the Syrphinae is discussed with respect to the relationship of the Syrphinae to other Aschiza and to the cyclorrhaphous Diptera.

Morphometric and morphological characteristics for identifying the life stages of Xiphinema bakeri Williams, 1961 (Nematoda: Longidorinae)

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 771-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack R. Sutherland ◽  
T. G. Dunn ◽  
N. Bruce F. Cousens
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
The Body ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Clear Area ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Tail Shape ◽  
Tail Tip

Several morphometric and morphological characteristics were evaluated to determine their usefulness in identifying the life stages of Xiphinema bakeri. The stages can be identified by length of the body, onchiostylet, and replacement stylet of larvae. These values increase lineally from first-stage larva to adult, and fall into five groups corresponding to the nematodes' four larval stages and adult. Each stage has a specific tail-tip shape, which gradually changes from subacute in the first and second stages to subdigitate in adults. At lower magnifications, the body length and the tail shape, used in combination, are best for identification. First-stage larvae also have the replacement stylet overlapping the stylet extension, distinguishing them from the second stage. Frequently the immature vagina of fourth-stage larvae appears as a clear area in the body; this helps to separate them from the third stage.

PARTICULARITIES OF DIVERSE EGG DEPOSITION PHENOMENA CHARACTERIZING CARNIVOROID HYMENOPTERA (WITH MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS)

1973 ◽  
Vol 105 (9) ◽  
pp. 1175-1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Flanders
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Egg Deposition ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Haploid Male ◽  
Mode Of Life ◽  
Specific Organ ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Individual

AbstractEntomophagous carnivoroids, especially those in which the development of the individual (ontogeny) is effected by its subsistence on the body fluids and the flesh of one host individual, show an extreme diversity in form and habit whereby their embryonic and larval stages are adapted for a highly specialized mode of life.One of the more interesting of these adaptations is exhibited by biparental species of Hymenoptera in the placement of their haploid and diploid eggs in a particular organ or tissue of the host species. This adaptation may or may not be correlated with sex differentiation in host relations, a reproductive habit characterized either by differing oviposition responses that segregate haploid (male) and diploid (female) eggs to different kinds of hosts or, lacking such responses, by differing developmental mechanisms that segregate first instar males from first instar females.The available information regarding the occurrence of the obligatory associations between the hymenopterous egg and a specific organ or tissue of the host, their characteristics, and pertinent physiological prerequisites are summarized.Basically, these associations appear to be dependent on (1) the gravid carnivoroid usually being free of any physiological pressure (or urge) to oviposit despite the presence of eggs ready for deposition in the ovary and/or stored in the oviduct and (2) the limitation of egg deposition to the moment when the tip of the female’s ovipositor makes contact with a host or the spoor of the host. Freedom from oviposition pressure derives from the female’s ability to dispose of her "ripe" ovarian eggs by methods other than deposition, that is, either by storage in enlarged oviducts or by resorption into the bloodstream.

Dirofilaria aethiops Webber, 1955, a filarial parasite of monkeys III. The larval development in mosquitoes

Parasitology ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 45 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 388-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winfrith A. F. Webber
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Very High

1. A description is given of the morphological development of the larval stages of Dirofilaria aethiops in the mosquito Aëdes aegypti.2. The first-stage larvae migrate from the stomach to the connective tissue in all parts of the mosquito body, where they pass through the inactive ‘sausage’ stages. At 26° C. and 80% relative humidity the first moult takes place about the twelfth day of development and the second moult about the sixteenth day. The third-stage larvae migrate towards the proboscis where they can be found after 18–20 days.3. The number of microfilariae ingested by the mosquito is approximately equal to the number which would be expected from the numbers in the blood of the monkey and the volume of the blood meal. The death rate of the larvae in the mosquitoes is very high for the first 2 days, but less severe later. Approximately 1% of the ingested microfilariae survive 20 days; at this time two-thirds of the surviving larvae have reached the third stage.4. Comparison of D. aethiops with other filariae shows that first-stage larvae of different species can often be distinguished by the structure of the tail, which is the same as that of the microfilaria. Second-stage larvae are similar to each other in morphology but develop in characteristic sites in the host. Third-stage larvae differ from each other in the cephalic and caudal papillae.

Studies on the life-history of Bunostomum phlebotomum (Railliet, 1900), a hookworm parasite of cattle

Parasitology ◽  
1946 ◽  
Vol 37 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 192-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. A. Sprent
Keyword(s):  
Infective Larva ◽  
Stage Larva ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
History Of ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Cutaneous Blood ◽  
Fourth Stage Larva

A description is given of the processes of copulation, formation of the egg and spermatozoon, cleavage, embryogeny and hatching in B. phlebotomum. These processes were found to be essentially similar to those in other strongyle nematodes.The anatomy of the first three larval stages is described and the observations of Conradi & Barnette (1908) and Schwartz (1924) were largely confirmed.Penetration of the skin of calves by the infective larva was observed histologically. The larvae were found to have reached the dermis within 30 min. and to have penetrated the cutaneous blood vessels within 60 min. of application to the skin. The larvae were found in the lung where the third ecdysis was in progress 10 days after penetration of the skin. A description is given of the growth of the third-stage larva in the lung, the changes which take place during the third ecdysis, and the anatomy of the fourth-stage larva.The fourth-stage larvae exsheath in the lungs and travel to the intestine. After a period of growth in which sexual differentiation takes place, the fourth ecdysis occurs and the adult parasite emerges. The time required for the attainment of maturity was found to be somewhere between 30 and 56 days after penetration of the skin.This paper was written at the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Veterinary Laboratories, Wey-bridge, and the writer would like to express his gratitude to the Director, Prof. T. Dalling, also to Dr W. R. Wooldridge, chairman of the Council of the Veterinary Educational Trust for their help and encouragement. The writer's thanks are also due to Dr H. A. Baylis, Prof. R. T. Leiper and Dr E. L. Taylor for their advice and help on technical points, and to Mr R. A. O. Shonekan, African laboratory assistant, for his able co-operation.

scholarly journals Seasonal occurrence of some larval stages of endoparasites in three cyprinids from the Nwanedi-Luphephe dams, the Limpopo River System, South Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Mbokane ◽  
J. Theron ◽  
W. J. Luus-Powell
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
River System ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Seasonal Occurrence ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuations ◽  
Metazoan Parasites ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Parasite Communities ◽  
Third Stage

Abstract This study provides information on seasonal occurrence of developmental stages of endoparasites infecting three cyprinids in the Nwanedi-Luphephe dams, Limpopo River System. Labeobarbus marequensis (Smith, 1841), Barbus trimaculatus Peters, 1852 and Barbus radiatus Peters, 1853 were investigated seasonally from January 2008 to October 2008. The following larvae of metazoan parasites were collected: Diplostomum sp. from the eyes of L. marequensis and B. trimaculatus; Ornithodiplostomum sp. from the gills of B. trimaculatus; Posthodiplostomum sp. from muscle, skin and fins of B. trimaculatus and B. radiatus; third-stage Contracaecum larvae (L3) from the mesentery fats and on the liver lobes of L. marequensis and B. trimaculatus and gryporynchid cestode larvae from the outer intestinal wall of B. radiatus. All the flukes encountered were metacercariae. Diplostomum sp. and Contracaecum sp. dominated the parasite communities. Their prevalence exhibited seasonal fluctuations with maxima in summer. Factors likely to influence fish infection such as the body size of fish and their condition factors were also briefly considered in this study.

Larval and post-larval stages of fishes recorded from the plankton of Galway Bay, 1972–73

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie M. Fives ◽  
F. I. O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Copepod Species ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Percentage Occurrence ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Recorded Occurrence

The Galway Bay area was sampled quantitatively for plankton during 1972–3. The larvae and/or post-larvae of 67 species of fish were identified from the plankton. The recorded occurrence per m3 and the percentage occurrence of the individual species is presented and discussed, and reference is made to the concurrent occurrence of various chaetognath species and copepod species. The results of previous investigations of the plankton of the Galway Bay area are mentioned.

Terapi Mandi Terhadap Pecandu Narkotika Di Pondok Pesantren Al-Qodir Cangkringan Sleman Yogyakarta

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Muslimah Muslimah
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Boarding School ◽  
The Body ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Preparation Stage ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Bath Therapy

This study aims to determine how the process and benefits of bath therapy for narcotic addicts at Al-Qodir Islamic Boarding School, Cangkringan, Sleman Yogyakarta. This research is a qualitative research with two clients who undergo healing due to narcotics addiction. Methods of data collection by interview, observation, documentation. The method of checking the validity of the data used the "triangulation" technique. Data analysis using qualitative descriptive analysis. The results of this study describe that the process of bathing therapy carried out by narcotic addicts at the Al-Qodir Islamic boarding school goes through several stages. The first is the preparation stage, namely the therapist preparing the facilities, waking the narcotic addicts santri, and reading prayers into the bathroom. The second stage of implementation is the intention to bathe, perform ablution, and pour water all over the body. The third stage of closing is reading the prayer out of the bathroom, and giving suggestions from the therapist. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana proses dan manfaat terapi mandi terhadap pecandu narkotika di Pondok Pesantren Al-Qodir Cangkringan Sleman Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan subjek penelitian dua orang klien yang menjalani penyembuhan akibat pecandu narkotika. Metode  pengumpulan data dengan wawancara, observasi, dokumentasi. Metode pemeriksaan keabsahan data dengan tehnik “triangulasi”. Analisis data menggunakan analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini mendeskripsikan bahwa proses terapi mandi yang dilakukan oleh para santri pecandu narkotika di pondok pesantren Al-Qodir ini melalui beberapa tahapan. Pertama tahap persiapan yaitu terapis menyiapkan sarana, membangunkan para santri pecandu narkotika, dan membaca do’a masuk kamar mandi. Tahap kedua pelaksanaan yaitu niat mandi, berwudhu, menyiramkan air ke seluruh tubuh. Tahap ketiga penutupan yaitu membaca do’a keluar kamar mandi, dan memberikan sugesti dari terapis.

Cnidaria

1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinz A. Lowenstam ◽  
Stephen Weiner
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Sulfate ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
The Body ◽  
Internal Space ◽  
Gravity Perception ◽  
Sessile Polyp ◽  
Gastrovascular Cavity ◽  
Mode Of Life ◽  
Pass Through

The phylum Cnidaria or Coelenterates includes sea anemones, jellyfish, hydras, sea fans, and, of course, the corals. With few exceptions they are all marine organisms and most are inhabitants of shallow water. In spite of the great variation in shape, size, and mode of life, they all possess the same basic metazoan structural features: an internal space for digestion (gastrovascular cavity or coelenteran), a mouth, and a circle of tentacles, which are really just an extension of the body wall. The body wall in turn is composed of three layers: an outer layer of epidermis, an inner layer of cells lining the gastrovascular cavity, and, sandwiched between them, a so-called mesoglea (Barnes 1980). All these features are present in both of the basic structural types: the sessile polyp and the free-swiming medusa. During their life cycle, some cnidarians exhibit one or the other structural type whereas others pass through both. Most Cnidaria have no mineralized deposits. The ones that, to date, are known to have mineralized deposits are listed in Table 5.1. They are found in both the free-swimming medusae and the sessile polyps. Not surprisingly, these have very different types of mineralized deposits. In the medusae they are located exclusively within the statocyst where they constitute an important part of the organism’s gravity perception apparatus. Interestingly the statoconia of the Hydrozoa, examined to date for their major elemental compositions only, are all composed of amorphous Mg-Ca-phosphate, whereas those of the Scyphozoa and Cubozoa are composed of calcium sulfate. Calcium sulfate minerals (presumably gypsum) are not commonly formed by organisms and the only other known occurrence is in the Gamophyta among the Protoctista. Spangenberg (1976) and her colleagues have expertly documented this phenomenon in the Cnidaria. (For a more detailed discussion of mineralization and gravity perception see Chapter 11.) The predominant mineralized hard part associated with the sessile polyps is skeletal. These can take the form of skeletons composed of individual spicules, spicule aggregates, or massive skeletons. They are composed of aragonite, calcite, or both.

scholarly journals STAY HUNGRY, STAY FOOLISH: PER UNA STORIA NATURALE DELL’ANORE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierluigi Politi ◽  
Mariacristina Migliardi
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Clinical Examination ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
The Individual

Thanks to a broad historical-anthropological and clinical examination, the authors re-evaluate the role of hunger in the development of our species, and also in that of the individual. The alternation empty/full, internal/ external, the complex game that is established between need, object and desire, structures the childhood of the human cub. In the same way, the alternation between active and passive gaze inaugurates and accompanies the adolescent turbulence, often dictating the rhythms. The third stage of this speech, relating to the season of maturity, focuses on the (dangerous) intersection between food and air, between when we breathe and when we swallow. The lecture ends with the theme of fasting in old age, which engages the themes of depression, involution and detachment.

Observations on the life history of the cat Lungworm. Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (Railliet, 1898) (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae)

1957 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 188 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Mackerras
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Lung Tissue ◽  
Prepatent Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Characteristic Pattern ◽  
Aelurostrongylus Abstrusus ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
History Of

First-stage larvae of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (Railliet) developed readily in the garden slug, Agriolimax laevis (Muller), two moults occurring in this host. When infected slugs were eaten by a cat, the third-stage larvae migrated at once to the lungs, where they underwent the third and fourth moults. The prepatent period in the cat was about 39 days. When infected slugs were fed to laboratory-bred mice, the third-stage larvae were not digested, but congregated in great numbers in the gastro-splenic ligament, forming minute yellowish cysts. They were also recovered in small numbers from other parts of the body. Third-stage larvae survived unchanged in mice for 12 weeks, and probably would survive for longer periods. Mice were regarded as important auxillary hosts. The minute adult worms were found in the bronchioles of the cat. They were always very difficult to locate. The eggs were laid in the alveoli, forming a characteristic pattern of small, solid nodules scattered throughout the lung tissue.

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