High resolution DNA fingerprinting by AFLP to study the genetic variation amongOesophagostomum bifurcum(Nematoda) from human and non-human primates from Ghana

Parasitology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. DE GRUIJTER ◽  
R. B. GASSER ◽  
A. M. POLDERMAN ◽  
V. ASIGRI ◽  
LENIE DIJKSHOORN
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Rapd Analysis ◽  
Restriction Enzymes ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Patas Monkey ◽  
Olive Baboon ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Mona Monkey

An AFLP approach was established to investigate genetic diversity withinOesophagostomum bifurcum(order Strongylida) from human and non-human primates. Evaluation of different combinations of restriction enzymes (n=8) and primers (n=29) demonstrated that the use ofHindIII/BglII digested templates and primers with the selective nucleotides +AG/+AC, respectively, was the most effective for the analysis ofO. bifurcumDNA. A total of 63O. bifurcumadults from human, Patas monkey, Mona monkey and Olive baboon hosts from different geographical regions in Ghana were subjected to analysis using this method. Cluster analysis revealed 4 genetically distinct groups, namelyO. bifurcumfrom the Patas monkey (I), from the Mona monkey (II), from humans (III) and from the Olive baboon (IV). These findings were concordant with those achieved previously using RAPD analysis and supports population genetic substructuring withinO. bifurcumaccording to host species. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the present AFLP method for establishing genetic variation withinO. bifurcum, and indicates its applicability to other parasitic nematodes of human and/or veterinary health importance.

Phylogenetic patterns of Haemonchus contortus and related trichostrongylid nematodes isolated from Egyptian sheep

2016 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 583-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.M. Kandil ◽  
K.A. Abdelrahman ◽  
H.A. Fahmy ◽  
M.S. Mahmoud ◽  
A.H. El Namaky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Nuclear Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Population Genetic Diversity ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Rapid Characterization

AbstractHaemonchus contortus is a major parasite of small ruminants and its blood-feeding behaviour causes effects ranging from mild anaemia to death. Knowledge of the genetic variation within and among H. contortus populations can provide the foundation for understanding transmission patterns and aid in the control of haemonchosis. Adult male H. contortus were collected from three geographical regions in Egypt. The second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced directly. The population genetic diversity and sequence variations were determined. Nucleotide sequence analyses revealed one genotype (ITS2) in all worms, without genetic differentiation. The similarity in population genetic diversity and genetic patterns observed among the three geographical regions could be attributed to possible movement between the sites. This is the first study of genetic variation in H. contortus in Egypt. The present results could have implications for the rapid characterization of H. contortus and other trichostrongyloid nematodes, and evaluation of the epidemiology of H. contortus in Egypt.

Significant genetic differences among Heterodera schachtii populations within and among sugar beet production areas

Nematology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasha Haj Nuaima ◽  
Johannes Roeb ◽  
Johannes Hallmann ◽  
Matthias Daub ◽  
Holger Heuer
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Population Genetic Structure ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Geographic Distance ◽  
Heterodera Schachtii ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Neutral Genetic Variation ◽  
Production Areas

Summary Characterising the non-neutral genetic variation within and among populations of plant-parasitic nematodes is essential to determine factors shaping the population genetic structure. This study describes the genetic variation of the parasitism gene vap1 within and among geographic populations of the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. Forty populations of H. schachtii were sampled at four spatial scales: 695 km, 49 km, 3.1 km and 0.24 km. DGGE fingerprinting showed significant differences in vap1 patterns among populations. High similarity of vap1 patterns appeared between geographically close populations, and occasionally among distant populations. Analysis of spatially sampled populations within fields revealed an effect of tillage direction on the vap1 similarity for two of four studied fields. Overall, geographic distance and similarity of vap1 patterns of H. schachtii populations were negatively correlated. In conclusion, the population genetic structure was shaped by the interplay between the genetic adaptation and the passive transport of this nematode.

scholarly journals Genetic variation among pathogens causing "Helminthosporium" diseases of rice, maize and wheat

2002 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 639-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
RITA C. B. WEIKERT-OLIVEIRA ◽  
M. APARECIDA DE RESENDE ◽  
HENRIQUE M. VALÉRIO ◽  
RACHEL B. CALIGIORNE ◽  
EDILSON PAIVA
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Rapd Analysis ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Restriction Enzymes ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
High Similarity ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Upgma Phenogram

Twenty isolates of four fungal species, agents of "Helminthosporium" diseases in cereals, were collected from different regions: nine Bipolarisoryzae isolated from rice (Oryza sativa), seven B.sorokiniana from wheat (Triticum aestivum), two B. maydis, and two Exserohilumturcicum from maize (Zea mays). The strains were compared by PCR-RFLP and RAPD analysis. Size polymorphism among the isolates in the ITS region comprising the 5.8 S rDNA indicated genetic differences among the isolates, while a UPGMA phenogram constructed after the digestion of this region with restriction enzymes showed inter- and intra-specific polymorphism. The RAPD profiles indicated an expressive level of polymorphism among different species, compared with a low level of polymorphism among isolates of the same species. A UPGMA phenogram grouped the isolates according to the species and their host plant. RAPD profiles did not reveal polymorphism that directly correlated climatic factors with geographic source of the isolates of B. sorokiniana, and B. oryzae. Teleomorphic species revealed high similarity with their correspondent anamorphs.

Genetic diversity and differentiation in populations of invasive Eurasian (Myriophyllum spicatum) and hybrid (Myriophyllum spicatum × Myriophyllum sibiricum) watermilfoil

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-67
Author(s):  
Ryan A. Thum ◽  
Gregory M. Chorak ◽  
Raymond M. Newman ◽  
Jasmine A. Eltawely ◽  
Jo Latimore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Myriophyllum Spicatum ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
Efficacy Evaluation ◽  
Submerged Aquatic Plant ◽  
Myriophyllum Sibiricum ◽  
Control Response ◽  
Herbicide Response

AbstractPopulation genetic studies of within- and among-population genetic variability are still lacking for managed submerged aquatic plant species, and such studies could provide important information for managers. For example, the extent of within-population genetic variation may influence the potential for managed populations to locally adapt to environmental conditions and control tactics. Similarly, among-population variation may influence whether specific control tactics work equally effectively in different locations. In the case of invasive Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.), including interspecific hybrids with native northern watermilfoil (Myriophyllum sibiricum Kom.), managers recognize that there is genetic variation for growth and herbicide response. However, it is unclear how much overall genetic variation there is, and how it is structured within and among populations. Here, we studied patterns of within- and among-lake genetic variation in 41 lakes in Michigan and 62 lakes in Minnesota using microsatellite markers. We found that within-lake genetic diversity was generally low, and among-lake genetic diversity was relatively high. However, some lakes were genetically diverse, and some genotypes were shared across multiple lakes. For genetically diverse lakes, managers should explicitly recognize the potential for genotypes to differ in control response and should account for this in monitoring and efficacy evaluation and using pretreatment herbicide screens to predict efficacy. Similarly, managers should consider differences in genetic composition among lakes as a source of variation in the growth and herbicide response of lakes with similar control tactics. Finally, laboratory or field information on control efficacy from one lake may be applied to other lakes where genotypes are shared among lakes.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity within and between broodstocks of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) (Decapoda, Penaeidae) and its implication for the gene pool conservation

2007 ◽  
Vol 67 (4 suppl) ◽  
pp. 939-943 ◽  
Author(s):  
PD. Freitas ◽  
MR. Calgaro ◽  
PM. Galetti Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Litopenaeus Vannamei ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Rapd Analysis ◽  
Pacific White Shrimp ◽  
White Shrimp ◽  
Brazilian Coast ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Improvement Programs

Genetic variation within and between fifteen closed broodstock lines of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, reared at different hatcheries in the Brazilian coast, was assessed by RAPD analysis. Fifty two polymorphic loci were identified when a set of five decamer primers was used in PCR. The genetic diversity analysis within lines evidenced genetic variation loss probably related to bottleneck effects and inbreeding. In addition, the genetic divergence values between the different samples appear to reflect the initial founder composition of such stocks, in some cases, sharing a common origin, suggesting a putative importance of interbreeding for the establishment of genetic improvement programs for these broodstocks. The genetic variation monitoring appears to be helpful to the gene pool conservation of this aquaculture species, mainly if considered its exotic status in Brazil and the current impossibility of new introduction of wild individuals.

Genetic variation in the greater bilby (Macrotis lagotis)

1994 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Southgate ◽  
Mark Adams
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Allozyme Electrophoresis ◽  
Allozyme Data ◽  
Data Support

The taxonomic status of and genetic diversity amongst extant populations of the greater bilby, Macrotis lagotis, were assessed using allozyme electrophoresis. A total of 47 bilbies sampled from three geographic areas and two captive colonies were screened for 42 loci, six of which were polymorphic. The results are consistent with the view that all extant populations represent a single biological species. All populations were genetically very similar (Nei D's 0.000 to 0.004) and overall levels of within-population genetic variability were low (Ho 0.004 � 0.004 to 0.0026 � 0.017). The allozyme data support the hypothesis that there has been no significant loss of variability in the captive colonies when compared to the species as a whole.

scholarly journals Impact of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae on juvenile bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) survival in the northern Basin and Range ecosystem

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e10710
Author(s):  
Robert S. Spaan ◽  
Clinton W. Epps ◽  
Rachel Crowhurst ◽  
Donald Whittaker ◽  
Mike Cox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Survival Probability ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Bighorn Sheep ◽  
Basin And Range ◽  
Ovis Canadensis ◽  
Juvenile Survival ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Mycoplasma Ovipneumoniae

Determining the demographic impacts of wildlife disease is complex because extrinsic and intrinsic drivers of survival, reproduction, body condition, and other factors that may interact with disease vary widely. Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae infection has been linked to persistent mortality in juvenile bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), although mortality appears to vary widely across subspecies, populations, and outbreaks. Hypotheses for that variation range from interactions with nutrition, population density, genetic variation in the pathogen, genetic variation in the host, and other factors. We investigated factors related to survival of juvenile bighorn sheep in reestablished populations in the northern Basin and Range ecosystem, managed as the formerly-recognized California subspecies (hereafter, “California lineage”). We investigated whether survival probability of 4-month juveniles would vary by (1) presence of M. ovipneumoniae-infected or exposed individuals in populations, (2) population genetic diversity, and (3) an index of forage suitability. We monitored 121 juveniles across a 3-year period in 13 populations in southeastern Oregon and northern Nevada. We observed each juvenile and GPS-collared mother semi-monthly and established 4-month capture histories for the juvenile to estimate survival. All collared adult females were PCR-tested at least once for M. ovipneumoniae infection. The presence of M. ovipneumoniae-infected juveniles was determined by observing juvenile behavior and PCR-testing dead juveniles. We used a known-fate model with different time effects to determine if the probability of survival to 4 months varied temporally or was influenced by disease or other factors. We detected dead juveniles infected with M. ovipneumoniae in only two populations. Derived juvenile survival probability at four months in populations where infected juveniles were not detected was more than 20 times higher. Detection of infected adults or adults with antibody levels suggesting prior exposure was less predictive of juvenile survival. Survival varied temporally but was not strongly influenced by population genetic diversity or nutrition, although genetic diversity within most study area populations was very low. We conclude that the presence of M. ovipneumoniae can cause extremely low juvenile survival probability in translocated bighorn populations of the California lineage, but found little influence that genetic diversity or nutrition affect juvenile survival. Yet, after the PCR+ adult female in one population died, subsequent observations found 11 of 14 ( 79%) collared adult females had surviving juveniles at 4-months, suggesting that targeted removals of infected adults should be evaluated as a management strategy.

Genetic Diversity and Population Genetic Structure in the Rare Chittering Grass Wattle, Acacia anomala Court

1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 273 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Coates
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Population Genetic Structure ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Genetic System ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Vegetative Multiplication ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Allozyme Loci

There are 10 known populations of Acacia anomala occurring in two small disjunct groups some 30 km apart. The Chittering populations reproduce sexually whereas the Kalamunda populations appear to reproduce almost exclusively by vegetative multiplication. The level and distribution of genetic variation were studied at 15 allozyme loci. Two loci were monomorphic in all populations. In the Chittering populations the mean number of alleles per locus was 2.0 and the expected panmictic heterozygosity (genetic diversity) 0.209. In the Kalamunda populations the mean number of alleles per locus was 1.15 and the expected panmictic heterozygosity 0.079, although the observed heterozygosity of 0.150 was only marginally less than the Chittering populations (0.177). These data support the contention that the Chittering populations are primarily outcrossing whereas the Kalamunda populations are clonal, with each population consisting of individuals with identical and, in three of the four populations, heterozygous, multilocus genotypes. The level of genetic diversity within the Chittering populations is high for plants in general even though most populations are relatively smsll and isolated. It is proposed that either the length of time these populations have been reduced in size and isolated is insufficient for genetic diversity to be reduced or the genetic system of this species is adapted to small population conditions. Strategies for the adequate conservation of the genetic resources of Acacia anomala are discussed.

Genetic diversity of Kensington mango in Australia

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 243 ◽  
Author(s):  
ISE Bally ◽  
GC Graham ◽  
RJ Henry
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Rapd Analysis ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Genetic Variations ◽  
Oligonucleotide Primers

The genetic diversity of Kensington mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) was investigated using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. DNA was extracted from leaves of 27 'Kensington Pride', 2 'R2E2' and 1 seedling. RAPD analysis with 10 oligonucleotide primers allowed the scoring of 107 markers. The R2E2 trees (20% dissimilarity) and the seedling (10% dissimilarity) were distinct from the Kensington Pride. However, there was very little evidence of significant genetic variation within Kensington Pride selections. Fifteen of the selections were identical in all 107 markers. Only 2 selections, WEAN2 and ML2N1, differed by more than 5%. These plants provide the best options for use in genetic improvement of the Kensington Pride mango. Many of the differences found in Kensington mango orchards may be due to environmental factors not genetic variations.

scholarly journals ECOLOGY AND THE RAPD TECHNIQUES USED TO ASSESS THE GENETIC DIVERSITY IN PTEROLOBIUM HEXAPETALUM, A SCRAMBLING MEDICINAL SHRUB IN MARUTHAMALAI AND CHENNIMALAI HILLS, THE WESTERN GHATS

2019 ◽  
pp. 72-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHARMILA S. ◽  
AKILANDESWARI D. ◽  
RAMYA E. K. ◽  
MOWNIKA S.
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Rapd Analysis ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Individual Bands ◽  
Reproductive Characters ◽  
Two Populations

Objective: To investigate the ecological and genetic diversity, climatic factors, edaphic factors morphological and reproductive characters and RAPD analysis of medicinal plant species Pterolobium hexapetalum in two hills viz., Maruthamalai (arid) and Chennimalai (very arid), which is located in Coimbatore and Erode districts, Tamil Nadu. Methods: The present research was carried out by using a random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was made to determine the genetic variation between the two populations of the medicinal shrub, Pterolobium hexapetalum in an environmental gradient. Among the five primers tested, the OPN7 (80 %) and OPN17 (71.4 %) produced higher polymorphism was used in RAPD analysis. Results: The results of RAPD analysis showed the presence of 51 individual bands were formed, out of which, 29 were polymorphic bands which showed the existence of genetic variation between populations. A dendrogram was constructed based on Jaccard’s coefficient to determine the degree of genetic relationship among the two populations and analysed. The primers OPN7 and OPN17 were clustered together at a genetic distance level 10. Considering the elevation and proximity, the temperature ranges from 18 °C to 37.6 °C in Maruthamalai hill and 20 °C to 39.4 °C in Chennimalai hill. Conclusion: From the morphoecological studies the results indicated that both arid and very arid climatic conditions showed slight differences in their vegetative and reproductive characters.

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