scholarly journals Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in dogs: is high seroprevalence indicative of a reservoir role?

Parasitology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 142 (9) ◽  
pp. 1202-1214 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOSÉ E. CALZADA ◽  
AZAEL SALDAÑA ◽  
KADIR GONZÁLEZ ◽  
CHYSTRIE RIGG ◽  
VANESSA PINEDA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Basic Reproductive Number ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rich Diversity ◽  
Ecosystem Level ◽  
Reservoir Hosts ◽  
Sand Fly Vectors

SUMMARYAmerican cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is a complex disease with a rich diversity of animal host species. This diversity imposes a challenge, since understanding ACL transmission requires the adequate identification of reservoir hosts, those species able to be a source of additional infections. In this study we present results from an ACL cross-sectional serological survey of 51 dogs (Canis familiaris), where we used diagnostic tests that measure dog's exposure toLeishmaniaspp. parasites. We did our research in Panamá, at a village that has undergone significant ecosystem level transformations. We found an ACL seroprevalence of 47% among dogs, and their exposure was positively associated with dog age and abundance of sand fly vectors in the houses of dog owners. Using mathematical models, which were fitted to data on the proportion of positive tests as function of dog age, we estimated a basic reproductive number (R0±s.e.) of 1·22 ± 0·09 that indicates the disease is endemically established in the dogs. Nevertheless, this information by itself is insufficient to incriminate dogs as ACL reservoirs, given the inability to find parasites (or their DNA) in seropositive dogs and previously reported failures to experimentally infect vectors feeding on dogs with ACL parasites.

scholarly journals Population density and basic reproductive number of COVID-19 across United States counties

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karla Therese L. Sy ◽  
Laura F. White ◽  
Brooke Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Transmission Probability ◽  
Basic Reproductive Number ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
Main Mode ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rate Of Spread ◽  
Contact Rates ◽  
Random Intercept ◽  
Private Transportation

AbstractThe basic reproductive number (R0) is a function of contact rates among individuals, transmission probability, and duration of infectiousness. We sought to determine the association between population density and R0 of SARS-CoV-2 across U.S. counties, and whether population density could be used as a proxy for contact rates. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using linear mixed models with random intercept and fixed slopes to assess the association of population density and R0. We also assessed whether this association was differential across county-level main mode of transportation-to-work percentage. Counties with greater population density have greater rates of transmission of SARS-CoV-2, likely due to increased contact rates in areas with greater density. The effect of population density and R0 was not modified by private transportation use. Differential R0 by population density can assist in more accurate predictions of the rate of spread of SARS-CoV-2 in areas that do not yet have active cases.Article Summary LineU.S. counties with greater population density have greater rates of transmission of SARS-CoV-2, likely due to increased contact rates in areas with greater density.

scholarly journals Spatial Distribution of Sand Fly Vectors and Eco-Epidemiology of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Transmission in Colombia

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. e0139391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Ferro ◽  
Marla López ◽  
Patricia Fuya ◽  
Ligia Lugo ◽  
Juan Manuel Cordovez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Sand Fly Vectors

Sand Fly Vectors of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Brazil

2018 ◽  
pp. 341-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth F. Rangel ◽  
Ralph Lainson ◽  
Bruno M. Carvalho ◽  
Simone M. Costa ◽  
Jeffrey J. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Sand Fly Vectors

Insecticide Barrier Spraying for the Control of Sand Fly Vectors of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Rural Guatemala

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 485-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Perich ◽  
Edgar D. Rowton ◽  
Nidia Rizzo ◽  
Alfred L. Hoch
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Sand Fly Vectors

What can surveillance of genital warts tell us?

Sexual Health ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher K. Fairley ◽  
Basil Donovan
Keyword(s):  
Hpv Vaccine ◽  
Cumulative Risk ◽  
Genital Warts ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Basic Reproductive Number ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Serological Studies ◽  
Sex With Men

In this Review, we describe the recent epidemiology of genital warts and postulate what the future may hold as a result of the introduction of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. HPV types 6 or 11 are responsible for most cases and they develop in about two-thirds of women a few months after HPV 6 or 11 infections are first detected by polymerase chain reaction. Surveillance data, cohort studies and cross-sectional surveys suggest that the annual incidence of genital warts exceeds 1% and serological studies suggest cumulative risk up to 40 years of age for HPV 6 or 11 is over 25%. The quadrivalent HPV vaccine is highly effective against genital warts and Australian surveillance data in the 2 years after the introduction of the vaccine have shown large declines in younger women and to a lesser degree heterosexual men. No significant changes in older women or men who have sex with men were seen. Given the success of Australia’s catch-up program it will not be long before we know if the basic reproductive number for genital warts holds the prospect of elimination. However, if genital warts stabilise at a lower, but not very low, rate we will know that elimination will not be possible without vaccination of males.

scholarly journals Knowledge and attitude towards cutaneous leishmaniasis among rural endemic communities in Shara’b district, Taiz, southwestern Yemen

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Talal H. Alharazi ◽  
Najoua Haouas ◽  
Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude

Abstract Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), a neglected tropical disease, represents a significant public health problem in many endemic countries including Yemen. The ongoing armed conflict that started in March 2015 has had a negative impact on the entire healthcare system as well as on infectious disease control programmes. Therefore, this cross-sectional study aimed to assess knowledge and attitude towards CL among rural endemic communities in southwestern Yemen. Methods Five hundred households in five areas of Shara’b district of Taiz governorate were randomly selected to participate in a quantitative survey. A pretested structured questionnaire was used to collect data on the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants, their knowledge and attitude towards CL and their knowledge on the sand fly vector. Results The analysis was conducted on a final sample of 466 individuals (62.7% males and 37.3% females) aged between 18 and 70 years. Among the participants, 21.5% were non-educated while 39.7 and 20.8% had completed secondary school and tertiary education, respectively. Although the participants were aware of CL, about three quarters (77.7%) of them had poor overall knowledge about disease transmission, clinical presentation, treatment, and prevention. Interestingly, approximately half of the participants (49.1%) were able to differentiate sand flies from other flies and mosquitoes. However, only 14.8% of the participants knew about the role of the phlebotomine sand fly in the transmission of CL. Only 36.6% believed that CL can be prevented and 49.6% had a negative attitude towards the disease. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that age and gender were the significant determinants of knowledge about CL and the sand fly vector among the studied population. Conclusion A poor level of knowledge about the different epidemiological aspects of CL was found among rural CL-endemic communities in Taiz. This factor, together with the major collapse of the healthcare infrastructure due to the ongoing civil war in Yemen, may be contributing to the continued endemicity of CL in the governorate. It is therefore recommended that health education on CL transmission and prevention should be provided to the targeted communities.

scholarly journals Role of monkeys in the sylvatic cycle of chikungunya virus in Senegal

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin M. Althouse ◽  
Mathilde Guerbois ◽  
Derek A. T. Cummings ◽  
Ousmane M. Diop ◽  
Ousmane Faye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Basic Reproductive Number ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
Sylvatic Cycle ◽  
Force Of Infection ◽  
One Step ◽  
Reservoir Hosts

AbstractAthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) pose the greatest risk of spillover into humans of any class of pathogens. Such spillover may occur as a one-step jump from a reservoir host species into humans or as a two-step jump from the reservoir to a different amplification host species and thence to humans. Despite the widespread havoc wreaked by emerging arboviruses, little is known about their transmission dynamics in reservoir and amplification hosts. Here we used serosurveillance and mathematical modeling to elucidate the role of monkeys in the sylvatic, enzootic cycle of chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Over three years, 219 African green monkeys, 78 patas monkeys, and 440 Guinea baboons were captured in the region surrounding Kedougou, Senegal. The age of each animal was determined by anthropometry and dentition, and exposure to CHIKV was determined by detection of neutralizing antibodies. We estimate age-specific CHIKV seroprevalence, force of infection (FoI), and basic reproductive number (R0) in each species. Among the different species, CHIKV Fol ranged from 0.13 to 1.12 (95% CI, 0.81–2.28) and R0 ranged from 1.5 (95% CI, 1.3–1.9) to 6.6 (95% CI, 5.1–10.4). CHIKV infection of infant monkeys was detected even when the virus was not detected in a concurrent survey of primatophilic mosquitoes and when population seropositivity, and therefore immunity, was too high for monkeys themselves to support continuous CHIKV transmission. We therefore conclude that monkeys in this region serve primarily as amplification rather than reservoir hosts of CHIKV. Additional efforts are needed to identify other vertebrate hosts capable of supporting continuous circulation.

scholarly journals Knowledge and Attitude of the Local Community Towards Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Rural Endemic Areas in Southwestern Yemen

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Talal H Alhrazi ◽  
Najoua Haouas ◽  
Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude

Abstract BackgroundCutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), a historically neglected tropical disease, represents a significant public health problem in many endemic countries including Yemen. The ongoing armed conflict that started in March 2015 has had a negative impact on the entire healthcare system including infectious disease control programmes. Therefore, this cross-sectional study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitude towards CL among endemic communities in southwestern Yemen. MethodsFive hundred households in five areas of Shar’ab district of Taiz governorate were randomly selected to participate in a quantitative survey. A pretested structured questionnaire was used to collect information on the participants’ sociodemographic background and their knowledge and attitude towards CL and the sand fly vector.ResultsThe analysis was conducted on a final sample of 466 individuals. Although the participants were aware of CL, about three quarters (77.7%) of them had poor overall knowledge about disease transmission, clinical presentation, treatment and prevention. Interestingly, about half of the participants (49.1%) were able to differentiate sand flies from other flies and mosquitoes; however, only 14.8% of the participants knew about the role of the phlebotomine sand fly in the transmission of CL. Similarly, the participants had poor overall knowledge about sand fly breeding sites, biting time and control measures. Although 44% of the participants considered CL to be more dangerous than malaria, only 36.6% believed that CL can be prevented and 76.4% had a negative attitude towards the disease. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that age and gender were the significant determinants of knowledge about CL and the sand fly vector among the studied population.Conclusion A poor level of knowledge about the different epidemiological aspects of CL was found among the rural population in Taiz. This factor, together with the major collapse of the healthcare infrastructure and the paralysis of health authorities since the beginning of the ongoing civil war in Yemen, may be contributing to the continued endemicity of CL in the area. Hence, health education on CL transmission and prevention should be provided to the targeted communities.

scholarly journals Cutaneous leishmaniasis–Awareness, knowledge and practices among general population in rural and urban areas in Malakand region, Pakistan

2022 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Khan ◽  
I. Khan ◽  
H. Ullah ◽  
S. N. M. Zain ◽  
W. A. Panhwar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
N 93

Abstract Malakand region is an endemic area for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). However, there are limited number of studies of this disease in Pakistan. Therefore, a study was conducted to understand the level of awareness attitude and practice among the residents of Makaland towards CL and the disease vectors. This study adopted a cross-sectional approach with a total of 400 respondents (n=93 rural and n= 307 urban). Overall, the population in Malakand region (61.2%) were well-informed in the role of sand fly in transmitting diseases, but most lack knowledge on the vector’s behavior and almost a quarter (24.5%) were unable to provide knowledge on proper control measures. Alarmingly, the practice and attitudes of the general population was not satisfactory as close to half (49.8%) of the population did adopt any control method. This study calls for increase in awareness through health education campaign to reduce the risk of cutaneous leishmaniasis outbreaks in the future.

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