Host-induced phenotypic plasticity in Saccocoelioides lamothei Aguirre-Macedo and Violante-González, 2008 (Digenea: Haploporidae) a parasite of freshwater, brackish and marine fishes from Middle America

Parasitology ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Marcelo Tonatiuh González-García ◽  
Leopoldo Andrade-Gómez ◽  
Carlos Daniel Pinacho-Pinacho ◽  
Ana Lucia Sereno-Uribe ◽  
Martín García-Varela
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Large Subunit ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Haplotype Network ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Nuclear Rdna ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Middle America ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Dehydrogenase

Abstract Saccocoelioides is a genus of trematodes associated with fishes from the Americas. In the current research, morphologically distinct specimens of Saccocoelioides spp. were collected from six countries in Middle America. Specimens were sequenced using three molecular markers, the domains D1–D3 of the large subunit (LSU) from the nuclear rDNA, the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) from mitochondrial DNA. A total of 74 new sequences were compared and aligned with other sequences available in GenBank. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses were inferred from the LSU and cox1 datasets, revealing unequivocally that all the specimens correspond to S. lamothei. A haplotype network was built with 119 sequences of the nad1 gene. The network detected 57 distinct haplotypes divided into three haplogroups. To explore morphological differences among samples of S. lamothei, 17 morphological features were measured from 53 specimens from three fish families: Eleotridae, Mugilidae and Gobiidae. Principal component analysis yielded three main polygons that corresponded with each family analysed, suggesting host-induced phenotypic plasticity. The current evidence suggests that S. lamothei infects at least five fish families along the Pacific coasts of Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica.

Implications of phenotypic plasticity for numerical taxonomy of Ornithogalum montanum (Liliaceae)

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Pigliucci ◽  
M. G. Politi ◽  
D. Bellincampi
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Numerical Taxonomy ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Reaction Norm ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Morphological Response ◽  
Numerical Taxonomic Study ◽  
High Degree

Implications of phenotypic plasticity in a subspecific numerical taxonomic study of Ornithogalum montanum Cyr. (Liliaceae) are discussed. Clones belonging to six natural populations were grown in a glasshouse, and their morphological response to three water dosages was analyzed by means of principal component analysis. PC-1 ranks the three groups of replicated populations, suggesting a high degree of phenotypic plasticity; on the other hand, PC-3 is almost environmentally independent. Proximities in the phenetic space are shown to be at least partially environmentally dependent, suggesting a reaction norm for the character correlation matrix. The results do not corroborate a previous recognition of six subspecies of O. montanum. Key words: phenotypic plasticity, numerical taxonomy, Ornithogalum, reaction norm, principal component analysis.

scholarly journals Intraspecific ecomorphological variations in Poecilia reticulata (Actinopterygii, Cyprinodontiformes): comparing populations of distinct environments

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fábio T. Mise ◽  
Fagner de Souza ◽  
João P. A. Pagotto ◽  
Erivelto Goulart
Keyword(s):  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Water Current ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Morphological Variations ◽  
Current Availability ◽  
Environment Type ◽  
Morphological Variables ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Morphological Differences

ABSTRACT Morphological variations, according to the principles of ecomorphology, can be related to different aspects of the organism way of life, such as occupation of habitats and feeding behavior. The present study sought to examine the intraspecific variation in two populations of Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859, that occur in two types of environments, a lotic (Maringá Stream) and a lentic (Jaboti Lake). Due to a marked sexual dimorphism, males and females were analyzed separately. Thus, the proposed hypotheses were that the populations that occur in distinct environments present morphological differences. The morphological variables were obtained using morphometric measurements and the ecomorphological indexes. The data were summarized in a Principal Component Analysis (PCA). A Multivariate Analysis of Variance (Manova) was made to verify significant differences in morphology between the populations. Males and females showed similar ecomorphological patterns according to the environment they occur. In general the population from Maringá Stream had fins with major areas, and the Jaboti Lake population eyes located more dorsally. Additionally, others morphological differences such as wider mouth of the males from Maringá Stream, wider heads on Jaboti Lake females and more protractible mouths on males from Jaboti Lake suggest a set of environmental variables that can possibly influence the ecomorphological patterns of the populations, as the water current, availability of food resources and predation. In summary, the initial hypotheses could be confirmed, evidencing the occurrence of distinct ecomorphotypes in the same species according to the environment type.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity and phylogenetic behavior of some minor legumes

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
James Oludare Agbolade ◽  
Ronke Justina Komolafe
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Calyx Lobe ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
International Institute ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Phylogenetic Relatedness ◽  
Petal Length ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Range Test

Twenty-four accessions of twelve species minor legumes collected from the germplasm unit of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Ibadan, Nigeria were evaluated for their genetic diversities and phylogenetic relatedness. The accessions were planted into plots of 5 ridges of 5 meters long, spaced 1 meter apart and replicated three times at the Federal University Oye-Ekiti Teaching and Research Farm. The diversity and the relative phylogeny of the accessions were assessed through their floral morphological differences and the mean values between two accessions were evaluated by descriptive statistics. Principal component analysis was employed to identify the most discriminatory floral morphological traits and the similarities among the 24 accessions were assessed by cluster analysis (CA). Descriptive statistics through Duncan multiple range test adopted revealed genetic diversity and phylogenetic relatedness among the accessions. The first two principal component axes explained 64.66% of the total floral morphological variation. Standard petal length, calyx lobe length and stipule length contributed most of the variations in the legume accession. CA grouped the 24 accessions into six clusters. The study revealed intra-specific similarities and inter-specific floral morphological differences among the studied accessions.

Morphometrical and molecular evidence suggests cryptic diversity among hookworms (Nematoda: Uncinaria) that parasitize pinnipeds from the south-eastern Pacific coasts

2018 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.T. González ◽  
Z. López ◽  
J.J. Nuñez ◽  
K.I. Calderón-Mayo ◽  
C. Ramírez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Subunit ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Eastern Pacific ◽  
Lsu Rdna ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
South American ◽  
Southern Chile ◽  
The South ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Neophoca Cinerea

AbstractHookworms of the genus Uncinaria parasitize pinniped pups in various locations worldwide. Four species have been described, two of which parasitize pinniped pups in the southern hemisphere: Uncinaria hamiltoni parasitizes Otaria flavescens and Arctocephalus australis from the South American coast, and Uncinaria sanguinis parasitizes Neophoca cinerea from the Australian coast. However, their geographical ranges and host specificity are unknown. Uncinaria spp. are morphologically similar, but molecular analyses have allowed the recognition of new species in the genus Uncinaria. We used nuclear genetic markers (internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) rDNA) and a mitochondrial genetic marker (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI)) to evaluate the phylogenetic relationships of Uncinaria spp. parasitizing A. australis and O. flavescens from South American coasts (Atlantic and Pacific coasts). We compared our sequences with published Uncinaria sequences. A Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent (GMYC) analysis was also used to delimit species, and principal component analysis was used to compare morphometry among Uncinaria specimens. Parasites were sampled from A. australis from Peru (12°S), southern Chile (42°S), and the Uruguayan coast, and from O. flavescens from northern Chile (24°S) and the Uruguayan coast. Morphometric differences were observed between Uncinaria specimens from both South American coasts and between Uncinaria specimens from A. australis in Peru and southern Chile. Phylogenetic and GMYC analyses suggest that south-eastern Pacific otariid species harbour U. hamiltoni and an undescribed putative species of Uncinaria. However, more samples from A. australis and O. flavescens are necessary to understand the phylogenetic patterns of Uncinaria spp. across the South Pacific.

Can morphological characters be used to identify the pond-reared offspring of wild Chinese mitten crabs, Eriocheir sinensis, from different basins?

Crustaceana ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 92 (8) ◽  
pp. 957-978
Author(s):  
Xiaodong Jiang ◽  
Xugan Wu ◽  
Haining Wang ◽  
Yuhong Yang ◽  
Yongxu Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Difference ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Eriocheir Sinensis ◽  
Stepwise Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Chinese Mitten Crab ◽  
Artificial Culture ◽  
Mitten Crab ◽  
Mitten Crabs ◽  
Morphological Differences

Abstract Although morphology is always used to distinguish wild Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) populations, whether morphology could be used to identify the pond-reared offspring of wild E. sinensis populations has remained unclear. This study was undertaken to examine the morphological difference of wild E. sinensis (G0) from the Yangtze River (YR), Huang River (HR) and Liao River (LR) as well as their pond-reared offspring (G1). The results showed that: (1) The amount of significantly different parameters of three G1 populations was evidently less than that of three G0 populations; (2) G0 and G1 individuals of each population were clearly separated by principal component analysis, furthermore, three G0 populations were clearly separated while three G1 populations were not well distinguished from each other; (3) discrimination accuracy of G1 individuals in stepwise discriminant analysis was obviously lower than that of G1 populations; (4) G0 and G1 populations were clustered into two separate clusters in the cluster analysis. In conclusion, morphological differences between wild E. sinensis populations had disappeared after one generation of artificial culture, and morphology thus probably cannot be used to distinguish the pond-reared offspring originated from three wild E. sinensis populations.

scholarly journals The Intimate Relationship among EMT, MET and TME: A T(ransdifferentiation) E(nhancing) M(ix) to Be Exploited for Therapeutic Purposes

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf Hass ◽  
Juliane von der Ohe ◽  
Hendrik Ungefroren
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Tumor Cell ◽  
Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Cell Plasticity ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Tumor Cell Plasticity

Intratumoral heterogeneity is considered the major cause of drug unresponsiveness in cancer and accumulating evidence implicates non-mutational resistance mechanisms rather than genetic mutations in its development. These non-mutational processes are largely driven by phenotypic plasticity, which is defined as the ability of a cell to reprogram and change its identity (phenotype switching). Tumor cell plasticity is characterized by the reactivation of developmental programs that are closely correlated with the acquisition of cancer stem cell properties and an enhanced potential for retrodifferentiation or transdifferentiation. A well-studied mechanism of phenotypic plasticity is the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Current evidence suggests a complex interplay between EMT, genetic and epigenetic alterations, and clues from the tumor microenvironment in cell reprogramming. A deeper understanding of the connections between stem cell, epithelial–mesenchymal, and tumor-associated reprogramming events is crucial to develop novel therapies that mitigate cell plasticity and minimize the evolution of tumor heterogeneity, and hence drug resistance. Alternatively, vulnerabilities exposed by tumor cells when residing in a plastic or stem-like state may be exploited therapeutically, i.e., by converting them into less aggressive or even postmitotic cells. Tumor cell plasticity thus presents a new paradigm for understanding a cancer’s resistance to therapy and deciphering its underlying mechanisms.

scholarly journals Antarctic ice mass variations from 1979 to 2017 driven by anomalous precipitation accumulation

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Byeong-Hoon Kim ◽  
Ki-Weon Seo ◽  
Jooyoung Eom ◽  
Jianli Chen ◽  
Clark R. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Southern Annular Mode ◽  
Mass Change ◽  
Abrupt Increase ◽  
Future Projections ◽  
Steady Rate ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Ice Mass Balance ◽  
Antarctic Precipitation

AbstractAntarctic ice mass balance is determined by precipitation and ice discharge, and understanding their relative contributions to contemporary Antarctic ice mass change is important to project future ice mass loss and resulting sea level rise. There has been evidence that anomalous precipitation affects Antarctic ice mass loss estimates, and thus the precipitation contribution should be understood and considered in future projections. In this study, we revisit changes in Antarctic ice mass over recent decades and examine precipitation contributions over this period. We show that accumulated (time-integrated) precipitation explains most inter-annual anomalies of Antarctic ice mass change during the GRACE period (2003–2017). From 1979 to 2017, accumulated Antarctic precipitation contributes to significant ice mass loss acceleration in the Pacific sector and deceleration in the Atlantic-Indian Sectors, forming a bi-polar spatial pattern. Principal component analysis reveals that such a bi-polar pattern is likely modulated by the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). We also find that recent ice mass loss acceleration in 2007 is related to a variation in precipitation accumulation. Overall ice discharge has accelerated at a steady rate since 1992, but has not seen a recent abrupt increase.

Description of the female of Chelis ferghana Dubatolov, 1988, an endemic moth species of the Tien Shan Range in Central Asia (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4790 (1) ◽  
pp. 198-200
Author(s):  
VITALY M. SPITSYN ◽  
GRIGORY S. POTAPOV
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Apical Part ◽  
Tien Shan ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Moth Species ◽  
Morphological Differences

Seven Arctiine genera have recently been synonymized with the genus Chelis Rambur, 1866 using a comprehensive multi-locus phylogeny (Rönkä et al. 2016). The genus Chelis s. str. contains nine species, the ranges of which cover temperate and subtropical areas of Eurasia from the Iberian Peninsula to the Pacific Ocean coast (Dubatolov & de Vos 2010, Ortiz et al. 2016). Two species, i.e. Chelis ferghana Dubatolov, 1988 and C. strigulosa (Böttcher, 1905), are endemic to the Tien Shan Mountain Range. These taxa can be distinguished by morphological differences in the apical part of the valva. 

scholarly journals Moulding the ideal crab: implications of phenotypic plasticity for crustacean stock enhancement

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin J Daly ◽  
Ginny L Eckert ◽  
W Christopher Long
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Stock Enhancement ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Ecological Performance ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Plastic Responses

Abstract Numerous examples of behavioural and morphological differences between hatchery-cultured and wild individuals exist for a range of crustacean species; however, we submit that these variances are not deficiencies, but rather are adaptive responses to an unnatural rearing environment that may be detrimental in the natural environment. This phenotypic plasticity could be beneficial for stock enhancement because such plasticity suggests potential for change with adjustments to rearing protocols to achieve improved ecological competence. We examine how specific plastic responses can affect crustacean ecology through effects on predation, foraging, competition, and reproduction. For developing stock enhancement programmes, we recommend consideration of plastic phenotypic patterns before large-scale releases are initiated. Researchers can identify environmental factors that cue plasticity during hatchery rearing, determine if induced responses are ecologically influential after release into the wild, and examine the temporal scale on which phenotypic plasticity operates. Communal hatchery rearing at low-to-medium stocking densities with predator cues and natural substrates along with in situ conditioning, releases during periods of low predation risk, and coupled laboratory-field studies can contribute to improved ecological performance during stock enhancement. Finally, presentation of non-significant research results is needed to avoid bias towards hatchery–wild differences and help guide future conditioning programmes.

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