Tissue cyst tropism in Toxoplasma gondii: a comparison of tissue cyst formation in organs of cats, and rodents fed oocysts

Parasitology ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. DUBEY
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Cyst Formation ◽  
Tissue Cyst ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Marked Contrast ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Rats And Mice ◽  
The Brain

The persistence of Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts in organs of cats (definitive host) and rodents (intermediate hosts) was studied. Nine cats, 12 rats, and 12 mice were fed T. gondii oocysts and their organs were digested in pepsin and then bioassayed for bradyzoites in mice. Of 9 cats killed 37 or 51 days after feeding 102 (2 cats), 103 (3 cats) or 104 (4 cats) oocysts of the VEG strain, tissue cysts were found in each cat; in the tongue of 9, in the heart of 5, in the brain of 4, and in the eyes of 1 cat. The dose had no effect on the distribution of tissue cysts in cats. Twelve rats were each fed 105 oocysts of the VEG strain of T. gondii and killed 21, 29, 64 or 237 days later. At each time-period, 11 tissues of 3 rats were pooled and bioassayed in mice. Tissue cysts were found in the brain, skeletal muscle, heart and kidneys of rats at each killing time; in the lungs, intestines, and mesenteric lymph nodes in 3 of 4 instances; in the tongue, liver, and eyes in 2 instances and in the spleen in 1 instance. Also, using the same procedures and sampling the same 11 tissues as used for rats, tissue cysts were seen in all organs except in the tongue and liver of 3 mice killed on day 82 after feeding the VEG strain. In 9 mice (3 with each strain) fed oocysts of the ME-49, GT-1, or P89 T. gondii strain and killed 62–130 days later, tissue cysts were found consistently only in the brain. Thus, in rats and mice, most tissue cysts were found in the brain and rarely in the tongue. This was in marked contrast to the distribution of tissue cysts in cats.

Prevalence of Linguatula sp., a food-borne zoonotic aberrant arthropod, in river buffaloes slaughtered at Tabriz slaughterhouse, Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasser Hajipour ◽  
Jennifer Ketzis ◽  
Parviz Hassanzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Statistical Association ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Intensity Of Infection ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Significant Statistical Association ◽  
Age And Sex

Abstract Background Canids and herbivores are the definitive and intermediate hosts of Linguatula sp., respectively. Methods Mesenteric lymph nodes (n=32 525) were randomly collected from 7585 buffaloes from July 2016 to July 2019 and examined macroscopically. Results Results showed that 388 (5.11%) buffaloes were infected. The intensity of infection was determined to be 3.07±0.07. Significant statistical association was identified between infection rate and age and sex. Although there were no significant differences in the infection rate over different seasons, the highest infection rate was observed in autumn. Conclusions These data highlight the importance of inspection at slaughter.

Insights into the molecular basis of host behaviour manipulation by Toxoplasma gondii infection

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 563-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Mehdi Hammoudi ◽  
Dominique Soldati-Favre
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii Infection ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Host Behaviour ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Homeostasis

Typically illustrating the ‘manipulation hypothesis’, Toxoplasma gondii is widely known to trigger sustainable behavioural changes during chronic infection of intermediate hosts to enhance transmission to its feline definitive hosts, ensuring survival and dissemination. During the chronic stage of infection in rodents, a variety of neurological dysfunctions have been unravelled and correlated with the loss of cat fear, among other phenotypic impacts. However, the underlying neurological alteration(s) driving these behavioural modifications is only partially understood, which makes it difficult to draw more than a correlation between T. gondii infection and changes in brain homeostasis. Moreover, it is barely known which among the brain regions governing fear and stress responses are preferentially affected during T. gondii infection. Studies aiming at an in-depth dissection of underlying molecular mechanisms occurring at the host and parasite levels will be discussed in this review. Addressing this reminiscent topic in the light of recent technical progress and new discoveries regarding fear response, olfaction and neuromodulator mechanisms could contribute to a better understanding of this complex host–parasite interaction.

Developmentally regulated biosynthesis of carbohydrate and storage polysaccharide during differentiation and tissue cyst formation in Toxoplasma gondii

Biochimie ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 85 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 353-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Coppin ◽  
Florence Dzierszinski ◽  
Sandra Legrand ◽  
Marlène Mortuaire ◽  
David Ferguson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Cyst Formation ◽  
Tissue Cyst ◽  
Developmentally Regulated ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Storage Polysaccharide

scholarly journals Toxoplasma gondii AP2IX-4 Regulates Gene Expression during Bradyzoite Development

mSphere ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherri Huang ◽  
Michael J. Holmes ◽  
Joshua B. Radke ◽  
Dong-Pyo Hong ◽  
Ting-Kai Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Cyst Formation ◽  
Tissue Cyst ◽  
Stress Induction ◽  
Content Type ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Transitional Forms ◽  
Mouse Model Of Infection ◽  
Cyst Development

ABSTRACT Toxoplasma gondii is a single-celled parasite that persists in its host as a transmissible tissue cyst. How the parasite converts from its replicative form to the bradyzoites housed in tissue cysts is not well understood, but the process clearly involves changes in gene expression. Here we report that parasites lacking a cell cycle-regulated transcription factor called AP2IX-4 display reduced frequencies of tissue cyst formation in culture and in a mouse model of infection. Parasites missing AP2IX-4 lose the ability to regulate bradyzoite genes during tissue cyst development. Expressed in developing bradyzoites still undergoing division, AP2IX-4 may serve as a useful marker in the study of transitional forms of the parasite. Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite of great importance to human and animal health. In the host, this obligate intracellular parasite persists as a tissue cyst that is imperceptible to the immune response and unaffected by current therapies. The tissue cysts facilitate transmission through predation and give rise to chronic cycles of toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients. Transcriptional changes accompany conversion of the rapidly replicating tachyzoites into the encysted bradyzoites, and yet the mechanisms underlying these alterations in gene expression are not well defined. Here we show that AP2IX-4 is a nuclear protein exclusively expressed in tachyzoites and bradyzoites undergoing division. Knockout of AP2IX-4 had no discernible effect on tachyzoite replication but resulted in a reduced frequency of tissue cyst formation following alkaline stress induction—a defect that is reversible by complementation. AP2IX-4 has a complex role in regulating bradyzoite gene expression, as the levels of many bradyzoite mRNAs dramatically increased beyond those seen under conditions of normal stress induction in AP2IX-4 knockout parasites exposed to alkaline media. The loss of AP2IX-4 also resulted in a modest virulence defect and reduced cyst burden in chronically infected mice, which was reversed by complementation. These findings illustrate that the transcriptional mechanisms responsible for tissue cyst development operate across the intermediate life cycle from the dividing tachyzoite to the dormant bradyzoite. IMPORTANCE Toxoplasma gondii is a single-celled parasite that persists in its host as a transmissible tissue cyst. How the parasite converts from its replicative form to the bradyzoites housed in tissue cysts is not well understood, but the process clearly involves changes in gene expression. Here we report that parasites lacking a cell cycle-regulated transcription factor called AP2IX-4 display reduced frequencies of tissue cyst formation in culture and in a mouse model of infection. Parasites missing AP2IX-4 lose the ability to regulate bradyzoite genes during tissue cyst development. Expressed in developing bradyzoites still undergoing division, AP2IX-4 may serve as a useful marker in the study of transitional forms of the parasite.

scholarly journals Ouabain-induced alterations in ABCB1 of mesenteric lymph nodes and thymocytes of rats and mice

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 5275-5280
Author(s):  
Daniel Boff Lima ◽  
Raphael Carmo Valente ◽  
Marcia Alves Marques Capella
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph ◽  
Rats And Mice

Inability of human clinical strains of Helicobacter pylori to colonize the alimentary tract of germfree rodents

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 237-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margherita T. Cantorna ◽  
Edward Balish
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Immunodeficient Mice ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
Rats And Mice ◽  
Culture Negative

Several attempts were made to colonize the alimentary tract and infect germfree BALB/c mice and germfree Sprague-Dawley rats with two human isolates of Helicobacter pylori. The alimentary tracts of mice, sacrificed at intervals between 1 day and 20 weeks after oral challenge, were culture negative for H. pylori. The alimentary tract, kidney, liver, and mesenteric lymph nodes were culture negative for H. pylori 5 h after intravenous challenge. Growth of H. pylori was inhibited by homogenates of murine stomach, small intestine, liver, and mesenteric lymph nodes. Germfree rats and mice do not appear to be readily colonized or infected by human strains of H. pylori. Key words: Helicobacter pylori, germfree mice, congenitally immunodeficient mice.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Linguatula serrata nymphs in slaughtered sheep from Tehran province, Iran

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-492
Author(s):  
S. Bokaie ◽  
A. Khanjari ◽  
M.-H. Rabiee ◽  
B. Hajimohammadi ◽  
S. Shirali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Linguatula Serrata ◽  
Systematic Random Sampling ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph ◽  
Important Intermediate ◽  
Tehran Province

Linguatulosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Linguatula serrata. Ruminants are the most important intermediate hosts of this parasite. This study was carried out to evaluate the prevalence rate of Linguatula serrata infection in slaughtered sheep in slaughterhouses of Tehran province, Iran. A total of 767 slaughtered sheep were selected in 2016 using systematic random sampling and their mesenteric lymph nodes were examined for Linguatula serrata nymph detection. Then, the infection rate and its intensity in different ages, sex and seasons were assessed. It was revealed that 66 sheep (8.6%) were infected with Linguatula serrata nymphs. Intensity of the infection was 4.88 nymphs. The highest rate of infection was observed in sheep aged over 19 months (P≤0.05). The highest infection rate and intensity of the infection were recorded in winter and summer, respectively (P≤0.05). Besides, intensity of the infection in females was significantly higher than that in males (P≤0.05). This study indicates the importance of Linguatula serrata infection in sheep in Tehran province, and the need to improve preventive measures for reducing the rate of infection and preventing transmission of the infection from sheep and other ruminant to other animals and humans in Iran.

scholarly journals Infection and pathological lesions of lymph nodes induced by Linguatula serrata nymphs in one-humped camels in Iran

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 529 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. TAVASSOLI ◽  
R. HOBBENAGHI ◽  
A. KARGOZARI ◽  
H. REZAEIA
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Granulomatous Reaction ◽  
Linguatula Serrata ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph ◽  
Zoonotic Parasite ◽  
Macroscopic Examination ◽  
Very High

Linguatula serrata (Pentastomida: Linguatulidae) known tong-worm is a cosmopolitan, zoonotic, and obligate endoparasite. The parasite lives in the nasopharyngeal region of the final hosts, which primarily include dogs and other carnivores. Various herbivores, including, camels serve as the best intermediate hosts for nymph stages. In present study the mesenteric lymph nodes of 101camels were examined for infection to L. serrata macroscopically and histopathologically. The infected and normal lymph nodes were processed for histopathology. The results indicated that out of 101 sampled 33 (32.67%) were infected. Macroscopic examination revealed that the infected lymph nodes are swollen and dark, with rubbery consistency, some with subcapsular hemorrhage on cutting. Extensive hemorrhage occurred in various parts of infected lymph nodes. A section of L. serrata parasite was observed near one of the hemorrhage centers. Neutrophil count was very high in these centers and giant cells were present around the parasite, indicating granulomatous reaction. Our findings confirmed that different regions of Iran is an endemic for L. serrata infections. Because L. serrata is a zoonotic parasite, preventive measures should be adopted to disrupt the parasite’s life cycle and minimize the risk of infection in both humans and other animals.

scholarly journals Study of Tissue Cyst Formation Time of Toxoplasma gondii in Mice

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hanafiah ◽  
Wisnu Nurcahyo ◽  
Sumartono S
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Cyst Formation ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Formation Time ◽  
Tissue Cyst ◽  
Diaphragm Muscle ◽  
No Formation ◽  
Group I ◽  
Per Oral

 The purpose of the research was to study a tissue cyst formation time Toxoplasma gondiiexperimentally. A number of 84 mice were divided randomly into four groups. Each group consisted of 21mice. The mice of the group I were infected with 101, II with 102 and III with 10 tachyzoites respectivelyintraperitoneally, whereas the group IV as a control (not infected with tachyzoites). All infected micewere treated with sulfadiazine, 15 mg/mouse per oral diluted in drinking water, for 5 days. On first untiltwenty first day after treatment one mouse of each group was necropsied. Liver, lymph, kidney, lung,heart, brain, or diaphragm muscle were then taken for histological preparations. Data on tissue cystformation time was analysed descriptively. The research revealed that innoculation with tachyzoites 103cyst could be found on day 14th after infection of liver, 102 cyst was found on the 6 day of liver, in day7th in heart and brain on day 10th of after infection, 103 cyst was found on day 4th inheart and brain in day 7thth in liver, day 6 after infection, while in the control dosage there is no formation similar to cyst found.Keywords: cyst, tissue, T. gondii, mice th1

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