scholarly journals Chronic Plasmodium falciparum infections in an area of low intensity malaria transmission in the Sudan

Parasitology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. 447-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. HAMAD ◽  
I. M. EL HASSAN ◽  
A. A. EL KHALIFA ◽  
G. I. AHMED ◽  
S. A. ABDELRAHIM ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Marker Gene ◽  
Allelic Polymorphism ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
The Village ◽  
Eastern Sudan

Chronic Plasmodium falciparum malaria infections in a Sudanese village, in an area of seasonal and unstable malaria transmission, were monitored and genetically characterized to study the influence of persistent infection on the immunology and epidemiology of low endemicity malaria. During the October–December malaria season of 1996, 51 individuals out of a population of 420 had confirmed and treated P. falciparum malaria in the village of Daraweesh in eastern Sudan. In a cross-sectional survey carried out in December 1996, an additional 6 individuals were found to harbour a microscopically negative but polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive P. falciparum infection. On 1 January 1997, a cohort of 43 individuals aged from 9 to 53, recruited from this group of recently malaria-infected individuals agreed to donate fortnightly blood samples for the next 9 months, the first 6 of which constitute the long Sudanese dry season when transmission falls to undetectable levels. Each blood sample was tested for the presence of persistent malaria infection by microscopy and PCR. Parasite-positive samples were genotyped using PCR assays that detect allelic polymorphism at the MSP-1, MSP-2 and GLURP marker gene loci. Of 43 individuals 16 were found to maintain chronic P. falciparum infections which were continuously genetically characterized.

Seasonal changes in the Plasmodium falciparum population in individuals and their relationship to clinical malaria: a longitudinal study in a Sudanese village

Parasitology ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 501-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. ROPER ◽  
W. RICHARDSON ◽  
I. M. ELHASSAN ◽  
H. GIHA ◽  
L. HVIID ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Clinical Malaria ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Malaria Episode ◽  
Allelic Polymorphism ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Disease ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Malaria Episodes

Residents of Daraweesh village in Sudan were monitored for Plasmodium falciparum infection and malaria morbidity in 3 malaria seasons from 1993 to 1996. Malaria parasites were detected microscopically and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in a series of cross-sectional surveys. PCR revealed submicroscopical infections during the dry season, particularly among individuals who had recovered from a malaria episode following successful drug treatment. Clinical and subclinical infections were contrasted by assaying for allelic polymorphism at 2 gene loci, MSP-1 and GLURP and 2 hypotheses examined with reference to these data: that clinical malaria is associated with infection with novel parasite genotypes not previously detected in that host, or alternatively, that clinical malaria episodes are associated with an increased number of clones in an infection. We detected more mixed infections among clinical isolates, but people carrying parasites during the dry season were not found to have an increased risk of disease in the following malaria season. There was a clear association of disease with the appearance of novel parasite genotypes.

scholarly journals Detecting Plasmodium falciparum in community surveys: a comparison of Paracheck Pf® Test and ICT Malaria Pf® Cassette Test to polymerase chain reaction in Mutasa District, Zimbabwe

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobert Mudare ◽  
Zvifadzo Matsena-Zingoni ◽  
Aramu Makuwaza ◽  
Edmore Mamini ◽  
Shungu S. Munyati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Dried Blood Spots ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Pcr Targeting

Abstract Background Microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are the main techniques used to diagnose malaria. While microscopy is considered the gold standard, RDTs have established popularity as they allow for rapid diagnosis with minimal technical skills. This study aimed to compare the diagnostic performance of two Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2)-based RDTs (Paracheck Pf® Test (Paracheck) and Malaria Pf™ ICT (ICT)) to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in a community survey. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2012 and December 2014 in Mutasa District, Manicaland Province, eastern Zimbabwe. Households were randomly selected using satellite imagery, and 224 households were visited. Residents present in the household on the date of the visit were recruited for the study. Participants of all age groups from the selected households were screened with Paracheck and ICT RDTs in parallel. Dried blood spots (DBS) and thin and thick smears were collected. Parasite DNA extracted from the DBS was subjected to nested PCR targeting the Plasmodium cytochrome b mitochondrial gene. Data analysis was performed using the Cohen’s Kappa test to determine the interrater agreement and the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic test were reported. Results Results from a total of 702 participants were analysed. Most were females, 397 (57%), and the median age of participants was 21 years with an interquartile range of 9–39 years. Of those who were screened, 8 (1.1%), 35 (5.0%), and 21 (2.9%) were malaria parasite positive by microscopy, RDT and PCR, respectively. Paracheck and ICT RDTs had a 100% agreement. Comparing RDT and PCR results, 34 participants (4.8%) had discordant results. Most of the discordant cases were RDT positive but PCR negative (n = 24). Half of those RDT positive, but PCR negative individuals reported anti-malarials to use in the past month, which is significantly higher than reported anti-malarial drug use in the population (p < 0.001). The participant was febrile on the day of the visit, but relying on PfHRP2-based RDT would miss this case. Among the diagnostic methods evaluated, with reference to PCR, the sensitivity was higher with the RDT (52.4%) while specificity was higher with the microscopy (99.9%). The positive predictive value (PPV) was higher with the microscopy (87.5%), while the negative predictive values were similar for both microscopy and RDTs (98%). Overall, a strong correlated agreement with PCR was observed for the microscopy (97.9%) and the RDTs (95.2%). Conclusions Paracheck and ICT RDTs showed 100% agreement and can be used interchangeably. As malaria transmission declines and Zimbabwe aims to reach malaria elimination, management of infected individuals with low parasitaemia as well as non-P. falciparum infection can be critical.

Comparison between Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction and Sodium Nitrate Flotation Microscopy in Diagnosing Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam W. Bartlett ◽  
Rebecca Traub ◽  
Salvador Amaral ◽  
Sze Fui Hii ◽  
Naomi E. Clarke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Sodium Nitrate ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Diagnostic Technique ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Polymerase Chain

There is evolving interest in alternate microscopy techniques and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to evaluate soil-transmitted helminth (STH) burden. Using data from a cross-sectional survey of 540 schoolchildren across six primary schools in three municipalities of Timor-Leste, we compared the performance of microscopy using sodium nitrate flotation (SNF) and qPCR in determining STH prevalence and infection intensity. Prevalence by qPCR was higher than SNF for Ascaris lumbricoides (17.5% versus 11.2%), hookworm (8.3% versus 1.2%), and Trichuris trichiura (4.7% versus 1.6%). Agreement between SNF and qPCR was fair for hookworm (κ = 0.21) and moderate for A. lumbricoides (κ = 0.59) and T. trichiura (κ = 0.44). Nearly all infections were light intensity by SNF, whereas qPCR identified 36.1% as moderate or heavy infections using cycle threshold to eggs per gram conversion formulas. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction is a promising diagnostic technique, though further studies validating infection intensity correlates are required.

HPV Cervical Cancer Screening. An Analysis Over HPV Markers Between Worldwide Statistics and Romanian Reality

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (10) ◽  
pp. 2459-2462
Author(s):  
Zoran Popa ◽  
Veronica Daniela Chiriac ◽  
Ionut Marcel Cobec ◽  
Diana Lungeanu ◽  
Marius Craina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Invasive Cervical Cancer ◽  
Dna Amplification ◽  
Nucleic Acid Hybridization ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hpv Types ◽  
Polymerase Chain

The aim of the paper is to present our results on HPV types among adult women diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer and HPV types. All the patients have been diagnosed with CIN 2+. The cross-sectional survey was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology from the County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, Romania, during January 1, 2008, up to December 31, 2010. HPV determination was made using DNA amplification by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique and nucleic acid hybridization detection of 37 anogenital HPV genotypes.

scholarly journals Breastfeeding in Neonates During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic in China: A Cross-Sectional Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Fang ◽  
Ren Zhuxiao ◽  
Zhao Dongchi ◽  
Yi Ming ◽  
Miao Jiayu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Normal Infant ◽  
Association Network ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Breastfeeding Practices ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Milk Banks

Abstract ObjectiveTo elucidate the current situation of breastfeeding in neonates in China and to investigate whether SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted through the mother’s milk.DesignA nationwide cross-sectional surveySettingThree hundred and forty-four member hospitals of the Chinese Neonatologist Association network from 31 provinces in China.SampleNine hundred and fourteen neonatologistsMain outcome measuresThese included (1) breastfeeding practices in the obstetrics ward; (2) breastfeeding implementation for neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU); (3) presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the breast milk of COVID-19 positive mothers based on the real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCT) test results.ResultsBreastfeeding was undermined during the COVID-19 pandemic. Of the 344 hospitals, 153 (44.48%) centers received breast milk from milk banks to feed babies in NICU. Eight (2.33%) Level III centers performed SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests on breast milk from 15 mothers with COVID-19 and found no SARS-CoV-2 RNA presence in breast milk. Moreover, none of the mothers engaged in breastfeeding. Further, only 52 (5.69%) neonatologists supported breastfeeding in mothers with COVID-19.ConclusionsBased on the available evidence, the benefits of breastfeeding for both infants and mothers outweigh the potential risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission through breast milk. Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, medical staff should encourage breastfeeding, in keeping with normal infant feeding guidelines, and provide skilled support to all mothers who choose to breastfeed.

scholarly journals Leptospirosis: New Emerging Disease in Sukoharjo District

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dewi Marbawati ◽  
Nova Pramestuti
Keyword(s):  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Suncus Murinus ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Pathogenic Leptospira ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rattus Tanezumi ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Leptospirosis in Sukoharjo was discovered in 2014. Examination with RDT (Rapid Diagnostic Test) leptotek supported by clinical symptoms showed 6 positive cases of Leptospira, and until March 2015 one person was found to be Leptospira positive. The aim of this study was to identify rats as the main reservoir of leptospirosis, calculate the catching rate of rats and to detect the presence of pathogenic Leptospira in rats. This study was a cross-sectional survey, and was conducted in Pabelan village Kartasura Sukoharjo on May 2015. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay was conducted in Bacteriology Laboratory Balai Litbang P2B2 Banjarnegara to detect leptospira in the kidney of the rats. Data were analyzed descriptively. Results of rats and shrew catching obtained Rattus tanezumi, Rattus norvegicus and Suncus murinus. The species most commonly found was balanced between R. tanezumi and S.murinus (46%). The trap success rate inside and outside the house are 1.50% and 5%, respectively. Result of laboratory test showed from 13 rats kidneys, two kidneys were found to be Leptospira positive and was from R.tanezumi and R.norvegicus.

scholarly journals Detection of Plasmodium sporozoites in Anopheles coustani s.l; a hindrance to malaria control strategies in highlands of western Kenya

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayuya Stephen ◽  
Kitungulu Nicholas ◽  
Annette O. Busula ◽  
Mark Kilongosi Webale ◽  
Elizabeth Omukunda
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Light Traps ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Sub Saharan

AbstractRe-emerging of high malaria incidences in highlands of western Kenya pose a challenge to malaria eradication efforts. Anopheles coustani is a sub-Saharan mosquito species implicated in transmission of malaria in many parts of Africa as a secondary vector. It is a zoo-anthropophilic species that has been assumed to be of negligible importance. A cross sectional study was carried out in April to June, 2020 in Eluche location, Mumias East sub-County, Kakamega County, Kenya to establish the contribution of Anopheles coustani in malaria transmission. Pyrethrum spray collections (PSC) and Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and prevention light traps were used for sampling mosquitoes. Mosquitoes were collected from both indoors; between 0700h and 1100h using PSC and outdoors between 1800h and 0700h using CDC light traps. All mosquitoes were identified morphologically and female Anopheles’ heads and thorax were analyzed further using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for Plasmodium sporozoite. A total of 188 female Anopheles mosquitoes were collected from both PSC and CDC light traps. This constituted of; 80(42.55%) An. coustani, 52(27.66%) An. funestus, 47(25.00%) An. maculipulpis, 8(4.26%) An. arabiensis and 1(0.53%) An. gambiae. Malaria sporozoite detection was done to all the Anopheles female mosquitoes but only two An. coustani tested positive for Plasmodium falciparum. In conclusion, Anopheles coustani plays a major role in outdoor malaria transmission in Mumias East Sub-County of Kakamega County in Western Kenya.

scholarly journals Effect of 4 years of seasonal malaria chemoprevention on the acquisition of antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum antigens in Ouelessebougou, Mali

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Almahamoudou Mahamar ◽  
Djibrilla Issiaka ◽  
Ahamadou Youssouf ◽  
Sidi M. Niambele ◽  
Harouna M. Soumare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Transmission Season ◽  
Malaria Transmission Season ◽  
Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention ◽  
Antibody Levels

Abstract Background More than 200 million people live in areas of highly seasonal malaria transmission where Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention (SMC) with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) and amodiaquine (AQ) was recommended in 2012 by WHO. This strategy is now implemented widely and protected more than 19 million children in 2018. It was previously reported that exposure to SMC reduced antibody levels to AMA1, MSP-142 and CSP, but the duration of exposure to SMC up to three 3 years, had no effect on antibody levels to MSP-142 and CSP. Methods In 2017, a cross-sectional survey was carried out 1 month after the last dose of SMC had been given to children aged 4–5 years randomly selected from areas where SMC had been given for 2 or 4 years during the malaria transmission season. A total of 461 children were enrolled, 242 children in areas where SMC had been implemented for 4 years and 219 children in areas where SMC had been implemented for 2 years. Antibody extracted from dry blood spots was used to measure IgG levels to the malaria antigens CSP, MSP-142 and AMA1 by ELISA. Results The prevalence of antibodies to MSP-142 was similar in children who had received SMC for 4 years compared to those who had received SMC for only 2 years (85.1 vs 86.0%, ajusted odd ratio (aOR) = 1.06, 95% confidence intervals (CI 0.62–1.80), p = 0.80). The prevalence of antibodies to AMA-1 and to CSP was not lower in children who received SMC for 4 years compared to those who had received SMC for only 2 years (95.3 vs 88.8%, aOR = 3.16, 95% CI 1.44–6.95, p = 0.004 for AMA-1; and 91.2 vs 81.9%, aOR = 3.14, 95% CI 1.70–5.76, p < 0.001 for CSP). Median antibody levels for anti-MSP-142 IgG were not significatively inferior in children who had received SMC for four rather than 2 years (0.88 (IQR: 0.64–1.15) and 0.95 ((0.68–1.15), respectively), anti-CSP (1.30 (1.00–1.56) and 1.17 (0.87–1.47)), and anti-AMA-1 (1.45 (1.24–1.68) and 1.41 (1.17–1.64)). Conclusion In an area of high seasonal malaria transmission, children who had received SMC for 4 years did not had lower seropositivity or antibody levels to AMA1, MSP-142 and CSP compared to children who had received SMC for only 2 years suggesting that children who have received SMC for 4 years may not be more at risk of malaria after the cessation of SMC than children who have received SMC for a shorter period.

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