Reality in History

Philosophy ◽  
1931 ◽  
Vol 6 (24) ◽  
pp. 472-484
Author(s):  
Hilda D. Oakeley

The treatment of history by philosophers seems to have entered upon a new phase, as regards the questions both what kind of knowledge we are dealing with and what is the relation of the historic experience to reality. As Professor Guido de Ruggiero pointed out in the April number of the Journal, this interest in the problems of history has not received much recognition in English thought at present. It is the purpose of the argument of the present article to maintain that whilst there are two methods of approach to reality, the one through knowledge and speculative thought, the other through history and practical experience, a philosophical interpretation is necessary to the understanding of history, though philosophies of history as usually conceived are not possible. The dualism of experience to which reference is here made is not identical with the dualism with which Professor de Ruggiero is concerned.

Author(s):  
Brian E Cox

This article follows an earlier assessment of Bentham’s views on guardianship 1 that touched on but did not explore connections or departures between guardian-ward and parent-offspring relations, about which Bentham was not as precise as he might have been. Further, he added complexity to the issue by describing parents as occupying dual roles: guardians and ‘masters’ (employers) of their own offspring. These relations are now considered, on the one hand, in the wider context of ‘special relations’ and ‘duties’ and, on the other hand, alongside some appreciation of Bentham’s personal perspectives. However, the main object of the present article is to assess similarities and differences between parents and guardians in legal, status and functional terms. It uses the profile of guardian-ward relations provided by the previous article 2 as a benchmark. The article concludes by affirming that ‘being a parent’ and ‘being a guardian’ have quite different meanings.


Finisterra ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (78) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cayetano Espejo Marín

From the early 1960s onwards, Spain and Portugal have maintained far-reaching programs for the exchange of electric power. These contacts have afforded, on the one hand, an increase in the security of electricity supply for both countries and, on the other, a better exploitation of their particular energy resources. The likely launching of the Iberian Electricity Market in April 2004 will lead to a new phase in the relations between Portugal and Spain. The new Market is based on three essential elements: i) the expansion of electric links along their shared national borders, ii) the setting up of a lone Operator for the single Iberian Market and iii) the coordination of the two Operators that exist nowadays, RED ELÉCTRICA DE ESPAÑA and REDE ELÉCTRICA NACIONAL. The Iberian Electricity Market will be the first to comprise countries of the European Community only and it will generate one-tenth of the electric power consumed in Europe, being the fourth largest producer.


REFLEXE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (60) ◽  
pp. 29-63
Author(s):  
Martin Rabas

The present article has two objectives. One is to elucidate the philosophical approach presented in the so-called Strahov Systematic Manuscripts of Jan Patočka in terms of consciousness and nature. The other is to compare this philosophical approach with Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s theses on nature, as elaborated in 1956–1961, and to point out some advantages and limitations of both approaches. In our opinion, Patočka’s philosophical approach consists, on the one hand, in a descriptive analysis of human experience, which he understands as a pre-reflective self-relationship pointing towards the consciousness of the world. On the other hand, on the basis of this descriptive analysis Patočka consequently explicates all non-human life, inorganic matter, and finally the whole of nature as life in its own right, the essence of which is also a certain self-relation with a tendency towards consciousness. The article then briefly presents Merleau-Ponty’s theses on nature, and finally compares them with Patočka’s overall theses on nature. The advantage of Patočka’s notion of nature as against Merleau-Ponty’s is that, in Patočka’s view, nature encompasses both the principle of unity and individuality. On the other hand, the advantage of Merleau-Ponty’s understanding of nature as against Patočka’s lies in the consistent interconnectedness of the infinite life of nature and the finite life of individual beings.


2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-87
Author(s):  
Giorgio Graffi

According to Chomsky’s report of the mid 1970s, he and Harris developed their theories in an essentially independent way; whereas according to some statements by Harris, some contact actually took place between them. To shed light on this issue, it may be useful to systematically compare their respective views of the notion ‘transformation’ as well as their analyses of certain syntactic phenomena. Among the topics dealt with in the present article are: the system of syntactic categories and their symbols; the notion of ‘zero elements’; the phenomenon of discontinuous constituents; the English auxiliary system; wh-constructions; the typology of transformations; the notions of ‘kernel’ and ‘kernel sentence’. Several of these analyses show many points of contact between the two scholars (e.g., the analysis of wh-constructions or that of English auxiliaries), which allow us to maintain that they surely influenced each other. The overall differences between the two models are also clear: the transformational relation holds between sentences in Harris’s framework, while it holds between underlying strings on the one hand and actual sentences on the other in Chomsky’s. As a consequence of this different view of the notion of transformation, two problems which were fundamental for Chomsky had no importance for Harris, namely the order of transformations and the distinction between optional and obligatory transformations. It can therefore be concluded that, if the two scholars certainly influenced each other when they were working out their respective transformational theories, their theoretical views were acutely different almost from the beginning.


Author(s):  
Sascha Salatowsky

In order to attain a deeper understanding of Aristotelian philosophy in the Renaissance, it is necessary to consider the theological implications of given facts. This article discusses a basic problem centring on the reception of Aristotle’s Ethics. The Nicomachean Ethics was widely regarded as the basis for a virtuous ethical life, yet how could a pagan philosophy, with its concepts of happiness, virtue, justice, etc., be the basis of a Christian society? The aim of the present article is to show how Lutheran scholars solved this problem in confrontation with Catholic and Calvinist scholars of the time. The first part deals with the two basic components of Aristotle’s Ethics, namely the doctrines of happiness (Eudaimonologia) and virtue (Aretologia), and attempts to show that Aristotle’s Ethics should not be understood as a system of rules, but rather as a handbook for the cultivation of practical habits in the free human being who strives to live a good life. The second part examines two key ideological confrontations in relation to Aristotle’s philosophy: between Lutherans and Calvinists in respect of definition of theology and philosophical and theological virtues on the one hand, and between Lutherans and ›the Enthusiasts‹ in respect of the concept of virtues on the other.


1964 ◽  
Vol 84 ◽  
pp. 92-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. R. Lloyd

In a previous article (JHS lxxxii (1962) 56 ff.) I examined some of the theories and explanations which appear in Greek philosophy and medicine in the period down to Aristotle, in which reference is made to right and left or certain other pairs of opposites (light and darkness, male and female, up and down, front and back), and I argued that several of these theories are influenced by the symbolic associations which these opposites possessed for the ancient Greeks. In the present paper I wish to consider the use of the two pairs of opposites which are most prominent of all in early Greek speculative thought, the hot and the cold, and the dry and the wet. My discussion is divided into two parts. In the first I shall examine the question of the origin of the use of these opposites in Greek philosophy. How far back can we trace their use in various fields of speculative thought, and what was the significance of their introduction into cosmology in particular? And then in the second part of my paper I shall consider to what extent theories based on these opposites may have been influenced by assumptions concerning the values of the opposed terms. Are these opposites, too, like right and left, or male and female, sometimes conceived as consisting of on the one hand a positive, or superior pole, and on the other a negative, or inferior one? How far do we find that arbitrary correlations were made between these and other pairs of terms, that is to say correlations that correspond to preconceived notions of value, rather than to any empirically verifiable data?


1958 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-52
Author(s):  
G. S. M. Walker

The twelfth century witnessed a memorable conflict between rationalism and authority, in the persons of Peter Abelard and Bernard of Clairvaux. It is, of course, erroneous to exaggerate these two extremes; by the one, reason was ultimately accepted as the servant of personal faith, and by the other, authority was founded on a basis of mystical devotion. None the less it remains true that both, in different directions, were guilty of the same dangerous tendency, that of abstracting one element from the wholeness of human personality, and of confining religion to the sphere of that one element; Abelard was too exclusively concerned with matters of the intellect, while Bernard directed an almost equally exclusive attention to the will; and the factor neglected and suppressed by both, which breaks through in Bernard's Sermons on the Song of Songs, and overwhelms Abelard in his affair with Heloise—the factor of emotion, of personal experience, of the deep springs of affection in the human heart—it was this forgotten factor which another school of theologians had the distinction of restoring to its proper place. The great Victorines took a saner and more balanced view of human nature. They studied man in his totality, and were willing to derive or at least expound their doctrine on the level of practical experience. They occupied a mediating position from which, with exaggerating either, they could give due weight to the claims of both reason and faith.


2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 21-36
Author(s):  
Patrícia Bitencourt de Carvalho Athaydes ◽  
Fernando Oliveira de Araújo

The Colegio Pedro II was equated to Federal Institutes of Education, Science and Technology by Law 12677 Publication of June 25, 2012. If, on the one hand, this equalization resulted in an expressive organizational restructuring, with growth of the number of educational units, in addition to the incorporation of new educational levels, on the other, this institutional growth was dissociated from efforts of standardization of administrative processes, notably, under the academic departments of different units – where it shows a variation of the process of launching notes/concepts. In order to contribute with improvements to the operation of the institution, the present article aims to map and analyse comparatively the launch process of notes/concepts in three campus of the Colegio Pedro II. Methodologically, are held in-person interviews with professionals responsible for the academic departments of the following units, Engenho Novo I, Humaita I and Realengo I, in order to obtain the necessary subsidies to support the design of the processes performed by these academic departments units. As a result, it can be verified that the processes of the academic departments are not aligned to any system of performance indicators, which motivated the proposal of a standard process for the launching of notes/concepts, as well as a performance indicators panel (KPIs).


1970 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Segiet

Contemporary researchers of local communities and human societies face a new and difficult task today. It is, on the one hand, related to the great interest in this topic and the difficulty of creating a new concept that would fully exhaust the scope of phenomena observed presently in local communities and human societies. On the other hand, the character of changes that have gained momentum in the first decade of the 21st century, and the description of their sources, become particularly difficult to describe and name. The present article is an attempt at an indication of the need of an evolution of perception on societal reality and the emerging new social issues. Contemporary paedagogy attempts to write about the necessity of awareness/ education related to the needs of establishment of local communities and the creation of bonds as a response to processes related to social life in times of globalisation. It is a fact that we are presently dealing with a change in the forms and character of local communities.


Author(s):  
Ana Clara Lima Rodrigues

Considerando-se o letramento e sua relação com as mídias digitais, entendendo que essa discussão tem encontrado espaço no uso da internet e na multimodalidade contemporânea, são necessárias as investigações acerca do letramento nas escolas e as possibilidades de utilização das tecnologias, o que justifica social e academicamente este trabalho. Assim, o presente artigo objetivou apontar possiblidades de uso das mídias e tecnologias digitais em sala de aula como ferramenta auxiliar na construção do conhecimento, partindo da aplicabilidade do Stop Motion. A metodologia utilizada é qualitativa, na medida em que, primeiro, explora, bibliograficamente, informações trazidas por diversos estudiosos dos campos de conhecimento abordados; e, em segundo lugar, realizou-se uma oficina com professores, na intenção de duplicar a metodologia de utilização do Stop Motion. Além disso, foram respondidos questionários pelos participantes da oficina, cujas respostas aportam um panorama em torno da problematização aqui apresentada. Os resultados da realização da oficina foram satisfatórios, haja vista que trouxeram um novo horizonte para os educadores, além de ter levantado entre eles discussões em torno da utilização das novas tecnologias em sala de aula como suporte no desenvolvimento autônomo dos estudantes, em suas relações com a construção do conhecimento e do pensamento crítico. Concluiu-se que, por um lado, o uso das tecnologias ainda é moderado e, muitas vezes, visto como um mecanismo de ilustração, não como formador do sujeito; e, por outro lado, que a técnica de Stop Motion é aplicável e não envolve problemas incontornáveis enquanto suporte e incentivo à investigação autônoma dos alunos. Palavras-chave: Educação. Multimodalidade. Tecnologias. Letramento. AbstractConsidering literacy and its relationship with digital media, understanding that this discussion has found space in the internet and in contemporary multimodality, it is necessary to investigate literacy in schools and the possibilities of using technologies, which justifies the elaboration of this work socially and academically. Thus, the present article aimed to point out possibilities of using digital media and technologies in the classroom as an auxiliary tool in the construction of knowledge, starting from the applicability of Stop Motion. The methodology used is qualitative in the means that, first, it explores, bibliographically, information brought by several authors from the fields of knowledge addressed; and, secondly, a workshop was held with teachers, with the intention of duplicate the methodology of using Stop Motion. In addition, questionnaires were answered by workshop participants, whose answers provide an overview of the problem presented here. The results of the workshop were satisfactory, as they brought a new horizon for the educators, besides having raised among them discussions about the use of the new technologies in the classroom as support in the autonomous development of the students, in their relations with the construction of knowledge and critical thinking. It was concluded that, on the one hand, the use of technologies is still moderate and often seen as a mechanism of illustration, not as a person trainer; and, on the other hand, that the Stop Motion technique is applicable and does not involve inescapable problems as support and encouragement for the students' autonomous research. Keywords: Education. Multimodality. Technologies. Literacy.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document