The Discourse on Inequality and The Social Contract

Philosophy ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 47 (182) ◽  
pp. 308-321
Author(s):  
J. I. MacAdam
Keyword(s):  
Social Contract ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Rhetorical Style ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Psychological Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Given ◽  
Prize Essay

My Purpose is twofold: first, to interpret Rousseau's The Social Contract in terms of a serious interpretation of the Discourse on the Origin and Foundations of Inequality and second, to use as the principal interpretative concept for both, the concept of independence. One gets the impression in reading commentators that the Discourse on Inequality is not taken seriously in its own right but rather is treated as what it is, an essay which was suitable for submission as a prize essay, with the required clever rhetorical style, flashes of paradox and yet withal solemnly addressing itself to a virtually impossible question. However, if it is taken, in part, as Rousseau's social and psychological analysis of modern society, as an account of “men as they are” (The Social Contract, ed. Cranston, p.49), then it is not only worthy of serious study in itself, it also helps one to see that still puzzling book, The Social Contract, from a new perspective. Moreover, Rousseau's concept of independence is both interesting and helpful. What Rousseau means by “independence” may diner from what he means by “freedom”, but for most of this essay I shall draw from the latter a working definition of the former and thus shall mean by independence: (1) not being subject to or under the control of another person or persons, and (2) not being subject to or under the control of one's passions. The advantage of attending to the concept of independence is that it enables one to recognize that Rousseau is asserting three seemingly incompatible propositions: first, man is independent, second, no man is independent and in the given circumstances can be and, third, man must become dependent in order to become independent.

What is formative education in modern secondary vocational education?

2021 ◽  
pp. 4-14
Author(s):  
В. И. Блинов ◽  
Е. Ю. Есенина ◽  
Н. Ф. Родичев ◽  
И. С. Сергеев
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Vocational Education ◽  
Social Contract ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
The Social ◽  
Theoretical Significance ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Regional Authorities ◽  
Scientific Pedagogical

Статья посвящена проблематике воспитания в современном профессиональном образова- нии: постановке целей и созданию условий для их достижения. Цель работы — первичный эмпирический анализ причин повышенного интереса к воспитательной деятельности в со- временной России со стороны различных субъектов. Выводы носят промежуточный характер и состоят в констатации задач предстоящего исследования. Теоретическая значимость рабо- ты состоит в обосновании тезиса о диалектическом единстве интенционального и экстенци- онального компонентов воспитания. Практическую ценность представляет характеристика особенностей современной цифровой эпохи, в рамках которой выстраивается воспитатель- ный процесс в СПО, и определение комплекса условий, при которых он становится успешным. В статье по-новому трактуются задачи воспитания и определяются пути их решения в кон- тексте социального договора, основными участниками которого выступают научно-педаго- гические и практические работники системы СПО, работодатели, государство, родительская общественность. Работа адресована федеральным и региональным органам власти в сфере образования, профессионально-педагогическому и научному сообществу СПО. The article is devoted to the problems of formative education in modern vocational education: setting goals and creating conditions for their achievement. The aim of the work is a primary empirical analysis of the reasons for the increased interest in educational activities in modern Russia on the part of various subjects. The conclusions are intermediate and consist in stating the objectives of the upcoming study. The work’s theoretical significance consists of the substantiation of the thesis about the dialectical unity of the intentional and extensional components of education. Of practical value is the characteristic of the features of the modern digital age, within which the educational process in the secondary school is built, and the definition of a set of conditions under which it becomes successful. The article interprets the tasks of education in a new way and defines how to solve them in the context of the social contract, the main participants of which are scientific, pedagogical and practical workers of the SVE system, employers, the state, and the parent community. The work is addressed to the federal and regional authorities in education, the professional-pedagogical and scientific community of SVE.

Introduction Holism against Reductionism

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph E. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Social Determinants ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Clinical Encounter ◽  
Contemporary Society ◽  
Ethical Perspective ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
The Social ◽  
Disease Causation ◽  
Or Practice ◽  
Definition Of

The Introduction sets out the major themes of the book. These include medicine’s role in the moral and cultural agendas of contemporary society, challenges to the biomedical model represented by new regimes of disease and disorder, and the limitations of principlist bioethics for moving in a more holistic direction. In the working definition of the book, “reductionism” suggests a mechanistic and narrowly somatic understanding of disease, monocausal theories of disease, and an exclusive preoccupation with cure to the neglect of prevention. Meanwhile, “holism” refers to a contextual understanding of disease causation, intervention, or practice. A systemic concern with the whole organism, a focus on the interconnected effects of the larger environment, and ethical concerns with the clinical encounter, can all be characterized as holistic. The Introduction situates the struggle between these perspectives in historical context, and calls for a renewed focus on the social determinants of health and a more holistic ethical perspective.

scholarly journals How Men Valued Women's Work: Labour In and Outside the Home in Post-War Britain

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 454-468
Author(s):  
Laura King
Keyword(s):  
Women's Work ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Women’S Work ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Post War ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractThis article examines men's valuing of women's work in the post-1945 period. It considers men's perspectives on female labour in and outside the home in the context of women's wartime work, the increase in married women working and the greater involvement of men in family life. I argue that men saw their wives’ and partners’ work as of lesser value than their own, in various ways, even if the money women's paid work brought in could significantly improve living standards. This was true even in the most caring, loving relationships. The article employs a broad definition of value, considering the social and cultural value of work alongside its economic outcomes. It places subjective accounts from interviews within a wider cultural and political context and contributes a new perspective to post-war British historiography by focusing on both paid labour and domestic work, and the negotiation of value between men and women.

scholarly journals COMMUNITY SOCIAL-CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT BETWEEN SOCIAL RESIDENCES FUTURE SPECIALIST

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilit Iskoyan ◽  
Miqaelyan
Keyword(s):  
Professional Socialization ◽  
Professional Competencies ◽  
Cultural Environment ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Social Formation ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
The Social ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The University

The article examines the influence of the social and cultural environment of the university on the social formation of future specialists. The essence of the concept of the social and cultural environment of the university is characterized. A general characteris-tic of the structural components of the social and cultural environment is given. The influence of the social and cultural environment on the social formation of future spe-cialists is substantiated, which proceeds in several directions and stages: the content of these directions and stages is characterized. A working definition of the socio-cultural environment of a university has been formed with which a university graduate interacts and which is a combination of objec-tive and subjective factors that contribute to their successful mastering of professional competencies, the formation of professional socialization and the social formation of students.

A Sociology of Luck

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Sauder
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Social World ◽  
Real Effects ◽  
The Past ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Theoretical Inquiry ◽  
The Social ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Definition Of

Sociology has been curiously silent about the concept of luck. The present article argues that this omission is, in fact, an oversight: An explicit and systematic engagement with luck provides a more accurate portrayal of the social world, opens potentially rich veins of empirical and theoretical inquiry, and offers a compelling alternative for challenging dominant meritocratic frames about inequality and the distribution of rewards. This article develops a framework for studying luck, first by proposing a working definition of luck, examining why sociology has ignored luck in the past, and making the case for the value of including luck in sociology’s conceptual repertoire. The article then demonstrates the fertile research potential of studying luck by identifying a host of research questions and hypotheses pertaining to the social construction of luck, the real effects of luck, and theoretical interventions related to luck. It concludes by highlighting the distinctive contributions sociology can make to the growing interdisciplinary interest in this topic.

Democracy

2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-234
Author(s):  
Kristen Parris
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Charles Tilly ◽  
Accurate Definition ◽  
The Social ◽  
Essentially Contested Concepts ◽  
Definition Of

Democracy, Charles Tilly, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. xi, 227.The ideal of democracy is rarely challenged openly in the contemporary world, yet it remains one of the social science's essentially contested concepts. Despite a large and growing literature on the topic, there is little consensus on how we are to decide when a particular regime qualifies as a democracy or not. In his ambitious and forceful new book, Charles Tilly argues that this lack of a clear and accurate definition of democracy is of considerable consequence. Lucid explanations of democratization, political standing of regimes, related foreign policy decisions and the quality of people's lives are all at stake. Tilly devotes his first chapter to building a working definition of democracy before putting forward a cogent explanatory framework for understanding how and why democracies emerge and why they sometimes disappear and to demonstrate what difference it makes.

scholarly journals LITERARY ABILITIES IN DISCURSIVE PRACTICE: A THEORETICAL AND HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

2021 ◽  
pp. 210-224
Author(s):  
Алена Игоревна Корытова ◽  
Галина Степановна Корытова
Keyword(s):  
Modern Society ◽  
Discursive Practice ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Mental Phenomenon ◽  
Scientific Psychology ◽  
Creative Development ◽  
Artistic Creativity ◽  
The Social ◽  
Scientific Phenomenon ◽  
Definition Of

Представлен теоретико-исторический обзор исследований общих и специальных способностей, осуществленных в отечественной научной психологии. Анализируются трудности, связанные с определением понятий «способности» и «одаренность». Обозначено понимание природы творческих способностей и креативности. Рассматриваются психологическая сущность и специфика литературной деятельности как научного феномена. Дана характеристика литературно-художественным способностям как внутреннему психологическому регулятору личности. Показано, что способности в области литературного творчества напрямую соотносятся с художественным типом одаренности, обладающим как одинаковыми, имманентными иным видам одаренности качествами, так и своеобразными характеристиками, рознящими их с другими проявлениями способностей. The article presents a theoretical and historical overview of the studies of general and special abilities carried out in the domestic scientific psychology. The difficulties associated with the definition of the concepts of “ability” and “giftedness” are analyzed. The understanding of the nature of creativity and creativity is indicated. The psychological essence and specificity of literary activity as a scientific phenomenon are considered. The characteristic of literary and artistic abilities as an internal psychological regulator of personality is given. It is shown that the ability to literary creativity refers to the artistic type of giftedness, which has both common qualities inherent in other types of giftedness, and peculiar, distinguishing it from other types of abilities. It is concluded that most of the complexities and contradictions in the study of the phenomenology of abilities are mainly associated with the comprehension of what ontologically represents this mental phenomenon. It is shown that the psychology of literary and artistic creativity and related areas of scientific knowledge are very complex and multifaceted. It is said that the creation of conditions that ensure the identification and creative development of literary gifted persons, the realization of their potential is among the priorities of modern society. Of great importance for the development of literary abilities is the social, including educational environment.

scholarly journals THE SOCIAL STATUS OF YOUNG MOTHERS IN MODERN RUSSIA

2019 ◽  
pp. 124-132
Author(s):  
Elena L. Kruglova ◽  
◽  
Marina E. Rodionova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Family Relationships ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Young Mothers ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
Young Family ◽  
New Perspective

Nowadays, in the conditions of global modernization, structural changes in society, lack of sustainable social development, family takes new forms and, therefore, needs studying from a new perspective. Quite a large number of works are devoted to the family as a special sphere of social life, its problems, family relationships, roles within the family. In recent decades, more and more attention has been paid to the young family as a special category. However, both in the context of the young family and in studying the problems of women and children, underaged mothers are rarely identified as a separate subject of study. It is the modern young family that is unstable to the greatest extent, precisely this type of family is affected by social cataclysms more than others. A juvenile mother with a child is certainly one of the forms of a young family. It is of great importance to define the social status of such a family. For this purpose, several important indicators have been identified: the level of education, the type of employment, income, housing conditions, prospects and leisure. Unfortunately, a young mother with a child is rarely independent of the immediate environment and the parent family because of her age, so her social status directly depends on the older generation or her husband. At the moment, centers are being created to help women who find themselves in a difficult life situation, which help young mothers to find their place in modern society and raise their child to be a worthy member.

scholarly journals Ewolucja pojęcia niepełnosprawności na gruncie prawa polskiego

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 246-253
Author(s):  
Michał Skóra ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Modern Society ◽  
Social Model ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Disabled People ◽  
Social Model Of Disability ◽  
National Legislation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Definition Of

Disability is one of the greatest problems of modern society. It is a multidimensional phenomenon, as evidenced by numerous classifications and definitions of disability, created by representatives of various fields of science. The medical and social model of disability is adopted in the literature. Analyzing legal regulations, it should be stated that the social model of disability prevails, i.e. limitations concerning disabled people and their ability to function in society. The author describes the definition of disability on the basis of national legislation.

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