Meaning-as-Use and Meaning-as-Correspondence

Philosophy ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 35 (135) ◽  
pp. 314-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panayot Butchvarov

The purpose of this article is to examine two major arguments in favour of the philosophical thesis that the meaning of an expression is its use, and not its referent or what it corresponds to. A second philosophical thesis which is closely related to the first is that the study of the ordinary, “actual” uses of certain expressions is not of purely linguistic interest but in fact is a way, probably the only proper way, of solving the problems of traditional philosophy; in the sequel to the present article, we shall examine one major argument in favour of this second thesis. Both theses occupy a place of central importance in the dominant movement in contemporary British philosophy, to which we shall refer as “the philosophy of ordinary language”. Together they seem to constitute the basis of the most characteristic claim of this movement: that traditional philosophic discourse is logically improper and that philosophy is a legitimate cognitive discipline only if it is concerned with “the spatial and temporal phenomenon of language” by describing “the actual use of language”. Both theses are necessary for the justifi cation of this more general claim.

Philosophy ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 39 (148) ◽  
pp. 145-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panayot Butchvarov

One of the most characteristic (and certainly most original) claims of the dominant movement in contemporary British philosophy, to which we shall refer as the philosophy of ordinary language, is that traditional philosophical discourse has usually been logically improper because it has depended upon systematic misuses of certain expressions in ordinary language and that philosophy is a legitimate cognitive discipline only if it is concerned with the description of the actual use of language. To substantiate this claim, the philosopher of ordinary language has had to establish at least the following two general philosophical theses, which together seem to constitute the hard core of original doctrine in the philosophy of ordinary language. First, that the meaning of an expression is its use and not its referent or what it corresponds to. Second, that the description of the uses of certain expressions in language is not merely a study of words but genuinely solves the same problems which traditional philosophy had tried to solve through other methods.


Philosophy ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-233
Author(s):  
John W. Cook

Wittgenstein has often been criticized, and even dismissed, for being a patron of ordinary language, a champion of the vernacular, a defender of the status quo. One critic has written: ‘When Wittgenstein set up the actual use of language as a standard, that was equivalent to accepting a certain set up of culture and belief as a standard … It is lucky no such philosophy was thought of until recently or we should still be under the sway of witch doctors …’ In what follows I want to show just how wide of the mark criticisms of this sort are.


2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-63
Author(s):  
Adriana Montheiro

This paper appeared originally in Portuguese as Sinto, logo Sou - um estudo sobre o significado das emoções e suas funções. Revista Brasileira de Análise Transacional XXI, 2011, n.1, 29-41 and is reproduced here by kind permission of UNAT-BRASIL - União Nacional de Analistas Transacionais – Brasil. Emotion is not a concept that can be accurately defined, even if in ordinary language it refers to affective states. The theory of transactional analysis, created by Berne and developed by his followers, is impregnated with the concept of emotion. In order to bring more light to these questions, the present article discusses the biopsychology of emotions, considering their objectives and functions, considering the influence of neuroscience. We also refer to authors who did a theoretical review of transactional analysis from the perspective of biology and the mind, such as Allen and Hine. We have also included authors with a body approach such as Reich and Levine for their significant contributions both to understanding how the scripting system is embedded in the body, and to consider the possibility of developing a systematic body approach within Adult decontamination methodology. We conclude that there are no destructive emotions. Destructive is the way one learns to deal with feelings, with sensations and emotions. And working on emotions is working on lifescript.


Antiquity ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 65 (249) ◽  
pp. 822-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Thomas

In a characteristically stimulating recent article in ANTIQUITY, Barry Cunliffe has touched on many of the most important issues concerning the publication of ‘rescue’ excavations in Britain in the 1990s (Cunliffe 1990). The purpose of the present article is to follow up some the points which Cunliffe has raised.Publication, and the dissemination of information, is the lifeblood of any academic discipline, and questions of what is published (and of what is read!), where, how and by whom are of central importance for archaeology. Over the past two decades in Britain, and particularly in England where the volume of work has been greatest, there has been a recurrent concern with the problem of how to publish the results of ‘rescue’ archaeology. Rescue excavations can generate very large quantities of data, collected for reasons which are often largely beyond archaeological control, and the problems (both intellectual and practical) of publishing this material are considerable. In Britain the issues have been the subject of expert examination on two occasions since 1970 -the Frere (1975) and Cunliffe (1983) reports - and now in the 1990s the topic is firmly on the archaeological agenda again. This paper is intended as a contribution to the continuing debate.


1969 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 583-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudolph W. Heinze

The major argument of those who view the Statute of Proclamations as a tyrannical measure seems to be that the government planned to use it to replace Parliamentary legislation with legislation by decree. Unfortunately this supposition has not been tested by a study of the actual use of proclamations in the reign of Henry VIII. The continuation of a three-centuries-old controversy over the meaning and intent of this enigmatic statute indicates that further efforts to unravel the mystery by concentrating on the wording of the statute and the circumstances surrounding its passage would prove unrewarding unless new evidence were to be uncovered. This dilemma suggests that a new approach is necessary. If the Statute of Proclamations is to be understood in its proper context, the total role of proclamations in Tudor legislation and administration must be investigated, and their relationship to other types of legislation during the entire Tudor period must be studied.


Babel ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul-Baki As-Safi ◽  
In‘am Sahib Ash-Sharifi

Abstract The present article investigates the concept of naturalness in literary translation. The aim of the investigation is to delineate an integrated approach to 'natural' translation, the essence of which lies in creating a compromise between accurate rendition and literary reproduction. Such a compromise entails attaining an artistic verbal smoothness which transcends the level of ordinary language. To this end, natural translation calls for a utilization of the target language's resources that will make the translation read like an authentic target language (TL) work, while preserving the content intact. The article thus identifies naturalness as the achievement of authentic TL style, and unnaturalness as the hybrid language of literal rendition, i.e. translationese that may be unacceptable or unintelligible. It detects the actualization of an authentic style of Arabic rendition on several levels: lexical, sentential, cohesive and idiomatic. On the lexical level, naturalness is delimited in terms of proper choice of appropriate vocabulary. On the sentential level, well-formedness is posited as the feature of naturalness which outlines a rhetorically natural sentence, besides other concomitant features. On the cohesive level, the features of a natural target text are based on the use of cohesive devices to a greater or lesser degree than the source text in general and on the propriety of their use in particular instances. At the idiomatic level, we mention idioms and proverbs but concentrate, with examples, on collocations. Résumé Cet article examine la notion de naturel dans la traduction des textes littéraires dans le but de cerner une approche intégrée de la traduction 'naturelle' qui consiste essentiellement à obtenir un compromis entre un rendu fidèle et une reproduction littéraire. Ce compromis exige une fluidité verbale artistique qui dépasse le niveau de la langue ordinaire. La traduction naturelle doit donc utiliser toutes les ressources de la langue d'arrivée pour que la traduction se lise comme ouvrage littéraire rédigé dans cette langue d'arrivée, tout en respectant fidèlement le contenu. Dans leur article, les auteurs définissent donc le naturel comme l'obtention d'un style authentique dans la langue d'arrivée, et le manque de naturel comme un langage hybride avec un rendu littéral, c'est-à-dire des traductions susceptibles d'être inacceptables ou incompréhensibles. L'article analyse comment mettre en oeuvre, à différents niveaux, un style authentique en arabe: lexicologie, phraséologie, cohérence et usage d'expressions idiomatiques. En ce qui concerne le niveau lexicologique, le naturel se définit comme étant le choix correct d'un vocabulaire approprié. Au niveau phraséologi-que, des phrases formées correctement sont la caractéristique du naturel qui fait apparaître, à côté d'autres propriétés, la rhétorique naturelle de la phrase. Au niveau de la cohérence, les caractéristiques d'un texte rédigé avec naturel dans la langue cible sont basées sur des mécanismes utilisés plus ou moins intensivement que dans le texte d'origine en général et sur leur utilisation appropriée dans certains cas particuliers. Au niveau des expressions idiomatiques, les auteurs mentionnent de telles expressions ainsi que des proverbes, mais se concentrent, en donnant des exemples, sur des collocations.


Author(s):  
Stine Krøijer

Artiklen belyser venstreradikale aktivisters indsamling af mad fra supermarkeders affaldscontainere, såkaldt skraldning, som politisk og tidsligt fænomen. Analysen peger på kroppen som både politikkens form og objekt og på, hvordan formgivning af kroppen frembringer tid. Artiklen omhandler aktivisters erfaringer af forskel- lige midlertidige perspektiver (død og aktiv tid). Frem for at anskue politiske handlinger som orienterede imod eller et resultat af et fremtidigt punkt eller mål bruges begrebet figuration til at beskrive, hvordan en ellers ubestemmelig fremtid midlertidigt opnår en bestemt form. Gennem analysen udsættes modstillingen mellem nutid og fremtid således for en etnografisk informeret kritik. Stine Krøijer: The Future in a Garbage Container: Temporary Perspectivism among Danish Leftwing Activists The present article describes the practice of dumpster diving, that is, the recollection of discarded food from supermarket containers, as a political and temporal phenomenon. The analysis points to the body as both the form and object of political action, and on how this figuration of the body engenders time. The article illuminates left radical activists’ experiences of different temporal perspectives (dead and active time). Rather than looking upon political actions as oriented towards, or as a result of, a future goal or point in time, the concept figuration is employed to describe how an otherwise indeterminate future temporarily gains a determinate form. Through the analysis the antinomy between present and future is subjected to an ethnographically informed critique. Keywords: Dumpster diving, activism, body , time, future, Denmark 


2022 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hommen

Abstract The later Wittgenstein famously holds that an understanding which tries to run up against the limits of language bumps itself and results in nothing but plain nonsense. Therefore, the task of philosophy cannot be to create an ‘ideal’ language so as to produce a ‘real’ understanding for the first time; its aim must be to remove particular misunderstandings by clarifying the use of our ordinary language. Accordingly, Wittgenstein opposes both the sublime terms of traditional philosophy and the formal frameworks of modern logics—and adheres to a pointedly casual, colloquial style in his own philosophizing. However, there seems to lurk a certain inconsistency in Wittgenstein’s ordinary language approach: his philosophical remarks frequently remain enigmatic, and many of the terms Wittgenstein coins seem to be highly technical. Thus, one might wonder whether his verdicts on the limits of language and on philosophical jargons might not be turned against his own practice. The present essay probes the extent to which the contravening tendencies in Wittgenstein’s mature philosophy might be reconciled. Section 2 sketches Wittgenstein’s general approach to philosophy and tracks the special rôle that the language of everyday life occupies therein. Section 3 reconstructs Wittgenstein’s preferred method for philosophy, which he calls perspicuous representation, and argues that this method implements an aesthetic conception of philosophy and a poetic approach to philosophical language, in which philosophical insights are not explicitly stated, but mediated through well-worded and creatively composed descriptions. Section 4 discusses how Wittgenstein’s philosophical poetics relates to artificial terminologies and grammars in philosophy and science.


2003 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 219-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart Duriez ◽  
Claudia Appel ◽  
Dirk Hutsebaut

Abstract: Recently, Duriez, Fontaine and Hutsebaut (2000) and Fontaine, Duriez, Luyten and Hutsebaut (2003) constructed the Post-Critical Belief Scale in order to measure the two religiosity dimensions along which Wulff (1991 , 1997 ) summarized the various possible approaches to religion: Exclusion vs. Inclusion of Transcendence and Literal vs. Symbolic. In the present article, the German version of this scale is presented. Results obtained in a heterogeneous German sample (N = 216) suggest that the internal structure of the German version fits the internal structure of the original Dutch version. Moreover, the observed relation between the Literal vs. Symbolic dimension and racism, which was in line with previous studies ( Duriez, in press ), supports the external validity of the German version.


2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah M. Meeßen ◽  
Meinald T. Thielsch ◽  
Guido Hertel

Abstract. Digitalization, enhanced storage capacities, and the Internet of Things increase the volume of data in modern organizations. To process and make use of these data and to avoid information overload, management information systems (MIS) are introduced that collect, process, and analyze relevant data. However, a precondition for the application of MIS is that users trust them. Extending accounts of trust in automation and trust in technology, we introduce a new model of trust in MIS that addresses the conceptual ambiguities of existing conceptualizations of trust and integrates initial empirical work in this field. In doing so, we differentiate between perceived trustworthiness of an MIS, experienced trust in an MIS, intentions to use an MIS, and actual use of an MIS. Moreover, we consider users’ perceived risks and contextual factors (e. g., autonomy at work) as moderators. The introduced model offers guidelines for future research and initial suggestions to foster trust-based MIS use.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document