scholarly journals Cartesian theories on the passions, the pineal gland and the pathogenesis of affective disorders: an early forerunner

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. López-Muñoz ◽  
C. Alamo
Keyword(s):  
Pineal Gland ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Close Link ◽  
Animal Spirits ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between physical and functional alterations in the pineal gland, the ‘passions’ (emotions or feelings) and psychopathology has been a constant throughout the history of medicine. One of the most influential authors on this subject was René Descartes, who discussed it in his work The Treatise on the Passions of the Soul (1649). Descartes believed that ‘passions’ were sensitive movements that the soul, located in the pineal gland, experienced due to its union with the body, by circulating animal spirits. Descartes described sadness as one of the six primitive passions of the soul, which leads to melancholy if not remedied. Cartesian theories had a great deal of influence on the way that mental pathologies were considered throughout the entire 17th century and during much of the 18th century, but the link between the pineal gland and psychiatric disorders it was definitively highlighted in the 20th century, with the discovery of melatonin in 1958. The recent development of a new pharmacological agent acting through melatonergic receptors (agomelatine) has confirmed the close link between the pineal gland and affective disorders.

scholarly journals Transmedial Prometheus: from the Greek Myth to Contemporary Interpretations

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-107
Author(s):  
Nicoleta Popa Blanariu
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Visual Arts ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Ridley Scott ◽  
Greek Myth ◽  
Ernst Bloch ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

The myth of Prometheus is well known for its rich polymorphism, celebrating the Titan’s contest with the Olympian gods and its demythisation in the contemporary era. To Ernst Bloch “Faust and Prometheus are the major figures of the Renaissance”, while Gilbert Durand describes the relationship between myth and history as a backwards “evhemerism” which enables a messianic reading of the Promethean symbol, especially at the end of the 18th century and beginning of the following. From the Renaissance to the 20th century, the Promethean symbol slides transmedially from the verbalized narrative towards visual arts. With the exhaustion of the Promethean momentum, for Durand as well as Maffesoli, the 20th century assumes the decadent myths of Dionysus and, eventually, a vast Hermetic mythology. This paper highlights several moments and works which marked the dynamic history of the mythical hero, as revealed to us by Aeschylus, Shelley, Goethe, Gide, Ridley Scott etc.

LITERARY ROMANTICISM AS A THEORETICAL ISSUE

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
Vera V. Serdechnaia ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Conceptual Analysis ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Theoretical Concept ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Theoretical Issue ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Literary Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

The article is devoted to the analysis of the concept of literary romanticism. The research aims at a refinement of the “romanticism” concept in relation to the history of the literary process. The main research methods include conceptual analysis, textual analysis, comparative historical research. The author analyzes the semantic genesis of the term “romanticism”, various interpretations of the concept, compares the definitions of different periods and cultures. The main results of the study are as follows. The history of the term “romanticism” shows a change in a number of definitions for the same concept in relation to the same literary phenomena. By the end of the 20th century, realizing the existence of significant contradictions in the content of the term “romanticism”, researchers often come to abandon it. At the same time, the steady use of the term “romanticism” testifies to the subject-conceptual component that exists in it, which does not lose its relevance, but just needs a theoretical refinement. Conclusion: one have to revise an approach to romanticism as a theoretical concept, based on the change in the concept of an individual in Europe at the end of the 18th century. It is the newly discovered freedom of an individual predetermines the rethinking for the image of the author as a creator and determines the artistic features of literary romanticism.

scholarly journals Music, Politics, and History: An Introduction

2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 362-374
Author(s):  
David Kennerley
Keyword(s):  
Sound Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Short Article ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Music And Politics ◽  
Introductory Article ◽  
History Of ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractMusic has been steadily rising up the historical agenda, a product of the emergence of sound studies, the history of the senses, and a mood of interdisciplinary curiosity. This introductory article offers a critical review of how the relationship between music and politics has featured in extant historical writing, from classic works of political history to the most recent scholarship. It begins by evaluating different approaches that historians have taken to music, summarizes the important shifts in method that have recently taken place, and advocates for a performance-centered, contextualized framework that is attentive to the distinctive features of music as a medium. The second half examines avenues for future research into the historical connections between music and politics, focusing on four thematic areas—the body, emotions, space, and memory—and closes with some overarching reflections on music's use as a tool of power, as well as a challenge to it. Although for reasons of cohesion, this short article focuses primarily on scholarship on Britain and Ireland in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, its discussion of theory and methods is intended to be applicable to the study of music and political culture across a broad range of periods and geographies.

A Welcome Conversation: Toward a New Historiography of Intellectual Property

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (03) ◽  
pp. 1113-1129
Author(s):  
Kali Murray
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Legal History ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
The Body ◽  
Property Law ◽  
Legal Concept ◽  
Narrative Structures ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

This essay considers what tools should be used to study the legal history of intellectual property. I identify three historiographical strategies: narration, contest, and formation. Narration identifies the diverse “narrative structures” that shape the field of intellectual property history. Contest highlights how the inherent instability of intellectual property as a legal concept prompts recurrent debates over its meaning. Formation recognizes how intellectual property historians can offer insight into broader legal history debates over how to consider the relationship between informal social practices and formalized legal mechanisms. I consider Kara W. Swanson's Banking on the Body: The Market in Blood, Milk and Sperm in Modern America (2014) in light of these historiographical strategies and conclude that Swanson's book guides us to a new conversation in the legal history of intellectual property law.

scholarly journals Considerations to some forms of the verb a fi: sum and sunt

Diacronia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gheorghe Chivu
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Literary Writing ◽  
The 19Th Century

The history of the verbal forms sum and sunt, introduced into the literary writing by the Transylvanian Latinist School, reveals a winding process in the elaboration of certain cultured norms proper to the modern literary Romanian. Not at all linear, this process was concurrently influenced by two, often divergent, tendencies that were active from the end of the 18th century up to the beginning of the 20th century: the use of some cultured forms, borrowed from Latin or created according to Latin patterns; and the revitalization of certain linguistic forms with regional diffusion. Initially proposed as literary pronunciations, the two verbal forms were soon adopted and used as etymological graphic forms that corresponded to sîm and suntu from certain conservative patois. During the second half of the 19th century (sum), and during the first decades of the 20th century (sunt), the two graphic forms became orthoepic norms as well, due to the phonological tradition of the Romanian writing.

scholarly journals Teologia i duchowość: o przezwyciężenie podziału

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020(41) (3) ◽  
pp. 25-36
Author(s):  
Stanisław T. Zarzycki
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Christian Spirituality ◽  
Second Vatican Council ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Vatican Council ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Lives Of The Saints

This article synthetically deals with the relationship between theology and Christian spirituality. In the history of this relationship three periods are distinguished: 1. Original unity covering biblical times, patristics and medieval monastic theology; 2. Separation at the end of scholasticism (13th century), when theology, under the influence of philosophy, became too rationalistic, abstract and detached from life and as such persisted until the 20th century; 3. Reconciliation and gradual restoration and strengthening of unity and cooperation between theology and spirituality (theology of spirituality), starting from biblical and theological renewal before the Second Vatican Council until today. The full realization of this unity takes place in the lives of the Saints.

scholarly journals Lo que fue ya no es y lo nuevo aún no toma forma: elecciones 2006 en perspectiva histórica

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciska Raventós Vorst
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Political Change ◽  
The Political ◽  
Voting Behaviour ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Electoral Behaviour ◽  
Siglo Xx ◽  
The Relationship

RESUMEN: Este artículo analiza el proceso de cambio político que se inició en Costa Rica en 1998 y que aún no concluye, ubicándolo en el contexto de la historia política de la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Revisa luego las explicaciones que se han dado para el brusco quiebre en el comportamiento electoral de 1998, analiza la relación entre abstención y declive de los dos partidos tradicionales en el período 1998-2006 y se detiene a estudiar algunos rasgos del comportamiento electoral de los ciudadanos en el 2006. Concluye planteando una interpretación preliminar sobre el momento político en que se encuentra el país.ABSTRACT: This article analyzes the process of ongoing political change that has taken place in Costa Rica since 1998. It is analyzed in the context of the political history of the second half of the 20th century. This article reviews the explanations of the sudden shift in electoral behaviour in 1998, analyzes the relationship between electoral abstention and the decline of the two traditional parties between 1998 and 2006, and it studies some characteristics of voting behaviour in 2006. The paper concludes with a preliminary interpretation of the current political situation.

scholarly journals Protestant cemeteries in Czechia: a necrogeographical perspective

Geografie ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-207
Author(s):  
Zdeněk R. Nešpor
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Social Geography ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Important Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Czech Lands ◽  
The Impact

The article introduces the field of necrogeography to Czech social geography and provides information on existing (nationwide) data sources. The author takes the issue of Protestant confessional cemeteries as an example, briefly outlines the history of these special types of burial fields (established principally from the end of the 18th century until approximately the mid-20th century), and provides a historical geographical analysis of their regional distribution in the Czech Lands. The article proves the impact of religious and geographical factors on the emergence (and eventual demise) of non-Catholic Christian confessional cemeteries and, at the same time, the research unveiled a number of important research questions to be addressed by Czech necrogeography in the future.

scholarly journals Aproximación al estudio de las antigüedades en la América española en el siglo XVIII a través de tres instrucciones

2017 ◽  
pp. 317
Author(s):  
Alicia León Gómez ◽  
Raquel Gil Fernández
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spanish America ◽  
Archaeological Remains ◽  
Personal Property ◽  
Recommended Treatment ◽  
Colonial Archaeology ◽  
History Of ◽  
Source Of Information

Resumen: En este artículo analizamos tres instrucciones emitidas en el siglo XVIII en las que se alude al tratamiento de vestigios arqueológicos de la América española. A través de ellas podemos observar la evolución en la concepción imperante en cada momento sobre los restos arqueológicos, y cómo se va trascendiendo desde la perspectiva anticuarista hasta una nueva corriente en la que se empiezan a tratar como fuente de información. Centrándonos en los capítulos dedicados a antigüedades, analizaremos el cuerpo de las instrucciones redactadas por Franco Dávila, Antonio de Ulloa y José de Estacharía y el tratamiento que se recomienda en las mismas para los restos muebles e inmuebles hallados en la América Colonial.Palabras clave: Instrucciones, Historia de la arqueología de la América Colonial, anticuarismo, novatores, antigüedades americanasAbstract: In this article, we analyse three sets of instructions, issued in the 18th century, referring to the treatment of the archaeological vestiges of Spanish America. Through them we can trace the evolution of the prevailing idea concerning archaeological remains at every moment, and how a shift from the antiquarian perspective to a new trend will allow them to be treated as a source of information. We analyse the body of instructions written by Franco Davila, Antonio de Ulloa and José de Estacharía, focusing on the chapters dedicated to antiques, which recommended treatment for the remains and personal property found in Colonial America.Key words: Instructions, History of the American Colonial archaeology, antiquarianism, novatores, American antiques 

Russian Empire’s Religious Institutions in the 18th - Early 20th Century: The Evolution of “Friend - Alien - Foe” Relations

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-31
Author(s):  
Alexandre Yu. Bendin
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Religious Tolerance ◽  
Religious Discrimination ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
Institutional Relations ◽  
The Relationship

The Russian governments three principal institutions to regulate the empires diverse religions from the 18th to the early 20th century are examined. Its author describes the evolution of these bodies, their features and purpose, as well as defining the concept of religious security by analyzing its specific historical content. The author also discusses the relationship between the institutions of the official Russian Church, religious tolerance for foreign confessions, and discrimination against the Old Believers through the prism of friend - alien - foe relations. This approach helps us understand the hierarchical nature of the relations and contradictions that existed between the institutions, whose activities regulated the religious life of the Russian Empires subjects until 1905. The article goes on to analyze the relationship between the official legal status of the Russian Church, imperial tolerance, and religious discrimination. It concludes that the formation of the three state-religious institutions that began in the 18th century ended during the reign of Emperor Nicholas I. That time saw the beginning of the gradual evolution of friend - alien - foe inter-institutional relations, which peaked under Emperor Nicholas in 1904-1906. The author also considers the changes in the governments policy towards the Russian schism of the 17th century, which ultimately removed the friend-or-foe opposition in the relations between the Russian state, the Russian Church and the schismatic Old Believers. In accordance with the modernized legislation on religious tolerance, lawful Old Believers and sectarians moved from the category of religious and political foes to that of aliens, to which foreign confessions traditionally belonged. Under the new legal and political conditions, intolerance and religious discrimination against the schism ceased to be an instrument of state policy.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document