scholarly journals Aproximación al estudio de las antigüedades en la América española en el siglo XVIII a través de tres instrucciones

2017 ◽  
pp. 317
Author(s):  
Alicia León Gómez ◽  
Raquel Gil Fernández
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spanish America ◽  
Archaeological Remains ◽  
Personal Property ◽  
Recommended Treatment ◽  
Colonial Archaeology ◽  
History Of ◽  
Source Of Information

Resumen: En este artículo analizamos tres instrucciones emitidas en el siglo XVIII en las que se alude al tratamiento de vestigios arqueológicos de la América española. A través de ellas podemos observar la evolución en la concepción imperante en cada momento sobre los restos arqueológicos, y cómo se va trascendiendo desde la perspectiva anticuarista hasta una nueva corriente en la que se empiezan a tratar como fuente de información. Centrándonos en los capítulos dedicados a antigüedades, analizaremos el cuerpo de las instrucciones redactadas por Franco Dávila, Antonio de Ulloa y José de Estacharía y el tratamiento que se recomienda en las mismas para los restos muebles e inmuebles hallados en la América Colonial.Palabras clave: Instrucciones, Historia de la arqueología de la América Colonial, anticuarismo, novatores, antigüedades americanasAbstract: In this article, we analyse three sets of instructions, issued in the 18th century, referring to the treatment of the archaeological vestiges of Spanish America. Through them we can trace the evolution of the prevailing idea concerning archaeological remains at every moment, and how a shift from the antiquarian perspective to a new trend will allow them to be treated as a source of information. We analyse the body of instructions written by Franco Davila, Antonio de Ulloa and José de Estacharía, focusing on the chapters dedicated to antiques, which recommended treatment for the remains and personal property found in Colonial America.Key words: Instructions, History of the American Colonial archaeology, antiquarianism, novatores, American antiques 

Ideas of Race in Early America

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean P. Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
American Indians ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Early America ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Purity Of Blood

“Race,” as a concept denoting a fundamental division of humanity and usually encompassing cultural as well as physical traits, was crucial in early America. It provided the foundation for the colonization of Native land, the enslavement of American Indians and Africans, and a common identity among socially unequal and ethnically diverse Europeans. Longstanding ideas and prejudices merged with aims to control land and labor, a dynamic reinforced by ongoing observation and theorization of non-European peoples. Although before colonization, neither American Indians, nor Africans, nor Europeans considered themselves unified “races,” Europeans endowed racial distinctions with legal force and philosophical and scientific legitimacy, while Natives appropriated categories of “red” and “Indian,” and slaves and freed people embraced those of “African” and “colored,” to imagine more expansive identities and mobilize more successful resistance to Euro-American societies. The origin, scope, and significance of “racial” difference were questions of considerable transatlantic debate in the age of Enlightenment and they acquired particular political importance in the newly independent United States. Since the beginning of European exploration in the 15th century, voyagers called attention to the peoples they encountered, but European, American Indian, and African “races” did not exist before colonization of the so-called New World. Categories of “Christian” and “heathen” were initially most prominent, though observations also encompassed appearance, gender roles, strength, material culture, subsistence, and language. As economic interests deepened and colonies grew more powerful, classifications distinguished Europeans from “Negroes” or “Indians,” but at no point in the history of early America was there a consensus that “race” denoted bodily traits only. Rather, it was a heterogeneous compound of physical, intellectual, and moral characteristics passed on from one generation to another. While Europeans assigned blackness and African descent priority in codifying slavery, skin color was secondary to broad dismissals of the value of “savage” societies, beliefs, and behaviors in providing a legal foundation for dispossession. “Race” originally denoted a lineage, such as a noble family or a domesticated breed, and concerns over purity of blood persisted as 18th-century Europeans applied the term—which dodged the controversial issue of whether different human groups constituted “varieties” or “species”—to describe a roughly continental distribution of peoples. Drawing upon the frameworks of scripture, natural and moral philosophy, and natural history, scholars endlessly debated whether different races shared a common ancestry, whether traits were fixed or susceptible to environmentally produced change, and whether languages or the body provided the best means to trace descent. Racial theorization boomed in the U.S. early republic, as some citizens found dispossession and slavery incompatible with natural-rights ideals, while others reconciled any potential contradictions through assurances that “race” was rooted in nature.

Rock art as a source of the history of prehistory (An account to promote the understanding of prehistoric rock art)

Abgadiyat ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-35
Author(s):  
Hamdi Abbas Ahmed Abd-EI-Moniem
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Rock Art ◽  
Archaeological Remains ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Remote Past

Abstract Some may believe that the history of mankind begins with the appearance of writing only a few several thousands of years ago (cf. 4000-3000 BCE). Our history, however, extends beyond that date millions of years. The history of mankind, indeed, is deeply rooted in the remote past which is called 'prehistory'. With the lacking of any form of writing, this 'prehistoric' period can be examined directly solely by recourse to the study of archaeological remains. The purpose of this account is to introduce rock art to the readers and show the significant role of this sort of archaeological material in studying the history of mankind before the appearance of written records. The current work, therefore, is divided into three main sections: the first deals with definition of rock art and its nature; the second section is devoted to showing the significance of this aspect of material culture in exploring a long and mysterious period of the early history of man characterized by the complete absence of written records or historical documents; the third and last section, which is a vital and integral part of this work, comprises an explanatory pictorial record to promote the understanding of prehistoric rock art as a source of information needed for writing the history of prehistory.

scholarly journals Habit, the Criminal Body and the Body Politic in England, c. 1700–1800

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 83-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Martin Dodsworth
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Body Politic ◽  
The Body ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Social Circumstance

This article explores the role that ‘habit’ played in discourses on crime in the 18th century, a subject which forms an important part of the history of ‘the social’. It seeks to bridge the division between ‘liberal’ positions which see crime as a product of social circumstance, and the conservative position which stresses the role of will and individual responsibility, by drawing attention to the role habit played in uniting these conceptions in the 18th century. It argues that the Lockean idea that the mind was a tabula rasa, and that the character was thereby formed through impression and habit, was used as a device to explain the ways in which certain individuals rather than others happened to fall into a life of crime, a temptation to which all were susceptible. This allowed commentators to define individuals as responsible for their actions, while accepting the significance of environmental factors in their transgressions. Further, the notion that the character was formed through habit enabled reformers to promote the idea that crime could be combated through mechanisms of prevention and reformation, which both targeted the individual criminal and sought more generally to reduce the likelihood of crime.

Christian Creations of New Spaces of Sexuality, Reproduction, and Relationships in Africa: Exploring Faith and Religious Heterotopia

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrid Bochow ◽  
Astrid Bochow ◽  
Rijk van Dijk
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Relations ◽  
Relational Ethics ◽  
The Body ◽  
Christian Churches ◽  
Aids Pandemic ◽  
History Of ◽  
Contemporary Situation ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Source Of Information

Abstract In many African societies today Christian churches, Pentecostals in particular, are an important source of information on sexuality, relationships, the body, and health, motivated in part by the HIV/AIDS pandemic but also related to globally circulating ideas and images that make people rethink gender relations and identities through the lens of ‘romantic love’. Contextualizing the contemporary situation in the history of Christian movements in Africa, and by applying Foucault’s notion of heterotopia, this introduction and the subsequent papers show that Christian doctrines and practices are creating social spaces of altering relational ethics, identities and gender roles that appeal especially to upwardly mobile women.

scholarly journals DOCTOR OF MEDICINE JACOB REINEGGS ON SHAMKHALATE OF TARKI

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-359
Author(s):  
Bagomed G. Aliev
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Local Population ◽  
German Language ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Good Source ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Civil Strife ◽  
History Of ◽  
Source Of Information

The article presents a historiographic analysis of information about Shamkhalate of Tarki, collected by Jacob Reineggs. In his work “Allegemeine historisch-topographische Beschreibund des Kaukasus” (“General Historical and Topographical Description of the Caucasus”), published post-mortem in the German language in 1796, two paragraphs (47 and 48) are dedicated to Shamkhalate of Tarki. In paragraph 47 Reineggs briefly dwells on the Shamkhals, who ruled over this domain in the 18th century, from where it had been reported on their relations with Russia, Persia and Turkey, as well as on a civil strife in Shamkhalate. Paragraph 48 describes the domain itself: its borders, settlements, household, its capital Targu, features of the Shamkhalate relations with dependent and neighbouring domains and rural communities.Relevance of the work lies in the need for a critical analysis of the information provided by the author of the work. Reineggs, who visited the Caucasus five times, is often cited as a source of information on the medieval history of Dagestan. The study of the J. Reineggs’ text was carried out by comparing the author’s information with the information about the Shamkhalate of Tarki from other sources.The analysis has shown that the author made incorrect assertions about the reasons for the change of the capital of Shamkhalate of Tarki; about robberies of the local population being one of their activities; about the particular language of the residents of Karabudakhkent, in the description of Areak (Arakana) and Erpeli as villages whose population spoke one language intrinsic only to them. Nevertheless, the "General Historical and Topographical Description of the Caucasus" is regarded by the author of the article as a good source on the history of Shamkhalate of Tarki, as it was written by a traveler based on his personal impressions.

scholarly journals Starodruki pochodzące z Archiwum Aktów Dawnych Miasta Krakowa w zasobie bibliotecznym Archiwum Narodowego w Krakowie. Wstępne rozpoznanie, analiza proweniencji

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 73-97
Author(s):  
Bożena Lesiak-Przybył
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Publishing House ◽  
Provenance Analysis ◽  
Current State ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
National Archives ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Town ◽  
Source Of Information

Early printed books from the Krakow Town Archives of Former Records in the resources of the National Archives in Krakow. Initial investigation, provenance analysis The collection of early printed books stored in the National Archives in Krakow has not been processed so far. This article aims to approximate the current state of knowledge regarding the contents of the collection. The historic book collection of the Archives, represented by both Polish and foreign printed books covering various subjects, numbers slightly over 650 works issued before 1801. Included in this number are 28 early printed books from the 16th century, 210 from the 17th century and 413 from the 18th century. The oldest one – Liber horarum canonicarum secundum veram rubricam sive notulam ecclesiae Cracoviensis – was issued in 1508 by the publishing house of Jan Haller in Krakow. The origins of the early printed books vary – they come from donations, acquisitions of archival materials as well as purchases. The greatest number come from donations, with the following donors worthy of special mention: Ambroży Grabowski, Józef Seruga and Franciszek Biesiadecki, as well as Józef Muczkowski, Karol Estreicher and others. An invaluable part of the collection (61 works) are the printed books from the library of Hieronim Pinocci (1612–1676), a merchant, royal secretary and diplomat, acquired from the town archives at the end of the 19th century. Many works, especially those concerning the history of Krakow, were also purchased using the funds of the Archives. The early printed books gathered in the library of the National Archives in Krakow create a particularly valuable collection, which may also be a source of information concerning provenance.

(A)live Archives

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriella Giannachi
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Performance Studies ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Internet ◽  
History Of ◽  
Inside Out ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
Industrial Revolutions

This Chapter looks at the role played by transmission of the archive through the body, drawing from performance studies, bioart, database aesthetics and history of science to look at what becomes of the archive in the era of genomic experimentation. Drawing on economics, the chapter establishes the role played by the archive within the digital economy showing how the archive evolved for each of the industrial revolutions that occurred since the 18th century. Additionally, the Chapter analyzes the role played by the archive in the development of smart objects within the internet of things. The case studies for this chapter include work by the Musée de la Danse; George Legrady; Natalie Bookchin; Eduardo Kac; Christine Borland; and Lynn Hershman Leeson’s Infinity Engine, in which the human being has become its own (a-)live archive, one that, through regenerative medicine, can be modified inside out.

scholarly journals Cartesian theories on the passions, the pineal gland and the pathogenesis of affective disorders: an early forerunner

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. López-Muñoz ◽  
C. Alamo
Keyword(s):  
Pineal Gland ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Close Link ◽  
Animal Spirits ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between physical and functional alterations in the pineal gland, the ‘passions’ (emotions or feelings) and psychopathology has been a constant throughout the history of medicine. One of the most influential authors on this subject was René Descartes, who discussed it in his work The Treatise on the Passions of the Soul (1649). Descartes believed that ‘passions’ were sensitive movements that the soul, located in the pineal gland, experienced due to its union with the body, by circulating animal spirits. Descartes described sadness as one of the six primitive passions of the soul, which leads to melancholy if not remedied. Cartesian theories had a great deal of influence on the way that mental pathologies were considered throughout the entire 17th century and during much of the 18th century, but the link between the pineal gland and psychiatric disorders it was definitively highlighted in the 20th century, with the discovery of melatonin in 1958. The recent development of a new pharmacological agent acting through melatonergic receptors (agomelatine) has confirmed the close link between the pineal gland and affective disorders.

Aspergillus Spondylodiscitis After Spinal Stenosis Surgery: A Case Report

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3 And 4) ◽  
pp. 155-160
Author(s):  
Mohsen Aghapoor ◽  
◽  
Babak Alijani Alijani ◽  
Mahsa Pakseresht-Mogharab ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Lumbar Pain ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
Delay In Diagnosis ◽  
Death Case ◽  
Therapeutic Results ◽  
History Of ◽  
Probable Diagnosis

Background and Importance: Spondylodiscitis is an inflammatory disease of the body of one or more vertebrae and intervertebral disc. The fungal etiology of this disease is rare, particularly in patients without immunodeficiency. Delay in diagnosis and treatment of this disease can lead to complications and even death. Case Presentation: A 63-year-old diabetic female patient, who had a history of spinal surgery and complaining radicular lumbar pain in both lower limbs with a probable diagnosis of spondylodiscitis, underwent partial L2 and complete L3 and L4 corpectomy and fusion. As a result of pathology from tissue biopsy specimen, Aspergillus fungi were observed. There was no evidence of immunodeficiency in the patient. The patient was treated with Itraconazole 100 mg twice a day for two months. Pain, neurological symptom, and laboratory tests improved. Conclusion: The debridement surgery coupled with antifungal drugs can lead to the best therapeutic results.

EPITAFIES OF THE RELATIVES OF HADJI IBRAHIM AL-URADI AS A SOURCE ON THE BIOGRAPHY OF THE SCIENTIST AND ON THE HISTORY OF GIDATL

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
Sh M Khapizov ◽  
M G Shekhmagomedov
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Medieval History ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
The Past ◽  
Arabic Script ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Culture ◽  
The Look ◽  
Cultural Monuments ◽  
Written Sources

The article is devoted to the study of inscriptions on the gravestones of Haji Ibrahim al-Uradi, his father, brothers and other relatives. The information revealed during the translation of these inscriptions allows one to date important events from the history of Highland Dagestan. Also we can reconsider the look at some important events from the past of Hidatl. Epitaphs are interesting in and of themselves, as historical and cultural monuments that needed to be studied and attributed. Research of epigraphy data monuments clarifies periodization medieval epitaphs mountain Dagestan using record templates and features of the Arabic script. We see the study of medieval epigraphy as one of the important tasks of contemporary Caucasian studies facing Dagestani researchers. Given the relatively weak illumination of the picture of events of that period in historical sources, comprehensive work in this direction can fill gaps in our knowledge of the medieval history of Dagestan. In addition, these epigraphs are of great importance for researchers of onomastics, linguistics, the history of culture and religion of Dagestan. The authors managed to clarify the date of death of Ibrahim-Haji al-Uradi, as well as his two sons. These data, the attraction of written sources and legends allowed the reconstruction of the events of the second half of the 18th century. For example, because of the epidemic of plague and the death of most of the population of Hidatl, this society noticeably weakened and could no longer maintain its influence on Akhvakh. The attraction of memorable records allowed us to specify the dates of the Ibrahim-Haji pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina, as well as the route through which he traveled to these cities.

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