scholarly journals Environmental influences on familial resemblance for drug abuse in first-cousin pairs: a Swedish national study

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Kendler ◽  
H. Ohlsson ◽  
K. Sundquist ◽  
J. Sundquist
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Familial Aggregation ◽  
National Study ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Geographical Proximity ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Sibling Pairs ◽  
History Of

BackgroundUsing three independent methods, prior studies in Swedish sibling pairs indicate that environmental factors contribute substantially to familial aggregation for drug abuse (DA). Could we replicate these results in cousin pairs?MethodUsing multiple Swedish public databases (1964–2011), we defined DA using medical, legal or pharmacy registry records and examined concordance in full cousin pairs as a function of age differences, younger–older relationships and geographical proximity while growing up.ResultsReplicating prior results in siblings, cousin pairs were significantly more similar in their history of DA if they were (i) closer versus more distant in age and (ii) grew up in high versus low geographical proximity to one another. Furthermore, controlling for background factors, having an older cousin with DA conveys a greater risk for DA than having a younger drug-abusing cousin. The greater transmission of DA from older to younger versus younger to older cousin was more prominent in pairs who grew up close to one another. In age difference and geographical proximity analyses, effects were consistently strongest in male–male cousin pairs. In analyses of older → younger versus younger → older transmission, effects were stronger in male–male and male–female than in female–female or female–male relative pairs.ConclusionsIn accord with prior results in siblings, environmental factors contribute substantially to the familial aggregation of DA in cousins and these effects are, in general, stronger in males than in females.

scholarly journals Geographical proximity and the transmission of drug abuse among siblings: evaluating a contagion model in a Swedish National Sample

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth S. Kendler ◽  
Henrik Ohlsson ◽  
Alexis C. Edwards ◽  
Jan Sundquist ◽  
Kristina Sundquist
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Familial Aggregation ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Proximity Effects ◽  
Social Contagion ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Geographical Proximity ◽  
Sibling Pairs ◽  
Contagion Model

Abstract Aims Can drug abuse (DA) be transmitted psychologically between adult siblings consistent with a social contagion model? Methods We followed Swedish sibling pairs born in 1932–1990 until one of them, sibling1 (S1), had a first DA registration. We then examined, using Cox regression, the hazard rate for a first registration for DA in sibling2 (S2) within 3 years of a first DA registration in S1 as a function of their geographical proximity. We examined 153 294 informative pairs. To control for familial confounding, we repeated these analyses in sibships containing multiple pairs, comparing risk in different siblings with their proximity to S1. DA was recorded in medical, criminal or pharmacy registries. Results The best-fit model predicted risk for DA in S2 as a function of the log of kilometres between S1 and S2 with parameter estimates (±95% confidence intervals) of 0.94 (0.92; 0.95). Prediction of DA included effects of cohabitation and an interaction of proximity and time since S1 registration with stronger effects of proximity early in the follow-up period. Proximity effects were stronger for smaller S1–S2 age differences and for same- v. opposite-sex pairs. Sibship analyses confirmed sibling-pair results. Conclusions Consistent with a social contagion model, the probability of transmission of a first registration for DA in sibling pairs is related to their geographical proximity and similarity in age and sex. Such effects for DA are time-dependent and include cohabitation effects. These results illustrate the complexity of the familial aggregation of DA and support efforts to reduce their contagious spread within families in adulthood.

Familial influence on tibiofemoral alignment

2009 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 542-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdurrahman Tufan ◽  
Ingrid Meulenbelt ◽  
Jessica Bijsterbosch ◽  
Herman M Kroon ◽  
Sita M A Bierma-Zeinstra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Familial Aggregation ◽  
Joint Involvement ◽  
Sibling Pairs ◽  
Tibiofemoral Angle ◽  
Knee Oa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tibiofemoral Alignment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Heritability Estimates ◽  
The Right

BackgroundTibiofemoral alignment has a role in knee osteoarthritis (OA), but which factors contribute to alignment is unknown.ObjectiveTo investigate familial aggregation of tibiofemoral alignment in participants of the GARP (Genetics ARthrosis and Progression) study.MethodsThe tibiofemoral anatomical angle on semiflexed knee radiographs was measured in sibling pairs (mean age 60 years, 81% women) with primary OA with multiple joint involvement. Radiographic OA was assessed according to the Kellgren–Lawrence (KL) method. Heritability estimates of the tibiofemoral angle were calculated by comparing twice the between-sibling variance with the total variance; adjustments were made for age, gender, body mass index, history of meniscectomy, lower limb fracture and in analyses including all knees, for KL score.Results360 subjects representing 180 families were studied. The mean (SD) tibiofemoral angle of right and left knees in the probands was 182.7 (2.9)° and 182.8 (2.6)°, respectively; similar angles were measured in the siblings. Radiographic knee OA (KL score ≥2) was present in 27% of the knees. Stratified analyses in sib pairs with non-osteoarthritic right or left knees showed adjusted heritability estimates of the tibiofemoral angle of the right and left knees of 0.42 (95% CI 0.02 to 0.82) and 0.56 (95% CI 0.19 to 0.93). In addition, adjusted heritability estimates of the tibiofemoral angle in all right and left knees were calculated, being 0.48 (95% CI 0.18 to 0.78) and 0.50 (95% CI 0.21 to 0.79), respectively.ConclusionThe alignment of the tibiofemoral joint is influenced by familial factors, implying that tibiofemoral malalignment may add to the genetic predisposition for knee OA development. These results need to be confirmed in other study populations.

Environmental transmission of violent criminal behavior in siblings: a Swedish national study

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (15) ◽  
pp. 3181-3187 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Kendler ◽  
N. A. Morris ◽  
S. L. Lönn ◽  
J. Sundquist ◽  
K. Sundquist
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Cox Model ◽  
National Study ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Sibling Pairs ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Violent Criminal ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Regression ◽  
Best Fit ◽  
Older Siblings

Background.Violent criminal behaviour (VCB) runs strongly in families partly because of shared environmental factors. Can we clarify the environmental processes that contribute to similarity of risk for VCB in siblings?Method.We assessed VCB from the Swedish National Crime Register for the years 1973–2011 in siblings born 1950–1991. We examined by conditional logistic and Cox proportional hazard regression, respectively, whether resemblance for VCB in sibling pairs was influenced by their age difference and whether VCB was more strongly ‘transmitted’ from older→younger versus younger→older siblings.Results.In our best-fit logistic model, for each year of age difference in full sibling pairs, the risk for VCB in the sibling of a case versus control proband declined by 2.6% [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.2–3.0]. In our best-fit Cox model, the hazard rate for VCB in a sibling when the affected proband was older versus younger was 1.4, 2.1 and 2.9 respectively for a 1-, 5- and 10-year difference in siblings.Conclusions.Controlling for genetic effects by examining only full siblings, sibling resemblance for risk for VCB was significantly greater in pairs closer versus more distant in age. Older siblings more strongly transmitted risk for VCB to their younger siblings than vice versa. These results strongly support the importance of familial–environmental influences on VCB and provide some insight into the possible mechanisms at work.

scholarly journals Familial aggregation of multiple sclerosis: Results from the national registry of the disease in Saudi Arabia

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 205521732096049
Author(s):  
Mohammed AlJumah ◽  
Hessa Al Otaibi ◽  
Ghada Al Towaijri ◽  
Ahmed Hassan ◽  
Abid Kareem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Family History ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Familial Aggregation ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
National Registry ◽  
P Value ◽  
Parental Consanguinity ◽  
History Of

Background Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic CNS inflammatory disease commonly affecting young adults. Both genetics and environmental factors have been reported to have a role in pathophysiology of the disease. Objective This article aims to report familial nature and aspects of MS in Saudi Arabia. Method The study utilized data collected by the National Saudi MS Registry between 2015 and 2018; especially data relevant to the familial history of MS. SPSS 22 was used for all analysis and reporting. Statistical significance was set at p-value < 0.05. Results The registry included 20 hospitals and a total of 2516 patients from the different regions of Saudi Arabia with median age 32.00 (Range: 11–63) and 66.5% being female. About 12.8% of all registered patients reported a family history of MS (95%CI: 11.2-13.9). Reported parental consanguinity was significantly higher among patients with family history (FMS) (56.3%) compared to non-FMS patients (27.9%). 42.53% of FMS patients reported having siblings affected with MS (95%CI: 37.01–48.21), with more female siblings affected than males (63.4% vs 36.6% respectively). Conclusion Our Findings suggested that FMS was less prevalent than what was reported previously; however, parental consanguinity was significantly more prevalent among FMS patients than non-FMS. Our findings were in line with those reported in recent studies in the region, but lower than those reported by western countries indicating that increasing prevalence of MS in Saudi Arabia could be multifactorial and other environmental factors should be considered for understanding this recent rise in the prevalence of MS in Saudi Arabia.

scholarly journals Kin recognition and perceived facial similarity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Hansen ◽  
Iris Jasmin Holzleitner ◽  
Anthony J Lee ◽  
Kieran J. O'Shea ◽  
Lisa Marie DeBruine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Kin Recognition ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Sibling Pairs ◽  
Similarity Ratings ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Similarity Judgments ◽  
Facial Similarity ◽  
Highly Correlated

Kinship and facial self-resemblance evoke similar patterns of behaviour, such as increased pro-sociality and decreased sexual motivation. Moreover, it has been suggested that facial resemblance/similarity between individuals informs kinship judgments in third-party kin recognition as one study found that similarity and kinship judgments encapsulate the same information (Maloney &amp; Dal Martello, 2006). Yet, another study found that similarity judgments convey some information that is not conveyed in kinship judgments when comparing adult face pairs of different sex (DeBruine et al., 2009). We replicated these studies to further investigate these convergent results and clarify the role facial similarity plays in third-party kin recognition. We recruited 318 raters, who were shown 50 sibling pairs and 50 age- and sex-matched unrelated pairs ranging from 3 to 17 years old. Each rater was randomly assigned to make either kinship judgments (“related” or “unrelated”) or similarity judgments (scale from 0-“not very similar” to 10-“very similar”). We found that performance in both tasks was equally accurate, with participants detecting child siblings in the kinship task above chance and giving significantly higher similarity ratings to siblings in the similarity task. In both tasks, opposite-sex siblings were less often perceived to be siblings less often than same-sex siblings, while judgments of unrelated face pairs were not affected by the sex of faces. In contrast, the effect of difference in age between pairs of faces differed for the two tasks: in the similarity task, sibling pairs’ similarity decreased with increasing age differences, while no such effect was observed for unrelated pairs. In the kinship task, an increasing age difference decreased relatedness judgments for both related and unrelated pairs. In line with DeBruine et al. (2009), these findings suggest that similarity and kinship judgments are highly correlated but not strictly synonymous. The OSF Pre-registration for this project can be found at osf.io/ps9hy and the data and code at osf.io/sef9k.

Analytical and Graphical Methods to Model the Association between Family History and Disease from a Case-control Study

2001 ◽  
Vol 40 (02) ◽  
pp. 112-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Severi ◽  
C. Robertson ◽  
J. L. Hopper ◽  
L. Baglietto
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Familial Aggregation ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Previous Hypothesis ◽  
History Of Disease ◽  
History Of ◽  
Control Study

AbstractSubjects within a family have a high probability of sharing environmental factors as well as genes. Without any previous hypothesis, familial aggregation cannot be attributed to genetic or environmental factors. In epidemiology a common measure of familial aggregation is the odds ratio (OR) evaluated from case-control studies which gives a measure of the increased risk associated with particular aspects of the family’s history of disease. An analytical method is presented to model the OR of case-control studies in the presence of risk factors, genetic or environmental, that are correlated between relatives. A graphical approach that can be used to link the parameters of the model with the values of the OR is also described. The method is illustrated using the example of familial aggregation in colorectal cancer.

NURTURING OF CHILDREN THROUGH DRAMA AND THEATRE: THE CASE OF INTWASA KOBULAWAYO PERFORMANCES

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-99
Author(s):  
Vimbai Moreblessing Matiza
Keyword(s):  
Political Development ◽  
Children And Youth ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Theatrical Performances ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

Dramatic and theatrical performances have a long history of being used as tools to enhance development in children and youth. In pre-colonial times there were some forms of drama and theatre used by different communities in the socialisation of children. It is in the same vein that this article, through the Intwasa koBulawayo performances, seeks to evaluate how drama and theatre are used to nurture children and youth into different developmental facets of their lives. The only difference which this article will take into cognisance is that the performances are done in a different environment, which is not the one used in the pre-colonial times. Although these performances were like this, the most important factor is the idea that children and youth are socialised through these performances. It is also against this backdrop that children and youth are growing up in a globalised environment, hence the performances should accommodate people from all walks of life and teach them relevant issues pertaining to life as they live it now. Thus the main task of the article is to spell out the role of drama and theatre in the nurturing of children and youth through socio economic and political development in Intwasa koBulawayo festivals.

“Sou Inglesa! Sou Inglesa!”: Memórias de uma Menina Anglo-Portuguesa (1907-1930)

2017 ◽  
pp. 141-155
Author(s):  
Miguel Alarcão
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Social History ◽  
Travel Literature ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Self And Other ◽  
Cultural Encounter ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Times

Textualizing the memory(ies) of physical and cultural encounter(s) between Self and Other, travel literature/writing often combines subjectivity with documental information which may prove relevant to better assess mentalities, everyday life and the social history of any given ‘timeplace’. That is the case with Growing up English. Memories of Portugal 1907-1930, by D. J. Baylis (née Bucknall), prefaced by Peter Mollet as “(…) a remarkably vivid and well written observation of the times expressed with humour and not little ‘carinho’. In all they make excellent reading especially for those of us interested in the recent past.” (Baylis: 2)

scholarly journals Scopolamine fatal outcome in an inmate after buscopan® smoking

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabina Strano-Rossi ◽  
Serena Mestria ◽  
Giorgio Bolino ◽  
Matteo Polacco ◽  
Simone Grassi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Muscarinic Receptors ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Butyl Bromide ◽  
Cannabis Abuse ◽  
Toxic Concentration ◽  
History Of

AbstractScopolamine is an alkaloid which acts as competitive antagonists to acetylcholine at central and peripheral muscarinic receptors. We report the case of a 41-year-old male convict with a 27-year history of cannabis abuse who suddenly died in the bed of his cell after having smoked buscopan® tablets. Since both abuse of substances and recent physical assaults had been reported, we opted for a comprehensive approach (post-mortem computed tomography CT (PMCT), full forensic autopsy, and toxicology testing) to determine which was the cause of the death. Virtopsy found significant cerebral edema and lungs edema that were confirmed at the autopsy and at the histopathological examination. Scopolamine was detected in peripheral blood at the toxic concentration of 14 ng/mL in blood and at 263 ng/mL in urine, and scopolamine butyl bromide at 17 ng/mL in blood and 90 ng/mL in urine. Quetiapine, mirtazapine, lorazepam, diazepam, and metabolites and valproate were also detected (at therapeutic concentrations). Inmates, especially when they have a history of drug abuse, are at risk to use any substance they can find for recreational purposes. In prisons, active surveillance on the management and assumption of prescribed drugs could avoid fatal acute intoxication.

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