Kin recognition and perceived facial similarity

Kinship and facial self-resemblance evoke similar patterns of behaviour, such as increased pro-sociality and decreased sexual motivation. Moreover, it has been suggested that facial resemblance/similarity between individuals informs kinship judgments in third-party kin recognition as one study found that similarity and kinship judgments encapsulate the same information (Maloney & Dal Martello, 2006). Yet, another study found that similarity judgments convey some information that is not conveyed in kinship judgments when comparing adult face pairs of different sex (DeBruine et al., 2009). We replicated these studies to further investigate these convergent results and clarify the role facial similarity plays in third-party kin recognition. We recruited 318 raters, who were shown 50 sibling pairs and 50 age- and sex-matched unrelated pairs ranging from 3 to 17 years old. Each rater was randomly assigned to make either kinship judgments (“related” or “unrelated”) or similarity judgments (scale from 0-“not very similar” to 10-“very similar”). We found that performance in both tasks was equally accurate, with participants detecting child siblings in the kinship task above chance and giving significantly higher similarity ratings to siblings in the similarity task. In both tasks, opposite-sex siblings were less often perceived to be siblings less often than same-sex siblings, while judgments of unrelated face pairs were not affected by the sex of faces. In contrast, the effect of difference in age between pairs of faces differed for the two tasks: in the similarity task, sibling pairs’ similarity decreased with increasing age differences, while no such effect was observed for unrelated pairs. In the kinship task, an increasing age difference decreased relatedness judgments for both related and unrelated pairs. In line with DeBruine et al. (2009), these findings suggest that similarity and kinship judgments are highly correlated but not strictly synonymous. The OSF Pre-registration for this project can be found at osf.io/ps9hy and the data and code at osf.io/sef9k.

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Kinship alters the effects of forced cohabitation on body weight, mate choice and fitness in the rat-like hamster Tscheskia triton

Current Zoology ◽

10.1093/czoolo/55.1.41 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 55 (1) ◽

pp. 41-47

Author(s):

Xiaoping Rao ◽

Jian-Xu Zhang ◽

Dingzhen Liu ◽

Lin Cong

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Mate Choice ◽

Kin Recognition ◽

Female Rat ◽

Male And Female ◽

Sibling Pairs ◽

Behavioral Interaction ◽

Social Familiarity ◽

Rare And Endangered ◽

Opposite Sex

Abstract It has been documented that social isolation imparts deleterious effects on gregarious rodents species, but caging in group imparts such effects on solitary rodents. This study was attempted at examining how kinship to affect body weight, behavioral interaction, mate choice and fitness when we caged male and female rat-like hamsters Tscheskia triton in pair, a solitary species. We found that females paired with nonsibling males became heavier than the females paired with sibling males, but both agonistic and amicable behavior between paired males and females did not differ between sibling and nonsibling groups. This indicated that kinship might reduce females’ obesity in response to forced cohabitation, and dissociation might exist between physiological and behavioral responses. Furthermore, binary choice tests revealed that social familiarity between either siblings or nonsiblings decreased their investigating time spent in opposite sex conspecific of cage mates and/ or their scents as compared with those of non-mates, suggesting effects of social association on mate and kin selection of the hamsters. On the other side, both females and males caged in pair with siblings show a preference between unfamiliar siblings or their scents and the counterparts of nonsiblings after two month separation, indicating that the kin recognition of the hamsters might also rely on phenotype matching. In addition, cohabitation (or permanent presence of fathers) elicited a lower survival of pups in nonsibling pairs than sibling pairs, but did not affect litter size, suggesting that kinship affects fitness when housing male and female ratlike hamsters together. Therefore, inbreeding might be adapted for rare and endangered animals.

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Environmental influences on familial resemblance for drug abuse in first-cousin pairs: a Swedish national study

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291713000846 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 44 (2) ◽

pp. 371-379 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

K. S. Kendler ◽

H. Ohlsson ◽

K. Sundquist ◽

J. Sundquist

Keyword(s):

Drug Abuse ◽

Environmental Factors ◽

Age Differences ◽

Familial Aggregation ◽

National Study ◽

Age Difference ◽

Geographical Proximity ◽

Growing Up ◽

Sibling Pairs ◽

History Of

BackgroundUsing three independent methods, prior studies in Swedish sibling pairs indicate that environmental factors contribute substantially to familial aggregation for drug abuse (DA). Could we replicate these results in cousin pairs?MethodUsing multiple Swedish public databases (1964–2011), we defined DA using medical, legal or pharmacy registry records and examined concordance in full cousin pairs as a function of age differences, younger–older relationships and geographical proximity while growing up.ResultsReplicating prior results in siblings, cousin pairs were significantly more similar in their history of DA if they were (i) closer versus more distant in age and (ii) grew up in high versus low geographical proximity to one another. Furthermore, controlling for background factors, having an older cousin with DA conveys a greater risk for DA than having a younger drug-abusing cousin. The greater transmission of DA from older to younger versus younger to older cousin was more prominent in pairs who grew up close to one another. In age difference and geographical proximity analyses, effects were consistently strongest in male–male cousin pairs. In analyses of older → younger versus younger → older transmission, effects were stronger in male–male and male–female than in female–female or female–male relative pairs.ConclusionsIn accord with prior results in siblings, environmental factors contribute substantially to the familial aggregation of DA in cousins and these effects are, in general, stronger in males than in females.

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Vocabulary competence in first- and secondborn siblings of the same chronological age

Journal of Child Language ◽

10.1017/s0305000904006518 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 855-873 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

MARC H. BORNSTEIN ◽

DIANE B. LEACH ◽

O. MAURICE HAYNES

Keyword(s):

Gender Composition ◽

Chronological Age ◽

Age Difference ◽

Sibling Pairs ◽

Multiple Measures ◽

Maternal Report ◽

Child Speech ◽

Maternal Reports ◽

Assessment Measures

We explored vocabulary competence in 55 firstborn and secondborn sibling pairs when each child reached 1;8 using multiple measures of maternal report, child speech, and experimenter assessment. Measures from each of the three sources were interrelated. Firstborns' vocabulary competence exceeded secondborns' only in maternal reports, not in child speech or in experimenter assessments. Firstborn girls outperformed boys on all vocabulary competence measures, and secondborn girls outperformed boys on most measures. Vocabulary competence was independent of the gender composition and, generally, of the age difference in sibling pairs. Vocabulary competence in firstborns and secondborns was only weakly related.

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Psychometric properties of the International Personality Item Pool Big-Five personality questionnaire for the Greek population

Health Psychology Research ◽

10.4081/hpr.2015.2206 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Maria Ypofanti ◽

Vasiliki Zisi ◽

Nikolaos Zourbanos ◽

Barbara Mouchtouri ◽

Pothiti Tzanne ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Age Differences ◽

Big Five ◽

Short Form ◽

Personality Factor ◽

Big Five Personality ◽

Item Pool ◽

Total N ◽

Personality Item ◽

Good Internal Consistency ◽

Highly Correlated

Goldberg’s International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) big-five personality factor markers currently lack validating evidence. The structure of the 50-item IPIP was examined in two different adult samples (total N=811), in each case justifying a 5-factor solution, with only minor discrepancies. Age differences were comparable to previous findings using other inventories. One sample (N=193) also completed additionally another personality measure (the TIPI Short Form). Conscientiousness, extraversion and emotional stability/ neuroticism scales of the IPIP were highly correlated with those of the TIPI (r=0.62 to 0.65, P=0.01). Agreeableness and Intellect/Openness scales correlated less strongly (r=0.54 and 0.58 respectively, P=0.01). The IPIP scales have good internal consistency (a=0.88) and relate strongly to major dimensions of personality assessed by the two questionnaires.

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Age differences in the precision of memory at short and long delays

10.31234/osf.io/zucr3 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Stephen Rhodes ◽

Emily E Abenne ◽

Ashley M Meierhofer ◽

Moshe Naveh-Benjamin

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Age Differences ◽

Long Term Memory ◽

Age Difference ◽

Younger Adults ◽

Recall Error ◽

Successful Recall ◽

Error Distance

Age differences are well established for many memory tasks assessing both short-term and long-term memory. However, how age differences in performance vary with increasing delay between study and test is less clear. Here we report two experiments in which participants studied a continuous sequence of object-location pairings. Test events were intermixed such that participants were asked to recall the precise location of an object following a variable delay. Older adults exhibit a greater degree of error (distance between studied and recalled locations) relative to younger adults at short (0-2 intervening events) and longer delays (10-25 intervening events). Mixture modeling of the distribution of recall error suggests that older adults do not fail to recall information at a significantly higher rate than younger adults. Instead, what they do recall appears to be less precise. Follow up analyses demonstrate that this age difference emerges following only one or two intervening events between study and test. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that aging does not greatly impair recall from the focus of attention but age differences emerge once information is displaced from this highly accessible state. Further, we suggest that age differences in the precision of memory, but not the probability of successful recall, may be due to the use of more gist-like representations in this task.

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Age Differences in the Required Coefficient of Friction During Level Walking Do Not Exist When Experimentally-Controlling Speed and Step Length

Journal of Applied Biomechanics ◽

10.1123/jab.2013-0275 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 542-546 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Dennis E. Anderson ◽

Christopher T. Franck ◽

Michael L. Madigan

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Age Differences ◽

Coefficient Of Friction ◽

Age Groups ◽

Step Length ◽

Age Difference ◽

Age Related ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Independent Effects ◽

Positive Effect

The effects of gait speed and step length on the required coefficient of friction (COF) confound the investigation of age-related differences in required COF. The goals of this study were to investigate whether age differences in required COF during self-selected gait persist when experimentally-controlling speed and step length, and to determine the independent effects of speed and step length on required COF. Ten young and 10 older healthy adults performed gait trials under five gait conditions: self-selected, slow and fast speeds without controlling step length, and slow and fast speeds while controlling step length. During self-selected gait, older adults walked with shorter step lengths and exhibited a lower required COF. Older adults also exhibited a lower required COF when walking at a controlled speed without controlling step length. When both age groups walked with the same speed and step length, no age difference in required COF was found. Thus, speed and step length can have a large influence on studies investigating age-related differences in required COF. It was also found that speed and step length have independent and opposite effects on required COF, with step length having a strong positive effect on required COF, and speed having a weaker negative effect.

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Astrophysical properties of binary star clusters in the Small Magellanic Cloud

Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s1743921309991967 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 5 (S266) ◽

pp. 533-536

Author(s):

João F. C. Santos ◽

Alex A. Schmidt ◽

Eduardo Bica

Keyword(s):

Star Formation ◽

Age Differences ◽

Binary Star ◽

Star Clusters ◽

Magellanic Cloud ◽

Age Difference ◽

Small Magellanic Cloud ◽

Density Profiles ◽

Physical Connection ◽

Stellar Density

AbstractTo study the evolution of binary star clusters, we have imaged seven systems in the Small Magellanic Cloud with the SOAR 4m telescope using B and V filters. The sample contains pairs with well-separated components (d < 30 pc) as well as systems that apparently have merged, as evidenced by their unusual structures. By employing isochrone fitting to their color–magnitude diagrams, we have determined reddening values, ages and metallicities, and by fitting King models to their radial stellar-density profiles we estimated core radii. Disturbances of the density profiles are interpreted as evidence of interactions. Properties such as the distances between their components and their age differences are addressed in terms of the timescales involved, to assess the physical connection of the system. In two cases, the age difference is more than 50 Myr, which suggests a chance alignment, capture or sequential star formation.

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Age Differences in the Relationship between Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16081409 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (8) ◽

pp. 1409

Author(s):

Hui-Jian Chen ◽

Gai-Ling Li ◽

Ao Sun ◽

Dang-Sheng Peng ◽

Wan-Xia Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Age Differences ◽

Secondhand Smoke ◽

Metabolic Disorder ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Mean Difference ◽

Age Difference ◽

Age Group ◽

The Relationship

Secondhand smoke (SHS), a common environmental exposure factor, has become a serious public health problem. Metabolic syndrome is another worldwide clinical challenge. Our study tried to determine the age differences in the relationship between SHS and the risk of metabolic syndrome. Studies were searched in PubMed and Web of Science from 11 November to 30 November 2018. Eighteen studies were finally included based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The relationship between SHS and the risk indicators of metabolic syndrome was analyzed. The weighted mean difference (WMD) of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), insulin, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC), and the standard mean difference (SMD) of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low- and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C, HDL-C) were calculated in a meta-analysis. SHS was positively associated with the level of insulin and WC. According to the subgroup analysis based on age difference, SHS was positively associated with FPG in the upper age group, and positively associated with LDL-C and negatively associated with HDL-C in the lower age group. BMI showed a more obvious positive correlation in the adults group than in the children and the teenagers group. In conclusion, the association of metabolic syndrome with SHS varies with age. When exposed to SHS, older people may be more susceptible to glucose metabolic disorder, but younger people may be more susceptible to lipid metabolic disorder.

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Invariance of edit-distance to tempo in rhythm similarity

Psychology of Music ◽

10.1177/0305735620971030 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 030573562097103

Author(s):

Matthew Moritz ◽

Matthew Heard ◽

Hyun-Woong Kim ◽

Yune S Lee

Keyword(s):

Edit Distance ◽

Ecological Validity ◽

Perceptual Similarity ◽

Music Psychology ◽

Mantel Tests ◽

Distance Model ◽

Minimum Number ◽

History Of ◽

Similarity Ratings ◽

Similarity Judgments

Despite the long history of music psychology, rhythm similarity perception remains largely unexplored. Several studies suggest that edit-distance—the minimum number of notational changes required to transform one rhythm into another—predicts similarity judgments. However, the ecological validity of edit-distance remains elusive. We investigated whether the edit-distance model can predict perceptual similarity between rhythms that also differed in a fundamental characteristic of music—tempo. Eighteen participants rated the similarity between a series of rhythms presented in a pairwise fashion. The edit-distance of these rhythms varied from 1 to 4, and tempo was set at either 90 or 150 beats per minute (BPM). A test of congruence among distance matrices (CADM) indicated significant inter-participant reliability of ratings, and non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) visualized that the ratings were clustered based upon both tempo and whether rhythms shared an identical onset pattern, a novel effect we termed rhythm primacy. Finally, Mantel tests revealed significant correlations of edit-distance with similarity ratings on both within- and between-tempo rhythms. Our findings corroborated that the edit-distance predicts rhythm similarity and demonstrated that the edit-distance accounts for similarity of rhythms that are markedly different in tempo. This suggests that rhythmic gestalt is invariant to differences in tempo.

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