scholarly journals Childhood trauma mediates the association between ethnic minority status and more severe hallucinations in psychotic disorder

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. O. Berg ◽  
M. Aas ◽  
S. Larsson ◽  
M. Nerhus ◽  
E. Hauff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Psychotic Disorder ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Auditory Hallucinations ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Positive Symptoms ◽  
Minority Status ◽  
Cross Sectional

BackgroundEthnic minority status and childhood trauma are established risk factors for psychotic disorders. Both are found to be associated with increased level of positive symptoms, in particular auditory hallucinations. Our main aim was to investigate the experience and effect of childhood trauma in patients with psychosis from ethnic minorities, hypothesizing that they would report more childhood trauma than the majority and that this would be associated with more current and lifetime hallucinations.MethodIn this cross-sectional study we included 454 patients with a SCID-I DSM-IV diagnosis of non-affective or affective psychotic disorder. Current hallucinations were measured with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (P3; Hallucinatory Behaviour). Lifetime hallucinations were assessed with the SCID-I items: auditory hallucinations, voices commenting and two or more voices conversing. Childhood trauma was assessed with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, self-report version.ResultsPatients from ethnic minority groups (n = 69) reported significantly more childhood trauma, specifically physical abuse/neglect, and sexual abuse. They had significantly more current hallucinatory behaviour and lifetime symptoms of hearing two or more voices conversing. Regression analyses revealed that the presence of childhood trauma mediated the association between ethnic minorities and hallucinations.ConclusionsMore childhood trauma in ethnic minorities with psychosis may partially explain findings of more positive symptoms, especially hallucinations, in this group. The association between childhood trauma and these first-rank symptoms may in part explain this group's higher risk of being diagnosed with a schizophrenia-spectrum diagnosis. The findings show the importance of childhood trauma in symptom development in psychosis.

scholarly journals From Speech Illusions to Onset of Psychotic Disorder: Applying Network Analysis to an Experimental Measure of Aberrant Experiences

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindy-Lou Boyette ◽  
Adela-Maria Isvoranu ◽  
Frederike Schirmbeck ◽  
Eva Velthorst ◽  
Claudia J P Simons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychotic Disorder ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Positive Symptoms ◽  
Clinical High Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Affective Symptoms ◽  
The Eu

Abstract Aberrant perceptional experiences are a potential early marker of psychosis development. Earlier studies have found experimentally assessed speech illusions to be associated with positive symptoms in patients with psychotic disorders, but findings for attenuated symptoms in individuals without psychotic disorders have been inconsistent. Also, the role of affect is unclear. The aim of this study was to use the network approach to investigate how speech illusions relate to individual symptoms and onset of a psychotic disorder. We estimated a network model based on data from 289 Clinical High-Risk (CHR) subjects, participating in the EU-GEI project. The network structure depicts statistical associations between (affective and all) speech illusions, cross-sectional individual attenuated positive and affective symptoms, and transition to psychotic disorder after conditioning on all other variables in the network. Speech illusions were assessed with the White Noise Task, symptoms with the BPRS and transition during 24-month follow-up with the CAARMS. Affective, not all, speech illusions were found to be directly, albeit weakly, associated with hallucinatory experiences. Hallucinatory experiences, in turn, were associated with delusional ideation. Bizarre behavior was the only symptom in the network steadily predictive of transition. Affective symptoms were highly interrelated, with depression showing the highest overall strength of connections to and predictability by other symptoms. Both speech illusions and transition showed low overall predictability by symptoms. Our findings suggest that experimentally assessed speech illusions are not a mere consequence of psychotic symptoms or disorder, but that their single assessment is likely not useful for assessing transition risk.

scholarly journals Childhood Trauma and Neurocognition in Adults With Psychotic Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1195-1208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Vargas ◽  
Phoebe H Lam ◽  
Matilda Azis ◽  
K Juston Osborne ◽  
Amy Lieberman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Psychotic Disorder ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Neurocognitive Function ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Memory And Attention

Abstract Background Characterizing the link between childhood trauma and adult neurocognitive function in psychosis is crucial for improving the fields understanding of how early environmental risk factors impact the presentation of the disorder. To date, the literature has been inconsistent: meta-analytic synthesis is lacking, and it is unclear whether specific cognitive functions are affected. Methods A meta-analysis was performed on a total of 3315 subjects with a psychotic disorder. The links between childhood trauma, overall neurocognitive function, and four cognitive subdomains (working memory, executive function, verbal/visual memory, and attention/processing speed) were examined. Relevant sample characteristics and methodological moderators were tested. The strength of the association between trauma and overall neurocognition in individuals with psychotic disorders was also compared to that of healthy controls. Results Among individuals with psychotic disorders, there was a significant association between overall cognition and childhood trauma, r = −.055; 95% CI = −0.09, −0.02, P = .002. There was also a modest, negative relationship between childhood trauma and working memory, r = −.091; 95% CI = −0.15, −0.03, P = .002. Moderators did not have a significant effect on these analyses. Further, the association between childhood trauma and neurocognition was significantly stronger in healthy controls compared to patients with a psychotic disorder. Conclusion A small negative association was found between overall cognition and childhood trauma in individuals with psychotic disorders. Results suggest the association is less strong for individuals with a psychotic disorder compared to healthy populations. Findings are informative for prominent etiological models of psychosis.

scholarly journals Subclinical psychosis in adult migrants and ethnic minorities: systematic review and meta-analysis

BJPsych Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 510-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Tortelli ◽  
Aurélie Nakamura ◽  
Federico Suprani ◽  
Franck Schürhoff ◽  
Judith Van der Waerden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Narrative Analysis ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Variance Estimation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Minority Status ◽  
Migrant Status ◽  
Subclinical Psychosis

BackgroundIt is well established that migration and ethnic minority status are risk factors for psychotic disorders. Recent studies have aimed to determine if they are also associated with subclinical psychosis (psychotic-like experiences and schizotypal traits).AimsWe aimed to determine to what extent migrant and ethnic minority groups are associated with higher risk of subclinical psychosis.MethodWe conducted a systematic review, using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement, and examined findings by ethnicity, migrant status, outcomes of subclinical psychosis and host country. A meta-analysis was carried out with robust variance estimation where possible, to handle statistically dependent effect size estimates.ResultsWe included 28 studies (19 studies on psychotic-like experiences and 9 studies on schizotypal traits) and found that ethnicity, but not migrant status, was associated with current and lifetime psychotic-like experiences. In the narrative analysis, we observed the effect of psychosocial risk factors on this association: Black ethnicity groups showed consistent increased prevalence of current and lifetime psychotic-like experiences compared with the reference population across countries.ConclusionsMore generalisable and standardised cohort studies of psychotic-like experiences and schizotypal traits in relation to migration/ethnicity are necessary to examine the effects of exposures and outcomes in different contexts, and to understand the underlying mechanisms of the association between subclinical psychosis and migrant and ethnic minority status.Declaration of interestNone.

scholarly journals S134. INCIDENCE, IMPACT AND TRAJECTORIES OF PSYCHOTIC EXPERIENCES FROM CHILDHOOD TO ADULTHOOD, AND PREDICTION OF PSYCHOTIC DISORDER

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S86-S86
Author(s):  
Stanley Zammit ◽  
Jon Heron ◽  
Alexandros Rammos ◽  
Hannah Jones ◽  
Daphne Kounali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
General Population ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Psychotic Disorder ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Psychotic Experiences ◽  
Longitudinal Profiles ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Given the global burden of disease of psychotic disorders and the promise of benefit from early intervention, there is an imperative to understand the developmental trajectories from onset of psychotic experiences to clinical disorder and to improve identification of individuals at greatest risk. The aims of this study therefore were: 1) to describe, for the first time, the change in incidence of psychotic experiences in the general population from childhood through early adulthood; 2) to describe the prevalence and burden of unmet clinical need of at-risk mental states and psychotic disorder among young adults in the general population; 3) to examine the predictive ability of both self-reported and interviewer-rated measures of psychotic experiences during childhood and adolescence in identifying psychotic disorder by early adulthood; and 4) to describe longitudinal profiles of psychotic experiences from childhood through early adulthood and investigate a comprehensive range of childhood determinants of symptom persistence. Methods We used data from the ALSPAC birth cohort study. Psychotic experiences and disorder were assessed using semi-structured interviews at ages 12, 18, and 24 (N=7,900 with any data). Incidence rates were estimated using flexible parametric modeling, and positive predictive values (PPVs), sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve were estimated for prediction. Longitudinal profiles were constructed based on interviewer ratings and frequency of experiences, with profiles describing no experiences (62.5%), episodic experiences (26.5%), persistent/recurrent low frequency (9.1%), and persistent/recurrent high frequency (1.9%) groups. Multinomial regression was used to examine risk factors for persistence, covering socio-demographic, genetic, behavioural, cognitive, and psychological characteristics during childhood. Results The incidence rate of psychotic experiences increased between ages 12 and 24, peaking during late adolescence. A total of 109 individuals (2.8%) met criteria for a psychotic disorder up to age 24, of whom 70% had sought professional help. Prediction of current psychotic disorder at age 24 (N=47, 1.2%), by both self-report and interviewer-rated measures of psychotic experiences at age 18 (PPVs, 2.9% and 10.0%, respectively), was improved by incorporating information on frequency and distress (PPVs, 13.3% and 20.0%, respectively), although sensitivities were low. The PPV of an at-risk mental state at age 18 predicting incident disorder at ages 18–24 was 21.1% (95%CI 6.1, 45.6), and the sensitivity was 14.3% (95%CI 4.0, 32.7). Longitudinal profile analysis showed that persistence was highest in those with higher levels of emotional instability and borderline personality traits in childhood, whilst persistence was strongly related to concurrent and increasing levels of social isolation, anxiety, self-harm, and substance use over time. Discussion Our study results show a peak in incidence of psychotic experience during late adolescence just prior to the peak incidence rate for schizophrenia, and an unmet need for care in young people with psychotic disorders. Although we show the potential efficiency of self-report measures for prediction, because of the low sensitivity, targeting individuals in non-help-seeking samples based only on more severe symptom cutoff thresholds will likely have little impact on population levels of first-episode psychosis. The primary characteristics indexing whether psychotic experiences are likely to persist over time is the presence of emotion regulation difficulties in childhood, providing evidence of a potentially modifiable target for prevention.

scholarly journals Cross-Sectional Descriptive Pilot Study on the Risk of Psychotic Disorders among Adolescents

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 916
Author(s):  
Carmen Cendrero-Luengo ◽  
María Jiménez-Palomares ◽  
Juan Rodríguez-Mansilla ◽  
Elisa María Garrido-Ardila
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Psychotic Disorder ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: Adolescence is a key stage for the development of different mental disorders, particularly psychotic disorders. This stage of life is accompanied by new habits or behaviours that can make a person more vulnerable to developing a psychotic disorder or, on the contrary, play a protective role. Objective: To study the vulnerability to developing a psychotic disorder in adolescents and to analyse the main risk factors. Materials and methods: This is an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study. The data collection was conducted using the Prodromal Questionnaire Brief Version (PQ-B) test and a self-developed questionnaire based on the vulnerability–stress model. Results: Of the total sample (n = 44), 65.9% were male and 100% lived in a rural environment. In general, among risk factors (stress, alcohol and cannabis consumption, history, bullying, traumatic event and sedentary lifestyle), alcohol consumption and the presence of stress were found to have high values. Furthermore, a risk of psychosis was found in 38.6% of the studied population. Of this percentage of adolescents at risk, 64.7% consumed alcohol (p = 0.99) and 82.4% suffered from stress (p = 0.7161). The protective factor (physical activity) was found in more than half (59% p = 0.16). Conclusions: There is a high risk of psychosis among the young adolescents assessed in this study, where the explanatory factors identified with higher values were alcohol consumption and the presence of stress.

Anxiety sensitivity depending on presence of positive symptoms in psychosis

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1383-1383
Author(s):  
E. Fernândez-Jiménez ◽  
J. Pastor-Morales ◽  
V. Sanz-Largo ◽  
E. Castillo-Gordillo ◽  
F. Rivas-Marîn
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Sensitivity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Rehabilitation Service ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Positive Symptoms ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Syndrome Scale ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Mental Health Rehabilitation ◽  
Negative Syndrome

IntroductionAn important corpus of scientist evidence is linking psychotic activity and anxiety-related processes (Freeman and Garety, 2003).ObjectivesWe intended to assess differences in Anxiety Sensitivity dimensions between patients diagnosed by psychosis with and without positive symptoms.MethodsParticipants: 49 patients with DSM psychosis diagnosis (42 men and 7 women; mean age: 40), who attended a Mental Health Rehabilitation Service in 2008, of whom 24 patients had positive symptomatology.Design, materials and procedure: A Cross-sectional design (one measurement) for a co-relational method of comparison between groups.We used the Spanish validated Anxiety Sensitivity lndex-3 -ASI 3- (Sandîn et al, 2007), a 18-item Likert self-report that assesses fears of anxious symptoms. It presents a hierarchical structure (a general factor and three subscales -Physical, Cognitive and Social Concerns-). It's also used the first and third items (delusions and hallucinatory behaviour) of The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale -PANSS- (Kay, Opler and Lindenmayer, 1988) to detect positive symptoms.ResultsPatients with positive symptoms showed a higher sensitivity to cognitive (z = -3.22, p < 0.01) and social anxiety (z = -2.66, p < 0.01), as well as higher punctuations in ASI-total (z = -2.91, p < 0.01), than patients without positive symptoms.ConclusionsPatients with positive symptoms show significant fears of symptoms of different anxious domains (ASI-total) with regard to patients without this kind of symptomatology. Specially, they are worried about the possibility that concentration difficulties and restlessness lead to mental incapacitation (ASI-cognitive) and about social reactions before their own publicly observable anxiety manifestations (ASI-social).

Apophenia as the Disposition to False Positives: A Unifying Framework for the Openness-Psychoticism Dimension

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott D. Blain ◽  
Julia Longenecker ◽  
Rachael Grazioplene ◽  
Bonnie Klimes-Dougan ◽  
Colin G. DeYoung
Keyword(s):  
False Positive ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Auditory Signal ◽  
Positive Symptoms ◽  
Positive Error ◽  
False Positive Error

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia and its extended phenotype—often termed psychoticism or positive schizotypy—are characterized by the inclusion of novel, erroneous mental contents. One promising framework for explaining positive symptoms involves “apophenia,” conceptualized here as a disposition toward false positive errors. Apophenia and positive symptoms have shown relations to Openness to Experience, and all of these constructs involve tendencies toward pattern seeking. Nonetheless, few studies have investigated the relations between psychoticism and non-self-report indicators of apophenia, let alone the role of normal personality variation. The current research used structural equation models to test associations between psychoticism, openness, intelligence, and non-self-report indicators of apophenia comprising false positive error rates on a variety of computerized tasks. In Sample 1, 1193 participants completed digit identification, theory of mind, and emotion recognition tasks. In Sample 2, 195 participants completed auditory signal detection and semantic word association tasks. Openness and psychoticism were positively correlated. Self-reported psychoticism, openness, and their shared variance were positively associated with apophenia, as indexed by false positive error rates, whether or not intelligence was controlled for. Apophenia was not associated with other personality traits, and openness and psychoticism were not associated with false negative errors. Standardized regression paths from openness-psychoticism to apophenia were in the range of .61 to .75. Findings provide insights into the measurement of apophenia and its relation to personality and psychopathology. Apophenia and pattern seeking may be promising constructs for unifying openness with the psychosis spectrum and for providing an explanation of positive symptoms. Results are discussed in the context of possible adaptive characteristics of apophenia, as well as potential risk factors for the development of psychotic disorders.

Relationship between positive symptoms and anxiety sensitivity in psychosis: A research centered on the symptom

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1499-1499
Author(s):  
V. Sanz-Largo ◽  
F. Rivas-Marîn ◽  
J. Pastor-Morales ◽  
E. Castillo-Gordillo ◽  
E. Fernândez-Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Sensitivity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Rehabilitation Service ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Positive Symptoms ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Syndrome Scale ◽  
Social Subscale ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Mental Health Rehabilitation

IntroductionResearching from a symptom approach avoids possible spurious associations, given the co-occurrence of symptoms in a disorder (Costello, 1992). Here, we deepen the evidenced relationships among anxiety, delusions and hallucinations.ObjectivesWe intended to assess differences in Anxiety Sensitivity dimensions between patients with psychosis depending on presence/absence of hallucinations and/or delusions.Methods/ participants49 patients with DSM psychosis diagnosis (42 men and 7 women; mean age: 40), who attended a Mental Health Rehabilitation Service in 2008, of whom 7 only deluded, 6 only hallucinated, 11 deluded-hallucinated and the remaining 25 neither hallucinated nor deluded.Design, materials and procedureA Cross-sectional design (one measurement) for a co-relational method of comparison between groups.We used the Spanish validated Anxiety Sensitivity lndex-3 -ASI 3- (Sandín et al., 2007), a 18-item Likert self-report that assesses fears of anxious symptoms. It presents a hierarchical structure (a general factor and three subscales -Physical, Cognitive and Social Concerns-). It's also used the first and third items (delusions and hallucinatory behaviour) of The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale -PANSS- (Kay, Opler and Lindenmayer, 1988) to detect positive symptoms.ResultsAll analysis were accepted at p < .05. Patients only hallucinators showed a higher anxiety sensitivity in Social Subscale than non-hallucinative/non-delusional patients; the former presented lower punctuations in ASI-total and ASI-cognitive than patients with hallucinations and delusions. The latter showed a higher anxiety sensitivity in Cognitive Subscale than patients who only deluded.ConclusionsIt's hypothetized that both delusional and hallucinative activity is necessary for emergence of cognitive anxiety sensitivity.

Associations between ethnicity and self-reported hallucinations in a population sample of young adults in The Netherlands

2007 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 1095-1102 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Vanheusden ◽  
C. L. Mulder ◽  
J. van der Ende ◽  
J.-P. Selten ◽  
F. J. van Lenthe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Social Adversity

BackgroundPsychotic disorders are more common in people from ethnic minorities. If psychosis exists as a continuous phenotype, ethnic disparities in psychotic disorder will be accompanied by similar ethnic disparities in the rate of psychotic symptoms. This study examined ethnic disparities in self-reported hallucinations in a population sample of young adults.MethodA cross-sectional population survey (n=2258) was carried out in the south-west Netherlands. Seven ethnic groups were delineated: Dutch natives, Turks, Moroccans, Surinamese/Antilleans, Indonesians, other non-Western immigrants (mostly from Africa or Asia) and Western immigrants (mostly from Western Europe). Self-reported auditory and visual hallucinations were assessed with the Adult Self-Report (ASR). Indicators of social adversity included social difficulties and a significant drop in financial resources.ResultsCompared to Dutch natives, Turkish females [odds ratio (OR) 13.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.97–30.42], Moroccan males (OR 8.36, 95% CI 3.29–21.22), Surinamese/Antilleans (OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.05–4.58), Indonesians (OR 4.15, 95% CI 1.69–10.19) and other non-Western immigrants (OR 3.57, 95% CI 1.62–7.85) were more likely to report hallucinations, whereas Western immigrants, Turkish males and Moroccan females did not differ from their Dutch counterparts. When adjusting for social adversity, the ORs for self-reported hallucinations among the non-Western immigrant groups showed considerable reductions of 28% to 52%.ConclusionsIn a general population sample, several non-Western immigrant groups reported hallucinations more often than Dutch natives, which is consistent with the higher incidence of psychotic disorders in most of these groups. The associations between ethnicity and hallucinations diminished after adjustment for social adversity, which supports the view that adverse social experiences contribute to the higher rate of psychosis among migrants.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document