Some Observations on the Jātakas

1939 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-251
Author(s):  
B. C. Law
Keyword(s):  
Third Century ◽  
Late Professor ◽  
Birth Stories ◽  
Buddhist Literature ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pali Canon ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Pāli Canon

Though much has been written on the Jātakas or Buddha's Birth-stories, there is no consensus of opinion as yet about the exact signification of the term Jātaka as employed in Buddhist literature. One may correctly say, no doubt, with the late Professor Rhys Davids that the Jātaka proper is atītavatthu or the “story of the past”. It is precisely in this sense that the Bharhut labels designate many of the illustrations. Though this is generally the case with the Jatakas, Professor B. M. Barua contends for a definition of Jataka which embraces also the paccuppanna-vatthu, or the “story of the present”. He points out that according to the Culla-Niddesa, a work of the Pāli Canon, which cannot be dated earlier than the third century b.c., the term Jātaka is obviously applied alike to the story of the present and to that of the past, the undermentioned four Suttantas being mentioned as typical examples of Jātaka:—(1) Mahāpadāniya.(2) Mahā-Sudassanīya.(3) Mahā-Govindiya.(4) Maghādeviya.

Theriya Networks and the Circulation of the Pali Canon in South Asia

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 245-259
Author(s):  
Alexander Wynne
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
South Asia ◽  
South India ◽  
First Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
Pali Canon ◽  
Manuscript Tradition ◽  
Textual Transmission ◽  
Pāli Canon

This article offers further support for Lance Cousins’ thesis that the P?li canon, written down in the first century BCE in Sri Lanka, was based largely on a Theriya manuscript tradition from South India. Attention is also given to some of Cousins’ related arguments, in particular, that this textual transmission occurred within a Vibhajjav?din framework; that it occurred in a form of ‘proto-P?li’ close to the Standard Epigraphical Prakrit of the first century BCE; and that that distinct Sinhalese nik?yas emerged perhaps as late as the third century CE.  

The White Crown of Works: Cyprian's Early Pastoral Ministry of Almsgiving in Carthage

2004 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 715-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey D. Dunn
Keyword(s):  
Pastoral Ministry ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Good Work ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Good Works

In a letter from Cyprian, bishop of Carthage in the middle of the third century, written while he was in hiding during the Decian persecution to the imprisoned confessors in Carthage, there is mention of two crowns, two colors and two flowers. The letter can be dated to the middle of April 250. Cyprian wanted to console those in prison that they would not be failures if they failed to be martyred. Those who were not martyred could receive equal renown through their confession as those who were martyred. As much as martyrdom was highly prized among African Christians, Cyprian wanted to assure the imprisoned confessors that it was not the only way to please God. In the past (ante), in a time undoubtedly before persecution, one could be clad in white for good works, just as now one could be clad in crimson for martyrdom. For those who were not going to die a martyr's death and win the crimson crown for suffering or the flower of warfare, Cyprian seemed to say that the confession of their faith could now be counted as a good work for which the reward was the white crown or the flower of peace.

Hasidism: The Third Century

1996 ◽  
pp. 415-426
Author(s):  
Joseph Dan
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Orthodox Judaism ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Jewish Mysticism ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mystical Tradition ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

This chapter examines the third century of hasidism, considered the most enduring phenomenon in Orthodox Judaism in modern times. Gershom Scholem described hasidism as the ‘last phase’ in a Jewish mystical tradition that spanned nearly two millennia. Yet at the conclusion of his account of the movement in the last chapter of Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism, he appeared, with some regret, to view his subject as a phenomenon of the past. The contrast between this view of hasidic history and the reality of Jewish life in the late twentieth century could not be greater. The hasidism of today cannot be treated as a lifeless relic from the past. It appears to have made a complete adjustment to twentieth-century technology, the mass media, and the intricate politics of democratic societies without surrendering its traditional identity in the process.

scholarly journals A context-based model for framing political victimhood: Experiences from Northern Ireland and the Basque Country

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amaia Álvarez Berastegi ◽  
Kevin Hearty
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
Basque Country ◽  
Divided Societies ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Primary Contribution ◽  
Controversial Concept

All societies moving towards peace must establish reparation measures for victims of political violence. This is not an easy task, however; political victimhood is a controversial concept by itself and all victims of this type are mixed up with general politics from both the past and the present. In divided societies, such as Northern Ireland and the Basque Country, controversies about the definition of political victimhood reproduce old divisions from the past. Drawing on these two case studies, this research project gathers together some initial thoughts on the conceptualisation of political victimhood with regard to three different models: the harm-, blame- and context-based models. The primary contribution of the article lies in the formulation of the third model, the context-based framework.

The Latin third stem and its survival in Romance

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Maiden
Keyword(s):  
Romance Languages ◽  
Past Participle ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

The implications of Aronoff’s classic example of a morphome—the Latin third stem—for the history of the Romance languages are considered; the third stem is shown to persist in Romance in the form of the past participle (also, in Romanian, in the supine) and to display truly ‘morphomic’ properties in diachrony. Some criticisms of the morphomic status of the third stem in Latin are reviewed. The significance of apparent counterexamples in Portuguese and elsewhere is considered. The diachronic data disclose a probably crucial distinction between derivational and inflexional domains in the definition of morphomic patterns. Such patterns reveal themselves as robust only within inflexional morphology, and it is suggested that perfect lexical identity between alternating word forms is crucial to the existence and persistence of morphomic patterns.

Tertullian and the Crucified God

1997 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 298-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Rankin
Keyword(s):  
Fifth Century ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Early Form ◽  
Cyril Of Alexandria ◽  
The Third ◽  
Restricted Sense ◽  
Communicatio Idiomatum ◽  
Definition Of

The Christological doctrine of the “communicatio idiomatum” requires that whatever is predicated of one nature of Christ — human or divine — may be predicated of either. It was a major feature of the thought of Cyril of Alexandria and the Alexandrian school generally but denied by most of the Antiochene school. It was accepted in a restricted sense by Leo of Rome but largely ignored in the documents of the mid-fifth century Council of Chalcedon. It appears nowhere in that council's Definition of Faith. This paper suggests that an early form of the doctrine is evident in the works of Tertullian of Carthage, writing in the early years of the third century. Whether Tertullian understood the full, logical implications of what he wrote in relation to the “communicatio”, however, cannot be said with any certainty.

scholarly journals Kathāvatthu (“Points of Controversy”) as a Primary Source of Early Buddhist Philosophy

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
pp. 81-101
Author(s):  
Anastasiya V. Lozhkina
Keyword(s):  
Indian Philosophy ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Buddhist Literature ◽  
Buddhist Text ◽  
Pali Canon ◽  
Early Buddhism ◽  
Logical Method ◽  
Philosophical Texts ◽  
Pāli Canon

This article focuses on the under-researched Buddhist text Kathāvatthu (“Points of Controversy”) and aims to better determine its place within Indian philosophy. We consider how the text was compiled, its contents, and main characteristics (such as its genre, its classification lists – mātika). To understand some of those characteristics, we suggest viewing them as shared with the whole Pali Canon (a large body of heterogeneous texts, of which the Kathāvatthu is part). This article also illustrates the issues of translating religious and philosophical texts from the Pāli language. Particularly, we highlight that the Kathāvatthu belongs to the part of Pāli Canon known as the Abhidhamma Piṭaka, and consider how this influences the philosophical discourse presented in this text. We analyze the historical and philosophical content of the Kathāvatthu. We argue that such content of this work is consistently revealed in the discussion of issues controversial for the schools of Early Buddhism. At the beginning of the text, there are the most significant questions for Early Buddhism (about the subject (pudgala), about the one who has reached perfection – arhat). As we get closer to the end of the text, the importance of the issues discussed diminishes. Its final part contains the latest questions. The discussion in each question depends on the logical method of the eight refutations, the use of lists (mātika), and the position of the Theravada school to which the final version of the text belongs. In the article, special attention is paid to the determination of the Kathāvatthu genre. We conclude that the genre of this work can be considered as a unique example of religious and philosophical dialogue in Early Buddhist literature.

Literary politics and the EuripideanVita

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 115-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Hanink
Keyword(s):  
Third Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Literary Politics ◽  
Poetic Representation

The earliest surviving poetic representation of Euripides, outside of comedy, appears in a piece of early third-century Alexandrian poetry and the picture it paints of the Athenian tragedian is in some ways a surprising one. In his ‘Catalogue of loves’, a terribly corrupt fragment from the third book of theLeontion, Hermesianax of Colophon introduces his lines on Euripides' doomed romantic infatuation with the affirmation that ‘even he’ (ϰἀϰεîνον), that notorious hater of women, was once ‘struck by the crooked bow’. Night did not relieve his suffering,ἀλλὰ Μαϰηδονίων πάσας ϰατενίσατο λαύραςΑἰγάων μεθέπων Ἀρχέλεω ταμίην, 66εἰσόϰε <δὴ> δαίμων Εὐριπίδῃ εὕρετ᾿ ὄλεθρονἈρριβίου στυγνῶν ἀντιάσαντι ϰυνῶν. (7.65–8)66 Αἰγάων Bergk: αἰγιεων ARather he went down all the alleyways of Macedonian Aegaein pursuit of the housemaid of Archelaus,until adaemonfound death for Euripideswhen he came across the hated hounds of Arribius.While one of the themes Hermesianax' catalogue foregrounds is how lovesick poets of the past left home to pursue their beloveds abroad, the lines on Euripides are remarkable for their elision of this poet's native Attica.

The Presentation of Herodas' Mimiamboi

Antichthon ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 31-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Third Century ◽  
Full Account ◽  
Literary Genres ◽  
General Satisfaction ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Poetic Practice

The mimiamboi of Herodas reveal familiar hallmarks of the poetry of the third century: characters drawn from socially humble backgrounds; a literary re-casting of sub-literary ‘genres’; the revival of an archaic metre; the free reconstruction of an artificial literary dialect; the reaching back to claim authority for poetic practice in a great figure of the past. Obvious links between the mimiamboi and the roughly contemporary ‘mime’ poems of Theocritus (especially Idylls 2, 3, 14, and 15) have always attracted attention since the publication of the major papyrus in 1891. No subject has, however, so dominated discussion of the mimiambs as the question of how they were intended to be presented to the public, and how indeed they were so. Were they merely to be read (privately), or to be ‘performed’ either by a solo performer (with or without the assistance of mute extras), or by a ‘troupe’ of actors? We must not assume, of course, that the mode of reception of all the mimiambs was the same, or that one poem was not at different times ‘performed’ in different ways. Moreover, the history of the debate since 1891, a history of which Giuseppe Mastromarco has given a full account, suggests that it is hardly possible on internal grounds alone to prove to general satisfaction that the poems were presented in one way rather than another.

scholarly journals Etiquette is Easy. Advice from His Excellency’s Wife

2019 ◽  
pp. 822-825
Author(s):  
Yuliia Matkovska
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Foreign Missions ◽  
Language Version ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Directorate General ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Creative Team

The article considers the Ukrainian-language version of the book about etiquette of Iryna Filippova, the wife of a diplomat, Ambassador Extraordinary And Plenipotentiary of Ukraine to France, the Netherlands, and Monaco. It was mentioned that the book was published with the participation of the Directorate-General for Rendering Services to Foreign Missions and the creative team of the Advertising and Publishing Department of the “Mediacenter” Directorate. It is noted that this is the third book by the author. Her previous editions of “Paris in Gift Wrappings” and “High-Heeled” were successful with readers. The definition of the term “etiquette” is given. Namely, it is indicated that these are rules and regulations that reflect the idea of decent behaviour of people in society. The ideological content of this publication can be understood from the title. It is noted that due to the unusual presentation and the “Lego” style inherent in the author of the book, the wife of a Ukrainian diplomat attracts the reader to actively listen to a pleasant story about unusual, or even comic, cases from the diplomatic social life, creating an atmosphere of private conversation over a Cup of coffee. The book covers outfits for official visits, and delicate tips for meetings and receptions, and recommendations for the consumption of extraordinary dishes, as well as interesting suggestions for choosing clothes and creating appropriate images. In addition, the writer in her publication made an excursion into the past to tell readers the historical facts of the establishment of certain etiquette norms, and also shared current ideas of the balance between ‘convenient’ and ‘representative’. It is noted that this is not a manual of etiquette or protocol instruction for beginners, but a harmonious combination of stories and memories of the author of the book. The leading idea is a sincere and tolerant attitude to those who are near. It is noted that the tips that can be found in the book will be useful in everyday life. Therefore, this publication is an indispensable adviser not only for representatives of diplomatic circles. Keywords: Iryna Filippova, etiquette, diplomat’s wife, writer, advice.

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