Effects of Nonionic Surfactants, Temperature, and Light on Germination of Weed Seeds

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Woodland Hurtt ◽  
Richard H. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Nonionic Surfactants ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Sorbitan Monooleate ◽  
Sorbitan Monolaurate ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Weed Seeds ◽  
Common Purslane

The nonionic surfactants Tween 20 [oxysorbic (20 POE) polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate] and Tween 80 [oxysorbic (20 POE) polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate] at concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4% v/v stimulated germination of barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv. # ECHCG] seeds in petri dishes. Stimulation occurred under both 30/20 and 25/15 C diurnal temperature cycles whether or not light was supplied during the 8-h high-temperature portion of the cycle. Barnyardgrass responded most to treatment under environmental conditions in which untreated seeds germinated the least. A 0.1% surfactant concentration often stimulated germination of weed seeds as effectively as did higher concentrations. Germination of redroot pigweed [Amaranthus retroflexusL. # AMARE] seeds was inhibited by Tween 80 in the light under both the low- and high-temperature regimes and by Tween 20 at low temperature in the light. Germination of tumble pigweed (Amaranthus albusL. # AMAAL) seeds was inhibited by both surfactants in the high-temperature regime whether or not light was supplied. Common purslane (Portulaca oleraceaL. # POROL) seeds were insensitive to treatment.

Susceptibility of Penicillium expansum Spores to Sodium Hypochlorite, Electrolyzed Oxidizing Water, and Chlorine Dioxide Solutions Modified with Nonionic Surfactants

2006 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 1944-1948 ◽  
Author(s):  
DERRICK O. OKULL ◽  
ALI DEMIRCI ◽  
DAVE ROSENBERGER ◽  
LUKE F. LaBORDE
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Nonionic Surfactants ◽  
Aqueous Suspension ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Sorbitan Monooleate ◽  
Sorbitan Monolaurate ◽  
All Solutions

The use of water flotation tanks during apple packing increases the risk of contamination of apples by spores of Penicillium expansum, which may accumulate in the recirculating water. Routine addition of sanitizers to the water may prevent such contamination. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), and electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water have varied activity against spores of P. expansum, and their effectiveness could be enhanced using surfactants. The objective of this study was to determine the ability of three nonionic surfactants, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20), and sorbitan monolaurate (Span 20), to enhance the efficacy of NaOCl, ClO2, and EO water against spores of P. expansum in aqueous suspension at various temperatures and pH conditions. The efficacy of NaOCl solutions was enhanced by the addition of surfactants at both pH 6.3 and pH 8 (up to 5 log CFU reduction). EO water and ClO2 were effective against P. expansum spores (up to 5 log CFU and 4 log CFU reduction, respectively), but addition of surfactants was not beneficial. All solutions were less effective at 4°C compared to 24°C irrespective of the presence of surfactants. Nonionic surfactants could potentially be used with NaOCl to improve control of P. expansum in flotation tanks, but the efficacy of such formulations should be validated under apple packing conditions.

scholarly journals Residue Levels of Fatty Compounds and Surfactants as Suckering Agents on Tobacco

1975 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
T.C. Tso ◽  
H. Chu ◽  
D.W. DeJong
Keyword(s):  
Tween 80 ◽  
Preliminary Test ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Sorbitan Monooleate ◽  
Sorbitan Monolaurate ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Nicotiana Tabacum L ◽  
14C Labelling ◽  
Average Residue ◽  
Residue Levels

AbstractFatty compounds including lauryI alcohol and methyl laurate and Tween 20 surfactant (polyoxyethylene [20] sorbitan monolaurate) and Tween 80 surfactant (polyoxyethylene [20] sorbitan monooleate) with 14C-labelling at various positions were used as suckering agents for Maryland, Burley, and bright tobacco types (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and their residues on the tobacco determined. An average residue of 1.61 ppm of fatty compounds and 1.0 ppm of surfactants were found. The combined totaI of 2.6 ppm residue due to these suckering agents is far below an earlier preliminary test of 4.8 ppm of residue in comparison with 7.000 ppm naturally occurring fatty compounds in tobacco.

Germination and Viability of Weed Seeds After 2.5 Years in a 50-Year Buried Seed Study

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Egley ◽  
J. M. Chandler
Keyword(s):  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Seed Longevity ◽  
Oenothera Biennis ◽  
Stellaria Media ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Sesbania Exaltata ◽  
Weed Seeds ◽  
Common Purslane ◽  
Sida Spinosa ◽  
L 14

In 1972, a 50-yr study of seed longevity was initiated at Stoneville, Mississippi. Weed seeds were collected from 20 locallygrown species and mixed with soil. Replicate samples were placed in polypropylene screen envelopes and buried at soil depths of 8, 23, and 38 cm. Seed germination and viability were determined by germination tests and 2,3,5-triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride (TTC) treatments with recovered seeds. In general, the depth of burial had little effect on seed longevity. Based on the averages of the means at the three depths, the percentages of seeds still viable after burial for 2.5 yr were: spurred anoda [Anoda cristata(L.) Schlecht.] 71%; purple moonflower(Ipomoea turbinataLagasca y Segura) 71%; johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.] 62%; velvetleaf(Abutilon theophrastiMedic.) 58%; goosegrass [Eleusine indica(L.) Gaertn.] 33%; hemp sesbania [Sesbania exaltata(Raf.) Cory] 29%; Texas panicum(Panicum taxanumBuckl.) 24%; common cocklebur(Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr.) 18%; common eveningprimrose(Oenothera biennisL.) 14%; large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop.] 12%; sicklepod(Cassia obtusifoliaL.) 10%; common purslane(Portulaca oleraceaL.) 10%; white morningglory(Ipomoea lacunosaL.) 8%; redroot pigweed(Amaranthus retroflexusL.) 7%; prostrate spurge(Euphorbia supinaRaf.) 6%; prickly sida(Sida spinosaL.) 5%; redvine(Brunnichia cirrhosaGaertn.) 3%; Florida beggarweed [Desmodium tortuosum(Sw.) DC.] 3%; barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv.] 1%; and chickweed [Stellaria media(L.) Cyrillo] 0%.

scholarly journals Karakteristik Mikroemulsi a-Tokoferol pada Perbandingan Campuran Tiga Surfaktan Nonionik dan Lama Pengadukan

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Putu Ayu Sucitawati ◽  
Lutfi Suhendra ◽  
G. P. Ganda Putra
Keyword(s):  
Nonionic Surfactants ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Surfactant Mixtures ◽  
Mixture Ratio ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance ◽  
Stirring Time

Microemulsions have thermodynamics and stable kinetics as carriers of ?-tocopherol compounds. This study aimed to know the effect of mixtures ratio of three nonionic surfactants and stiring time on the characteristics of ?-tocopherol microemulsion, as well as to obtain the best stiring time and mixture ratio of three nonionic surfactants to produce ?-tocopherol microemulsion. This experiment used a randomized block design with two factors. The first factor is the ratio of a mixture of three nonionic surfactants with Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB) 14.5. The second factor is stirring time. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and continued with BNJ test. Test the effectiveness index to determine the best treatment. The results showed that the comparison of three surfactant mixtures, stirring duration and interaction between treatments significantly affected the characteristics of ?-tocopherol microemulsion. Comparison of the mixture of three surfactants Tween 80: Span 80: Tween 20 (v / v%) HLB 14.5 consisting of F2 (89,5 : 5,5 : 5) and 4 minutes stirring time is the best treatment for the characteristics of ?-Tocopherol microemulsion. The best treatment has the characteristics of ?-tocopherol microemulsions namely transparent appearance, stable to centrifugation (4500 rpm), pH (4.5; 5.5 and 6.5) and dilution (1: 9, 1:49 and 1:99) with Turbidity index values ??are below 1 percent. Microemulsion turbidity index values ??before and after centrifugation were 0.19 percent and microemulsion turbidity at pH 4.5 and 1: 9 dilution were 0.11 percent. Keywords: microemulsion, stirring time, surfactan non ionic, ?-Tocoferol

Predation on weed seeds and seedlings by Pheretima guillelmi and its potential for weed biocontrol

Weed Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 639-645
Author(s):  
Tao Li ◽  
Jiequn Fan ◽  
Zhenguan Qian ◽  
Guohui Yuan ◽  
Dandan Meng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Weed Biocontrol ◽  
Eleusine Indica ◽  
Leptochloa Fusca ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Weed Seeds ◽  
Potential Strategy ◽  
Common Purslane

AbstractThe soil weed seedbank is the source of future weed infestations. Seed predation can result in a large number of seed losses, thus contributing to weed biocontrol. Earthworms are important predators of seeds and seedlings and affect seeds and seedling survival after gut passage. A study was conducted to assess the ability of Pheretima guillelmi (Kinberg) to ingest and digest the seeds and seedlings of 15 main farmland weed species. Pheretima guillelmi ingested the seeds and seedlings of each weed species tested. The percentages of seeds and seedlings ingested were 96.7% to 100% and 21.7% to 94.2%, respectively. Pheretima guillelmi showed greater ingestion of seeds than seedlings for each species and digested the seeds and seedlings of each weed species tested to varying extents. The percentages of seeds and seedlings digested were less than 15% irrespective of the weed species. Passage through the gut of P. guillelmi affected the survival of seeds and seedlings. The germination of large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.], green foxtail [Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv.], goosegrass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.], Chinese sprangletop [Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees], Malabar sprangletop [Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth], redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.), barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.], and ricefield flatsedge (Cyperus iria L.) seeds egested by P. guillelmi decreased by 46%, 49%, 47%, 25%, 38%, 26%, 32%, 13%, and 15%, respectively, compared with their respective controls. In contrast to seed ingestion, ingestion of seedlings by P. guillelmi was fatal to individuals of all weed species; no seedlings survived passage through the gut. Our results indicate that predation of weed seeds and seedlings by P. guillelmi probably depletes the soil weed seedbank and that the introduction of P. guillelmi into fields is a potential strategy for weed biocontrol in farmland.

scholarly journals Conductometric study of sodium dodecyl sulfate - nonionic surfactant (Triton X-100, Tween 20, Tween 60, Tween 80 or Tween 85) mixed micelles in aqueous solution

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dejan Cirin ◽  
Mihalj Posa ◽  
Veljko Krstonosic ◽  
Maja Milanovic
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Nonionic Surfactants ◽  
Mixed Micelles ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Dodecyl Sulfate ◽  
Tween 60 ◽  
Triton X

The present study is concerned with the determination of the critical micelle concentration (cmc) of mixed micelles of sodium dodecyl sulfate with one of five nonionic surfactants (Triton X-100, Tween 20, Tween 60, Tween 80 or Tween 85) from conductance measurements. Based on the calculated values of the ? parameters we have noticed that SDS-nonionic surfactants mostly showed strong synergistic effect. It was found that nonionic surfactants with mainly longer and more hydrophobic tail show stronger interactions with hydrophobic part of SDS, thus expressing stronger synergism. In SDS-Tween 80 binary system the strongest synergistic effect was noticed. SDS-Tween 85 micellar system showed antagonistic effect, most probably because the presence of the double bond in its three hydrophobic tails (three C18 tails) makes it sterically rigid.

scholarly journals Preparation and Characterization of Oil Nanoemulsion Formulations of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-87
Author(s):  
Ali Z. A. Alhilfi ◽  
Ali Z. A. Alhilfi ◽  
Wael A. Swadi ◽  
Agha M. Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Surfactant Concentration ◽  
Nonionic Surfactants ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Water In Oil Emulsion

This study aims to prepper stable thermodynamically dilutable nanoemulsion formulation of Beauveria bassiana with the lowest surfactant concentration that could improve its solubility stability. Formulations were prepared from oil in the water nanoemulsion region of phase diagrams subjected to thermodynamic stability tests. We found propanetriol was the highest germination rate at 5% and 10% concentration, 46.66 and 53.33%, respectively. Castor oil achieved a 43.00 germination rate at 1%. Tween 80 gave 54.33 % germination rate at 10%. While Tween 20 showed a 48 % germination rate at 5%. At the concentration, 1% Term 1284 gave 43.33% rate germination. Nanoemulsion composed of propanetriol and nonionic surfactants, with a mean particle size ranging from 25.08 to 75.35 nm, was formulated for various concentrations of the oils and surfactants. Water in oil emulsion was prepared using propanetriol oil, Tween 20, Tween 80, Term 1284, and water. Nanoemulsion of 25.08, 33.75, and 75.35 nm size was obtained at a 45: 15 % ratio of oil and surfactant, and it was found to be stable. The larger droplet size 75.35 nm of formulation Tween 20 and the smaller size was 25.08 nm in the formulation of Term 1284. The higher viscosity value was 16 mPas of formulation Tween 80, and the lowest value was 7.80 in the formulation of Term 1284. To demonstrate the possible employment of these systems, they were used to formulate a nanoformulation pesticide.

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