Ozone-Herbicide Interactions in Crop Plants

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 508-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Carney ◽  
G. R. Stephenson ◽  
D. P. Ormrod ◽  
G. C. Ashton
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
White Gold ◽  
White Bean ◽  
Weight Data ◽  
Antagonistic Interactions

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill. ‘Fireball’), white bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL. ‘Seaway’), and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL. ‘Delhi 34’ and ‘White Gold’) were pretreated with herbicides at one of three rates prior to fumigation with ozone at 0, 7.5, 15, or 30 pphm (parts per hundred million) for two 1.5-hr period. The plants were harvested 5 to 7 days after ozone fumigation, dried, and weighed. The natural logarithms of the dry weight data were subjected to multiple regression analysis to test for synergistic or antagonistic interactions between ozone and the various herbicides. Synergistic phytotoxicity was definitely observed for pebulate (S-propyl butylethylthiocarbamate) and possibly for chloramben (3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid) in combination with ozone on tobacco ‘White Gold’ and ‘Delhi 34’, respectively. For most of the other combinations (chloramben, trifluralin α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) or monolinuron (3-(p-chlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea) on white bean, diphenamid (N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide) or trifluralin on tomato, chloramben on tobacco ‘White Gold’, and pebulate on tobacco ‘Delhi 34’) the phytotoxicity in the presence of ozone was additive and no interaction was indicated. An antagonistic interaction between ozone and benefin (N-butyl-N-ethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine) was indicated on the two cultivars of tobacco.

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. M. Mordue
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Cucumis Melo ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Carthamus Tinctorius ◽  
Hibiscus Sabdariffa ◽  
Soil Level

Abstract A description is provided for Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: The fungus is plurivorous; hosts include Brassica oleracea var. capitata, B. chinensis, Helianthus annuus, Phaseolus vulgaris, Arachis hypogaea, Carthamus tinctorius, Citrus, Coriandrum sativum, Cucumis melo, Curcurbita pepo, Glycine max, Lycopersicon esculentum, Nicotiana tabacum, Lactuca saliva, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Cucumis sativus. DISEASE: The fungus causes dieases with several common names, e.g. cottony soft rot, white mould and watery soft rot. It is generally more important as a pathogen of vegetables in the field, during transit and in store. Woody plants, grasses and cereals are rarely attacked. Crops attacked include: cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata and B. chinensis; 4, 713; 37, 611; 39, 515; 51, 2958); sunflower (Helianthus annuus; 3, 274; 4, 289; 8, 246; 38, 9; 43, 2012; 50, 3095; 51, 3486; 54, 4600; 55, 2832); common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris; 1, 116; 25, 592; 33, 401; 34, 425; 40, 446; 51, 870; 52, 531; 53, 731, 2373, 4183; 54, 4252, 4694; 55, 970); groundnut (Arachis hypogaea; 53, 3708); safflower (Carthamus tinctorius; 3, 650); citrus (Citrus spp. ; 24, 500; 43, 2910); coriander (Coriandrum sativum; 43, 2373); melon (Cucumis melo; 50, 1543; 53, 1109); squash (Curcurbitapepo; 50, 446); soyabean (Glycine max; 52, 3485; 53, 335, 336) tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum; 33, 56); tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum; 12, 729; 14, 126; 38, 279; 39, 46; 55, 2355); lettuce (Lactuca saliva; 16, 13); roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa; 14, 106); cucumber (Cucumis sativus; 55, 2953). Most plant parts, above and at soil level, of herbaceous crops can be attacked at any age. The first symptoms are frequently the collapse of the plant due to stem infection near the soil. A soft rot develops, followed by the conspicuous, external white mycelium and the sclerotia which are often formed in the pith. Infections which arise at some height above soil level frequently begin from withering or fallen petals, infected by ascospores. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Very widespread but the disease is one of relatively cool moist conditions. In the Mediterranean area little or no disease occurs in the summer (31, 250; 43, 14). TRANSMISSION: Air-borne ascospores are the most important means of spread (12, 193; 33, 56, 401; 37, 611; 42, 527; 54, 4252, 4694; 55, 442, 970). The sclerotia (from which the apothecia arise) are the primary survival structures, in soil and host debris. Survival time is very variable but can be high after 3 years in soil (42, 244; 43, 2756; 45, 818; 50, 1621; 52, 3956; 54, 3712, 4252; Hoes, Phytopathology 65: 1431, 1975). Mycelium from sclerotia can also cause infection. Seed may be an infective source, either from contaminating sclerotia or internal mycelium (38, 169; 43, 1376; 47, 1998; 51, 3487; 52, 3485; 53, 335, 336).

Response of Hemp Broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) Infestation to some Nitrogenous Compounds

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. E. Abu-Irmaileh
Keyword(s):  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pot Experiment ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Tomato Yield ◽  
Orobanche Ramosa

Greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to study the effect of various levels of nitrogen, applied as ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4], on hemp broomrape (Orobanche ramosaL.) infestation on tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL. ‘Jordan 1’) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill. ‘Caludia Raf’). Infestation of tobacco and tomato by hemp broomrape was drastically reduced as higher levels of both fertilizers were applied. However, the dry weights of roots and shoots of both crop plants, as well as tomato yield, were reduced when NH4NO3was applied at 50 g/pot, and when (NH4)2SO4was applied at higher than 60 g/pot. In a separate pot experiment in the field, hemp broomrape infestation on tomato was drastically reduced, and tomato shoot dry weight, as well as tomato yield, were increased when (NH4)2SO4was applied at higher than 40 g/pot as 20-g increments repeated at 10-day intervals compared to those of the control.

Ozone-Metolachlor Interactions on Corn (Zea mays), Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and Soybean (Glycine max)

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 650-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wondimagegnehu Mersie ◽  
Tadesse Mebrahtu ◽  
Muddappa Rangappa
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Antagonistic Interactions

The potential interactive effects between metolachlor [0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 ppm (w/w)] and the air pollutant ozone (O3) [0.2 and 0.4 ppm (v/v)], on growth of corn, bean, and soybean were examined under controlled conditions. At both concentrations, O3alone reduced corn and bean dry weights but only affected bean at 0.4 ppm (v/v). Shoot dry weight of corn was reduced by O3plus metolachlor more than expected, thus indicating synergism. The expected dry weights of bean and soybean treated with metolachlor plus O3were similar to or higher than expected, thus indicating additive or antagonistic interactions.

scholarly journals N2 FIXATION AND COMPETITIVENESS OF Rhizobium phaseoli STRAINS ISOLATED FROM ONTARIO SOILS

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 825-836 ◽  
Author(s):  
JACQUELINE C. MOXLEY ◽  
D. J. HUME ◽  
D. L. SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Effective Strain ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Rhizobium Phaseoli ◽  
Culture Collections ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Legume Crop ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
White Bean

Dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a legume crop generally considered to be a poor N2 fixer. This experiment was conducted to determine the effectiveness of Rhizobium phaseoli strains in Ontario soils, to determine if inoculation with an indigenous, effective strain could improve N2 fixation or yield, and to determine the competitiveness of inoculant strains by measuring the recovery of applied strains in nodules using serology. One-gram composite soil samples from 36 of 37 farm sites across Ontario caused nodulation on either white bean cultivars Ex Rico 23 or Seafarer, indicating that R. phaseoli was widely distributed. However, ratings of nodulation indicated a wide range of effectiveness. Five selected strains isolated from these soils were compared with five strains from culture collections for effectiveness by using the strains to inoculate Ex Rico 23 or Seafarer grown in sterile, N-free culture in Leonard jars. The best field-isolated strains caused just as much N accumulation as the best strains from culture collections. Strain S1, selected as a consistently good N2 fixer, failed to cause increases in yield when used as an inoculant in field trials at Elora and Mitchell in 1980 and 1981. Inoculation with strain S1 did cause some increases in percent seed protein and nodule dry weight with Ex Rico 23 at Elora in 1980. Three other strains tested in each year failed to show any improvements in yield, seed N, or nodulation in either year. Recovery of inoculant strains ranged from 0 to 31%. At Mitchell in 1981, 100 kg ha−1 of fertilizer N increased yields over all inoculation treatments. Indigenous strains appeared to be only partially effective N2 fixers and inoculant strains generally were poor competitors against strains already present in the soils.Key words: White bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, Rhizobium phaseoli, N2 fixation, strain competition

Response of Four Market Classes of Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) to Foramsulfuron, Isoxaflutole, and Isoxaflutole plus Atrazine Applied in Previous Years

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 558-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren E. Robinson ◽  
Nader Soltani ◽  
Peter H. Sikkema
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Navy Bean ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Field Corn ◽  
White Bean

Three field trials were established from 2001 to 2003 in Ontario to determine the effect of foramsulfuron POST (35 and 70 g ai/ha), isoxaflutole PRE (105 and 210 g ai/ha), and isoxaflutole plus atrazine PRE (105 + 1063 and 210 + 2126 g ai/ha) applied in the previous years to field corn on cranberry, black, kidney, and white (navy) bean. Foramsulfuron residues did not cause visible injury, or reductions in shoot dry weight or yield of dry bean 1 yr after application in corn. In contrast, visual injury across the four market classes varied from 4 to 37% 1 yr after application of isoxaflutole, and from 30 to 54% 1 yr after application of isoxaflutole plus atrazine. Isoxaflutole residues reduced shoot dry weight and yield as much as 81 and 44% in cranberry, 52 and 39% in black, 53 and 19% in kidney, and 42 and 19% in white bean, respectively. Isoxaflutole plus atrazine residues reduced shoot dry weight and yield as much as 87 and 64% in cranberry, 75 and 61% in black, 71 and 46% in kidney, and 65 and 33% in white navy bean, respectively. Injury was not detected regardless of market classes 2 yr after application of isoxaflutole alone or in tank mix with atrazine. Based on these results, it is recommended that none of the market classes of dry bean tested in this study should be grown 1 year after an application of isoxaflutole or isoxaflutole plus atrazine. A recropping interval of 2 years is currently recommended following applications of isoxaflutole or isoxaflutole plus atrazine for these market classes of dry bean.

Dinitrogen fixation in pea beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) as affected by growth stage and temperature regime

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 1181-1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Rennie ◽  
G. A. Kemp
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
The Other ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Reducing Activity ◽  
Lower Temperature

Tolerance of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to low temperatures is essential for growth under Canadian growing conditions. At air temperatures typical of a southern Alberta growing season (10–23 °C), 'Aurora' fixed 433 mg N per plant, more than 'Sanilac' and 'Comtesse,' which averaged 307 mg N per plant, and 'Kentwood,' which fixed the least: 214 mg N per plant. At a higher temperature regime (15–23 °C), typical of a southern Ontario growing season, 'Aurora' again fixed the most N2 (456 mg N per plant), while the other three cultivars fixed an average of 370 mg N per plant. The amount of N2 fixed increased as the time to reach maximum acetylene (C2H2) reducing activity lengthened. This suggested that it may be advantageous to select beans that have a longer vegetative stage to prolong the time of active N2 fixation within the limits of acceptable season length to ensure maturity. 'Aurora' was not affected by the lower temperature regime, and although these temperatures delayed the initiation of N2 fixation by 21 days, 'Aurora' compensated by producing 26% greater nodule dry weight and 40% higher maximum C2H2-reducing activity than that observed at the higher temperature regime. Growth and N2 fixation of the other three cultivars were adversely affected by the lower temperature regime, not because of lower nodule numbers or mass but because of lower nodule activity. The good root growth of 'Aurora' at low temperatures may explain its superiority for N2 fixation at lower temperatures. C2H2 reduction and nodule dry weight were acceptable indicators of N2 fixation only during early plant growth when all nodules were new and uniformly active. The ideal time to select the bean cultivars for N2-fixing ability was just before the peak of maximum C2H2-reducing activity and corresponded to the stage from buds-near-breaking to anthesis for both temperature regimes. Molar ratios of C2H2 reduced to N2 fixed suggested that the relative efficiency of N2 fixation varied with temperature and growth stage but not with bean cultivar.

Volatile substances evoking orientation in the predatory flowerbug Anthocoris nemorum (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae)

1992 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward F. Dwumfour
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
French Bean ◽  
Urtica Dioica ◽  
The Other ◽  
Brussels Sprout ◽  
Stinging Nettle ◽  
Salix Caprea ◽  
Soluble Fractions

AbstractChemical signals produced by leaves of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), goat willow (Salix caprea) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) attracted Anthocoris nemorum Linnaeus in a Y-tube plexiglass-walled olfactometer. A. nemorum reacted to odours of chloroform extracts of tomato foliage but not to water or methanol extracts. On the other hand, methanol or water extract of U. dioica attracted A. nemorum, but it was not attracted to chloroform soluble fractions of this plant. Adult A. nemorum could not distinguish between odour released by the aphids Myzus persicae (Sulzer) or Brevicoryne brassicae Linnaeus (Homoptera: Aphididae) and leaf odours emitted by Brussels sprout (Brassica oleracea). However, A. nemorum reacted to and distinguished between odours coming from either Tetranychus urticae Koch or T. cinnabarinus Boisduval (Acari: Tetranychidae) and from clean French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) leaves.

scholarly journals Host Adaptation and Replication Properties of Two Bipartite Geminiviruses and Their Pseudorecombinants

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 208-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Ming Hou ◽  
Epaminondas J. Paplomatas ◽  
Robert L. Gilbertson
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Viral Replication ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Nicotiana Benthamiana ◽  
Host Adaptation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Symptom Development ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Dna Components

To investigate factors involved in host adaptation and specificity of bipartite geminiviruses, the infectivity of bean dwarf mosaic (BDMV) and tomato mottle (ToMoV) geminiviruses and the BDMV/ToMoV pseudorecombinants [BDMV DNA-A + ToMoV DNA-B (BA+TB) and ToMoV DNA-A + BDMV DNA-B (TA+BB)] in Phaseolus vulgaris, Lycopersicon esculentum, Nicotiana benthamiana, and N. tabacum plants was determined. Additionally, replication of these viruses was examined in protoplasts prepared from N. tabacum BY2 and Xanthi-nc cells. In adapted hosts and the permissive experimental host, N. benthamiana, BDMV and ToMoV infected nearly 100% of inoculated plants, induced severe symptoms, and had high levels of both DNA components. In nonadapted hosts, BDMV and ToMoV infected approximately 40% of inoculated plants, induced no symptoms, and had reduced levels of both DNA components. For the pseudorecombinants, symptoms were observed only in TA+BB-infected N. benthamiana and P. vulgaris plants. In the other pseudorecombinant/host combinations, symptomless infections were detected and some plants were infected with the DNA-A component only. Symptom development and/or higher infection rates for the pseudorecombinants were correlated with the host-adapted DNA-B component, and pseudorecombinant-infected plants had reduced levels of DNA-B. Protoplast replication assays revealed inefficient DNA-B replication for the pseudorecombinants, and differences in viral replication properties in the two N. tabacum cell lines.

Sensitivity of kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) to soil applications of S-metolachlor and imazethapyr

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 405-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Sikkema, Nader Soltani ◽  
Christy Shropshire ◽  
Todd Cowan
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seed Moisture Content ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
Kidney Beans ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Seed Moisture ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Herbicide Treatments

Tolerance of Montcalm and Redhawk kidney beans to preplant incorporated (PPI) and preemergence (PRE) applications of S-metolachlor, imazethapyr and their tank mix at the maximum label rate in soybeans (1×) and twice that rate (2×) was studied at two Ontario locations (Exeter and Ridgetown) in 2001 and 2002. There were no differences between the two cultivars in their responses to the herbicide treatments. Visual evaluations of crop injury never exceeded 2% for any herbicide treatment. With the exception of a 7% height reduction after the PPI application of imazethapyr plus S-metholachlor at the 2× rate, none of the other treatments reduced plant height, dry weight, seed moisture content or seed yield. At sites where there was a significant difference, the PRE application caused more crop injury than the PPI application. These results indicate that there is an acceptable margin of crop safety for PPI and PRE applications of S-metolachlor and imazethapyr alone and in tank mix combination in kidney beans in Ontario. Key words: Crop injury; crop tolerance; imazethapyr; S-metolachlor; yield.

Tolerance of kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) to bentazon alone and when mixed with imazamox

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 529-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nader Soltani ◽  
Christy Shropshire ◽  
Peter H Sikkema
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
Kidney Beans

Tolerance of Montcalm and Redhawk kidney beans to bentazon, imazamox plus fomesafen and imazamox plus bentazon applied postemergence at the maximum label rate in soybeans and twice that rate were studied at two Ontario locations (Exeter and Ridgetown) in 2001 and 2002. There were no differences between the two cultivars in their response to the herbicides tested. At Exeter in 2001, bentazon reduced plant height by 10 and 12% and yield by 33 and 22% at the label and twice that rate, respectively. Yield was also reduced by 11% at Exeter in 2002 at twice the label rate. Imazamox plus fomesafen reduced plant height equally by 14% and yield was reduced by 22 and 30% at the label rate and twice the label rate, respectively, at Exeter in 2001. Imazamox plus bentazon in Exeter in 2001 reduced plant height equally by 8% and yield by 20 and 14% at the label rate and twice the label rate, respectively. There were no negative effects on plant height, dry weight and yield at the other site-yrs. This research suggests that bentazon, imazamox plus fomesafen and imazamox plus bentazon applied postemergence can cause severe crop injury and yield reduction in kidney bean production under certain environmental conditions. Key words: Bentazon, crop tolerance, fomesafen; imazamox, Montcalm, Phaseolus vulgaris, Redhawk.

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