Leaching of Seven s-Triazines

Weed Science ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. G. Rodgers
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Soil Concentration ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Leaf Chlorosis

Leaching of seven s-triazines in Lakeland fine sandy soil under greenhouse and field conditions was demonstrated by use of oats (Avena sativa L., var Seminole) and cucumber (Cucumis sativis L., var. Palomar) for bioassay. Depth of leaching was determined by abnormalities of these species grown in soil samples from the surface of treated soil to a depth of 22 in in the field and to 36 in in columns. Symptoms of injury by the different materials were similar and included primarily leaf chlorosis of both species and bending and breaking of cucumber stems within 7 to 10 days after planting; plants that failed to survive usually died 12 to 14 days after planting. Leaching of 2-methoxy-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine (atratone) was greatest, followed in decreasing order by 2-chloro-4,6-bis(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (propazine), 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine (atrazine), 2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine (simazine), 2-chloro-4-diethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine (ipazine), 2-ethylamino-4-isopropylamino-6-methylmercapto-s-triazine (ametryne), and 2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-methylmercapto-s-triazine (prometryne). Oats did not significantly reduce the soil concentration of ametryne and prometryne during a growing period of 56 days.

Breakdown and Movement of 2,4-D in the Soil Under Field Conditions

Weed Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 461-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Wilson ◽  
H. H. Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Eastern Washington ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

The fate of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] in the soil under winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘Nugaines’) and fallow cropping schemes was studied under the field conditions of eastern Washington in 1973 and 1974 using formulated dimethylamine salt and isooctyl ester of 2,4-D. Soil samples taken 1 hour after herbicide application showed that amine-treated plots retained considerably more applied 2,4-D than ester-treated plots. The rapidity of 2,4-D breakdown decreased gradually with time, and at the end of 6 months, an average of 0.04 ppm of 2,4-D remained in the sampled soil profile regardless of formulation, application rate, or cropping scheme. Loss of 2,4-D from the soil surface in runoff occurred when the plots were irrigated heavily one day after the herbicide application. The herbicide was also leached into the soil profile by both irrigation and natural precipitation. Herbicide concentrations in the sampled portion of the upper soil profile decreased during the summer and then increased slightly in the fall.

scholarly journals Lead behavior in soil treated with contaminated sewage sludge and cultivated with maize

2003 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcilene Ferrari Barriquelo ◽  
Marinês Aparecida Juliatti ◽  
Margarete Soares da Silva ◽  
Ervim Lenzi
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Metal Concentration ◽  
Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Lead And Cadmium ◽  
No Absorption

Lead (Pb) behavior was studied in soil treated twice with sewage sludge contaminated with lead at interval of 18 months. Soil samples received five different treatments: three with lead [0 (reference); 2,500; 5,000 mug g-1] and two with a mixture of lead and cadmium (interferer) (2,500 + 2,500 and 5,000 + 5,000 mug g-1, respectively). Vases containing treated soil were cultivated with maize in a greenhouse for 75 days. Pb was extracted using nitric perchloric digestion and analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The soil, containing sewage sludge contaminated by lead presented a higher concentration of Pb. The metal concentration remained constant in all treatments at 20-60 cm depth. No absorption of Pb by the plants was detected.

Comparative Persistence and Mobility of Pyridine and Phenoxy Herbicides in Soil

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Jotcham ◽  
David W. Smith ◽  
Gerald R. Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Growth Room ◽  
Phenoxy Herbicides

Bioassays with soybeans and lentils were used to compare the persistence of 2,4,5-T, triclopyr, and picloram in soil after applying 0.038, 0.38, and 3.8 kg ae/ha under field conditions. Soil samples were collected from 1 to 269 days after spraying and were kept frozen until growth room bioassays were conducted. Triclopyr was slightly less persistent than 2,4,5-T, but neither herbicide was biologically active during the next season. At least 90% of picloram disappeared within 7 months, but its biological activity was more persistent than that of either triclopyr or 2,4,5-T. Nine months after treatment, neither lentils nor soybeans could be grown in soil treated with picloram at 3.8 kg/ka. Triclopyr and 2,4-D had smiilar soil thin layer chromatographic mobilities in four different scils. Picloram was significantly more mobile than either triclopyr or 2,4,5-T, primarily due to its lower adsorption in the soils examined.

Biodegradation kinetic rates of diesel-contaminated sandy soil samples by two different microbial consortia

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Ledezma-Villanueva ◽  
Juan Manuel Adame-Rodríguez ◽  
Ingrid Aileen O’Connor-Sánchez ◽  
Juan Francisco Villarreal-Chiu ◽  
Elva Teresa Aréchiga-Carvajal
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Microbial Consortia ◽  
Kinetic Rates

Nutrient release from decomposing crop residues in soil: A laboratory experiment

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Scagnozzi ◽  
A. Saviozzi ◽  
R. Levi-Minzi ◽  
R. Riffaldi
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Nutrient Release ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Microbial Immobilization ◽  
Total N ◽  
Available N ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Quantitative Changes

AbstractIn a 400-day laboratory experiment, soil was amended with rape, sunflower and soybean residues to monitor the quantitative changes in the main inorganic nutrients. Total N, available P, exchangeable K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in all the amended samples increased significantly. Generally, the increase in the amounts of these nutrients was maintained until the end of the incubation period, suggesting that the mineralization of the three crop residues enhanced soil fertility. In amended soil samples, disappeared within 14 days, while available N was released as after 60 days in soybean-treated and after 120 days in rape- and sunflower-treated soil, respectively. Water-soluble P was completely lacking in each treatment because of microbial immobilization and adsorption or precipitation processes in soil.

Soil pH and Cation Exchange Capacity Affects Sunflower Tolerance to Sulfentrazone

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory W. Kerr ◽  
Phillip W. Stahlman ◽  
J. Anita Dille
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Sunflower Plant ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Leaf Chlorosis ◽  
Over Time

Effects of soil pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC) on sunflower tolerance to sulfentrazone were investigated in a greenhouse study. Variables were soil pH (7.0, 7.3, 7.5, and 7.8), soil CEC (8.2, 13.7, 18.4, and 23.3 cmol/kg), and sulfentrazone rate (0, 105, 158, and 184 g ai/ha). Sulfentrazone-induced leaf chlorosis was affected by soil pH at 12 d after planting (DAP), but plants recovered, and earlier differences were not visible 9 d later. At 12 DAP, leaf chlorosis was 3 or 4% more severe in soils with pH 7.3 or higher compared with soils with pH 7.0 when averaged over both sulfentrazone rate and soil CEC. Leaf chlorosis resulting from sulfentrazone rates of 105, 158, and 184 g/ha was 17, 25, and 35% less at 23 cmol/kg than at 8.2 cmol/kg, respectively. Differences in chlorosis among sulfentrazone rates were greatest in soil with low CEC and lessened as soil CEC increased. Plants regained normal color over time, and newly emerging leaves were not affected. However, plant dry weights were reduced when sulfentrazone rate was ≥158 g/ha. Averaged over sulfentrazone rate and soil pH, sunflower dry weights were less when soil CEC was 8.2 compared with a CEC of 13.7 cmol/kg or higher, indicating a greater response at low CEC. Sunflower plant dry matter was not different in sulfentrazone-treated soil with a CEC above 13.7 cmol/kg. At the ranges tested, soil CEC had a considerably greater effect than did pH on sunflower tolerance to sulfentrazone.

scholarly journals Volume Change and Cracks Behavior of Lime Treated Expansive Soils

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Abdulrahman Aldaood ◽  
Amina Khalil ◽  
Ibrahim Alkiki ◽  
Madyan Alsaffar
Keyword(s):  
Expansive Soils ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Lime Treatment ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Swell Potential ◽  
Free Swell ◽  
Cracks Propagation ◽  
Lime Addition

This research work study the influence of cyclic wetting and drying on free swell potential of untreated and lime treated expansive clayey soils. Such a study is required to understand the behavior of these soils during wet-dry cycles. Two expansive soils (a polwhite bentonite and a kaolinite) with different plasticity indexes were used in this study. The soil samples were treated with different lime content in the order of (3, 5 and 7% by the dry weight of soil). The lime treated soil samples were cured at 20ºC for 28 and 180 days. The untreated and lime treated soil samples were subjected to four wet-dry cycles. Free swell potential and cracks propagation were studied during lime addition and wet-dry cycles. Results showed that, the free swell potential of untreated soil samples; in general; decreased with increasing wet-dry cycles, and all of the soil samples reached equilibrium after the second cycle. While the cracks propagation increased with these cycles, especially of bentonite soil samples. Larger cracks propagation has been observed in the bentonite soil samples. Lime addition enhanced the free swell potential values of  the two expansive soils and there was a drastic decrease in free swelling potential and cracks propagation of these soils. The beneficial effect of lime treatment to control the swelling values was partly lost by the first wet–dry cycles, and the free swell potential increased at the subsequent cycles.

scholarly journals Field Distance Effects of Fipronil and Chlorfenapyr as Soil Termiticides Against the Desert Subterranean Termite, Heterotermes aureus (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae)

Sociobiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Paul B Baker ◽  
Javier G Miguelena
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Soil Treatment ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Subterranean Termite ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Full Control ◽  
Distance Effects ◽  
Delayed Toxicity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Desirable Trait

A desirable trait of termiticides is that they suppress termite activity at a distance from the site of application. Fipronil and chlorfenapyr are two non-repellent termiticides that display delayed toxicity and are therefore good candidates for yielding distance effects. We assessed their effects as soil-applied termiticides for the management of the desert subterranean termite, Heterotermes aureus (Snyder), under field conditions in southern Arizona. Our approach involved recording termite activity within field experimental grids consisting of termite monitoring stations at selected distances from a termiticide application perimeter. Fipronil-treated plots experienced large and significant reductions in termite presence and abundance relative to controls in stations immediately adjacent to treated soil. However, there was no evidence of reductions in termite activity in stations further away from the soil treatment. In contrast, termite abundance and presence in stations decreased relatively to controls after chlorfenapyr application in whole experimental grids and in several grid sections spatially separated from treated soil. These reductions were especially evident in the five central stations surrounded by the treatment perimeter and in the furthest set of stations. The spatial pattern of changes in chlorfenapyr plots was consistent with termiticide transfer as a mechanism behind distance effects. The impact of fipronil and chlorfenapyr on termite populations in our study suggests that they can both be useful for the management of H. aureus, although each might be suited for differentmanagement goals. Our results also suggest that perimeter treatments alone are not sufficient to accomplish full control of large H. aureus infestations.

Effect of DBCP on Fluchloralin Persistence

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 605-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fayte Brewer ◽  
Ronald E. Talbert ◽  
Terry L. Lavy
Keyword(s):  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Residual Activity ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
First Order ◽  
Herbicide Activity ◽  
Residual Herbicide ◽  
Field Plots

Three field studies were conducted over a 2-yr period to evaluate the persistence of fluchloralin [N-(2-chloroethyl)-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-4-(trifluoromethyl) aniline], and to determine whether DBCP (1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane) affected persistence. Fluchloralin was applied to field plots at 1.1 kg/ha with and without DBCP at 20.5 kg/ha. In the first study, soil samples were taken periodically over a 1-yr period and assayed for fluchloralin by both gas chromatography (GC) and a sorghum (Sorghum bicolorL. Moench ‘AKS-516’) root-elongation bioassay. Both methods of analysis indicated that fluchloralin persistence was unaffected by DBCP. An oat (Avena sativaL. ‘Ora’) bioassay of soil from the field plots 41 weeks after treatment showed no residual herbicide activity. In the next two field studies, soil samples were taken periodically over a 32-week period and assayed by GC for fluchloralin. A greenhouse sorghum bioassay of soil samples taken from both tests 32 weeks after application showed residual activity of fluchloralin in one test, but differences were not attributable to DBCP. A two-phase process of fluchloralin dissipation in field soil was indicated from analysis of the data using a complex first-order regression, as opposed to a simple first-order regression. Half-life values describing fluchloralin persistence, using the complex first-order regression, ranged from 2.3 to 3.7 weeks for the first phase and 9.5 to 26.7 weeks for the second phase.

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