Factors Affecting the Activity of Thifensulfuron

Weed Science ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 553-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Zhao ◽  
John R. Teasdale ◽  
C. Benjamin Coffman
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Nonionic Surfactant ◽  
Moisture Level ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Soil Moisture Level ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Root Exposure

The influence of various factors on the tolerance of corn and selected weed species to thifensulfuron was studied in greenhouse experiments. Corn fresh weight was reduced by postemergence application of thifensulfuron when applied at 180 g ai ha−1without surfactant or at 18 g ha−1with a nonionic surfactant. Corn was more susceptible to root exposure whereas velvetleaf was more susceptible to foliar exposure. Velvetleaf was most susceptible when plants were young, when a nonionic surfactant was added, and at 20 rather than 30 C. Simulated rainfall 8 h after application reduced velvetleaf injury by thifensulfuron at 18 g ha−1without surfactant; however, with addition of a nonionic surfactant, velvetleaf injury was reduced only if rainfall occurred less than 2 h after application. Soil moisture level did not affect velvetleaf susceptibility.

Bentazon Spray Retention, Activity, and Foliar Washoff in Weed Species

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 773-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishna N. Reddy ◽  
Martin A. Locke ◽  
Kevin D. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Nonionic Surfactant ◽  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Shoot Fresh Weight ◽  
Hemp Sesbania ◽  
Smooth Pigweed

Greenhouse studies were conducted to investigate the effects of adjuvant and rainfall on bentazon spray retention, efficacy, and foliar washoff in hemp sesbania, sicklepod, smooth pigweed, and velvetleaf. Bentazon was applied at 0.28 to 2.24 kg ai/ha with Agri-Dex, a crop oil concentrate (COC) or Kinetic, an organiosilicone-nonionic surfactant blend (OSB) when weeds were at the three- to five-leaf stage. Plants were subjected to 2.5 cm simulated rainfall for 20 min at 1 and 24 h after application of bentazon. Shoot fresh weight reduction assessed 2 wk after treatment was similar with either adjuvant on velvetleaf and smooth pigweed. OSB enhanced bentazon efficacy in hemp sesbania and sicklepod as compared to COC. Rainfall at 1 h after application generally reduced bentazon activity in all weeds. OSB maintained bentazon activity in hemp sesbania when subjected to rainfall at 1 h after application as compared to COC. Overall, bentazon spray retention on plants was 9 to 550% higher with OSB as compared to COC among the species at 1 h after application. Amount of bentazon residue washed off from the foliage by rainfall within a weed species was relatively similar for both adjuvants except in smooth pigweed and ranged from 39 to 98% among the four weed species at 1 h after application. OSB exhibited specificity for certain weed species and the potential to minimize bentazon spray reaching the soil by increasing deposition.

Factors Affecting Chloroacetanilide Injury to Corn (Zea mays)

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 904-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loston Rowe ◽  
Donald Penner
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Moisture Level ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Soil Moisture Level ◽  
Chloroacetanilide Herbicides ◽  
Low Rate

Greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the effects of herbicide, herbicide rate, genetic variability, and soil moisture content on the tolerance of corn seedlings to two chloroacetanilide herbicides. Alachlor and metolachlor were applied preemergence at 2.2, 3.4, 4.5, and 6.7 kg ha-1to 10 Great Lakes corn hybrids. Metolachlor appeared to be less injurious at the low rate and more injurious at the high rate than alachlor. Injury among the 10 hybrids tested varied significantly. Some of the hybrids appeared to tolerate alachlor more, while others tolerated metolachlor more indicating that even in a limited number of hybrids there was a spectrum of response. Six levels ranging from 8% to 22% soil moisture were evaluated for their effect on alachlor and metolachlor injury to corn seedlings. The herbicide injury ranged from no injury at the lowest soil moisture level to about 70% at the highest soil moisture level with 4.5 kg ha-1application rate of alachlor or metolachlor.

scholarly journals Impacts of soil moisture level and organic matter content on growth of two Juncus species and Poa pratensis grown under acid soil conditions

Weed Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 490-500
Author(s):  
W Kaczmarek‐Derda ◽  
M Helgheim ◽  
J Netland ◽  
H Riley ◽  
K Wærnhus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Moisture Level ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Moisture Level

Populations of endogonaceous fungi at two locations in central Iowa

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 2518-2529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Walker ◽  
Carl W. Mize ◽  
Harold S. McNabb Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Spore Production ◽  
Moisture Level ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Soil Moisture Level ◽  
Hybrid Poplars ◽  
Herbicide Treatment

Two different sites in central Iowa were planted with hybrid poplars and subsequently sampled over a growing season for spores of endogonaceous fungi. At one of the sites, the effects of plowing and herbicide treatment on spore numbers also were examined. Ten species of fungi in the genera Acaulospora, Gigaspora, and Glomus were recorded at the first site. The second location yielded 12 species from the same genera. In both sites, the distribution of spores was highly variable. The poplars rarely became endomycorrhizal and had no effect on spore populations during the experimental period. Changes in spore populations were correlated with soil-moisture level. Evidence was found for some depression of spore production caused by plowing and herbicide treatment. The conclusion was drawn that small samples with but few replicates may not adequately represent populations of endogonaceous spores.

scholarly journals Design and Development of an Automatic Prototype Smart Irrigation Model

2021 ◽  
pp. 119-127
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Human Resources Management ◽  
Ultrasonic Sensor ◽  
Moisture Level ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Soil Moisture Level ◽  
Input Signals ◽  
Crop Field

In the current condition, it is difficult to increase plant development and reduce expenses in agricultural sectors; nevertheless, an advanced thought leads to the use of an automated model that introduces automation in the irrigation system, which can aid in improved water and human resources management. An automated model has been developed using sensors and microcontroller technology, to make the most efficient use of water supply for irrigation. A soil moisture content detector is inserted into the soil of the crops, and an ultrasonic sensor is placed above the soil of the crops to measure the water level after irrigation has begun. A C++ program with threshold values for the moisture sensor was used to start the system in the crop field depending on the soil moisture level, and an ultrasonic sensor was used to control the water in the crop field. The Arduino UNO board is a microcontroller inbuilt of Atmel in the mega AVR family (ATMega328) and the sensors were used to lead the model in turning ON/OFF. A microcontroller was included in this model to run the program by receiving sensor input signals and converting them to soil water content and water level values in the crop field. The microcontroller began by receiving input values, which resulted in an output instructing the relay to turn on the groundwater pump. An LCD screen has also been interfaced with the microcontroller to show the percentage of moisture in the soil, field water level, and pump condition. When the soil moisture level reaches 99 percent and the water level reaches 6 cm after 2.5 and 4 minutes, respectively, the pump is turned off. This model, according to the study, might save water, time, and reduce human effort.

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