Bentazon Spray Retention, Activity, and Foliar Washoff in Weed Species

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 773-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishna N. Reddy ◽  
Martin A. Locke ◽  
Kevin D. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Nonionic Surfactant ◽  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Shoot Fresh Weight ◽  
Hemp Sesbania ◽  
Smooth Pigweed

Greenhouse studies were conducted to investigate the effects of adjuvant and rainfall on bentazon spray retention, efficacy, and foliar washoff in hemp sesbania, sicklepod, smooth pigweed, and velvetleaf. Bentazon was applied at 0.28 to 2.24 kg ai/ha with Agri-Dex, a crop oil concentrate (COC) or Kinetic, an organiosilicone-nonionic surfactant blend (OSB) when weeds were at the three- to five-leaf stage. Plants were subjected to 2.5 cm simulated rainfall for 20 min at 1 and 24 h after application of bentazon. Shoot fresh weight reduction assessed 2 wk after treatment was similar with either adjuvant on velvetleaf and smooth pigweed. OSB enhanced bentazon efficacy in hemp sesbania and sicklepod as compared to COC. Rainfall at 1 h after application generally reduced bentazon activity in all weeds. OSB maintained bentazon activity in hemp sesbania when subjected to rainfall at 1 h after application as compared to COC. Overall, bentazon spray retention on plants was 9 to 550% higher with OSB as compared to COC among the species at 1 h after application. Amount of bentazon residue washed off from the foliage by rainfall within a weed species was relatively similar for both adjuvants except in smooth pigweed and ranged from 39 to 98% among the four weed species at 1 h after application. OSB exhibited specificity for certain weed species and the potential to minimize bentazon spray reaching the soil by increasing deposition.

Factors Affecting the Activity of Thifensulfuron

Weed Science ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 553-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Zhao ◽  
John R. Teasdale ◽  
C. Benjamin Coffman
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Nonionic Surfactant ◽  
Moisture Level ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Soil Moisture Level ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Root Exposure

The influence of various factors on the tolerance of corn and selected weed species to thifensulfuron was studied in greenhouse experiments. Corn fresh weight was reduced by postemergence application of thifensulfuron when applied at 180 g ai ha−1without surfactant or at 18 g ha−1with a nonionic surfactant. Corn was more susceptible to root exposure whereas velvetleaf was more susceptible to foliar exposure. Velvetleaf was most susceptible when plants were young, when a nonionic surfactant was added, and at 20 rather than 30 C. Simulated rainfall 8 h after application reduced velvetleaf injury by thifensulfuron at 18 g ha−1without surfactant; however, with addition of a nonionic surfactant, velvetleaf injury was reduced only if rainfall occurred less than 2 h after application. Soil moisture level did not affect velvetleaf susceptibility.

Interactions of Foliarly Applied Herbicides on Three Weed Species in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)

Weed Science ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 614-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. David Moore ◽  
Philip A. Banks
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Antagonistic Effects ◽  
Shoot Fresh Weight

In the greenhouse, naptalam at 1.1 to 4.5 kg ai ha−1antagonized activity of paraquat at 0.04 to 0.14 kg ai ha−1in 14 of 16 rate combinations when applied to sicklepod. Sicklepod shoot fresh weight reduction was less compared to that obtained with paraquat alone when paraquat at 0.04 kg ha−1was mixed with bentazon at 0.42 to 0.84 kg ai ha−1or monocarbamide dihydrogensulfate at 14 to 58 kg ai ha−1. Paraquat activity on Florida beggarweed was antagonized by mixtures of paraquat at 0.04 or 0.07 kg ha−1with bentazon at 0.63 or 0.84 kg ha−1or paraquat at 0.04 to 0.14 kg ha−1with naptalam at 3.4 or 4.5 kg ha−1. Mixtures of lactofen at 0.06 to 0.22 kg ai ha−1with monocarbamide dihydrogensulfate at 14 kg ha−1or lactofen at 0.06 or 0.16 kg ha−1with alachlor at 1.4 to 2.8 kg ai ha−1synergistically increased tall morningglory shoot fresh weight reduction. In the field, excellent sicklepod shoot fresh weight reduction by paraquat applied alone masked most antagonistic effects of paraquat mixtures. Addition of alachlor to monocarbamide dihydrogensulfate at 29 kg ha−1improved activity on sicklepod compared to monocarbamide dihydrogensulfate applied alone.

Effect of Growth Stage on Trifloxysulfuron and Glyphosate Efficacy in Twelve Weed Species of Citrus Groves

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1031-1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samunder Singh ◽  
Megh Singh
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Citrus Groves ◽  
Prickly Sida ◽  
Test Plants

Efficacy of trifloxysulfuron with and without surfactant was evaluated against balsamapple, cat's claw vine, Florida beggarweed, hairy beggarticks, ivyleaf morningglory, johnsongrass, prickly sida, redroot pigweed, sicklepod, strangler vine, tall morningglory, and yellow nutsedge at 21, 42, and 63 g ai/ha applied at the four- or six-leaf stages and compared with glyphosate at 280, 560, and 840 g ae/ha. Delayed application from the four- to six-leaf stage significantly reduced trifloxysulfuron efficacy; reduction was less with glyphosate. Trifloxysulfuron plus 0.25% X-77 was more effective on the four-leaf stage than on the six-leaf stage plants of redroot pigweed, johnsongrass, hairy beggarticks, strangler vine, and prickly sida; effect was similar on yellow nutsedge, sicklepod, Florida beggarweed, balsamapple, ivyleaf morningglory, and tall morningglory. Trifloxysulfuron at 63 g/ha plus surfactant reduced the fresh weight of all test plants more than 80% compared with control, except prickly sida, strangler vine, and cat's claw vine. Glyphosate was less effective than trifloxysulfuron plus surfactant against tall morningglory, sicklepod, ivyleaf morningglory, and yellow nutsedge but was significantly better against balsamapple, prickly sida, and cat's claw vine. None of the herbicides provided satisfactory control of cat's claw vine, strangler vine, and prickly sida.

Diuron Sorption by Pine-Bark Substrate and Foliar vs. Root Absorption by Yellow Woodsorrel (Oxalis stricta)

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 532-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carey V. Simpson ◽  
Glenn Wehtje ◽  
Charles H. Gilliam ◽  
Jeff L. Sibley ◽  
James E. Altland
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Shoot Fresh Weight ◽  
Root Absorption ◽  
Nursery Crops ◽  
Radiotracer Techniques

Postemergence-applied diuron effectively controls yellow woodsorrel in nursery crops grown in pine bark–based container substrate. Whether the phytotoxicity of diuron on yellow woodsorrel is exclusively the result of foliar activity or is partially the result of root-based activity has not been determined. Application in which diuron was allowed to contact both the foliage and the pine bark–based substrate provided 84% control as determined by shoot fresh-weight reduction relative to that of a nontreated control. Foliar-only and root-only applications provided 52 and 12% shoot fresh-weight reduction, respectively. Absorption and translocation of foliar-applied diuron by yellow woodsorrel was evaluated using radiotracer techniques. After 24 h, 86% of the applied diuron had been absorbed, and 76% of the amount applied remained in the treated leaflet, indicating minimal translocation. Diuron sorption by the pine bark–based substrate was evaluated using radiotracer techniques. After 3 h, less than 6% of applied diuron remained in the aqueous phase, indicating 94% sorption. Exposing yellow woodsorrel roots to diuron concentrations as low as 0.50 mg/L resulted in injury, and concentrations equal to or greater than 10 mg/L resulted in death. Calculations described herein indicate the concentration that probably would occur within the aqueous solution held within the substrate following a 1.12-kg ai/ha application is sufficient to be phytotoxic to yellow woodsorrel. Thus, root-based absorption is a contributing factor in the overall efficacy of postemergence-applied diuron in controlling yellow woodsorrel.

Inhibition of wheat growth planted after glyphosate application to weeds

Weed Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-381
Author(s):  
Se Ji Jang ◽  
Carol Mallory-Smith ◽  
Yong In Kuk
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Root Tissue ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Shoot Fresh Weight ◽  
Wheat Shoot ◽  
Loam Soil

AbstractGlyphosate is easily translocated from shoots to roots and released into the rhizosphere. The objective of this study was to clarify the influence of glyphosate residues in the root tissue of glyphosate-treated weeds on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth and shikimate accumulation. Foliar application to 5-leaf downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) planted in sandy loam soil reduced wheat (‘Tubbs 06’) shoot fresh weight by 37% to 46% compared with the control when seeds were planted 0 and 1 d after applications. With Italian ryegrass [Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot], wheat shoot fresh weight was inhibited by 20% to 34% compared with the control at 0, 1, 3, and 5 d after applications to 1.5- and 5-leaf-stage plants. Using a different wheat cultivar (‘Stephens’), shoot fresh weight was inhibited by 19% to 43% when seeds were planted 0 d after glyphosate applications to 1.5-, 2-, and 5-leaf-stage B. tectorum and L. perenne planted in sandy loam soil compared with control. In contrast, some studies using treated L. perenne and B. tectorum planted in clay loam soil resulted in increases in wheat shoot fresh weight. Lolium perenne planted in water-saturated sandy loam soil showed no differences in either shoot or root fresh weight or shikimate accumulation in shoots or roots. Compared with the control plants, shikimate accumulation in roots increased 51- to 59-fold in wheat planted in sandy loam soil that previously contained B. tectorum and 13- to 49-fold in soil that previously contained L. perenne. In both studies, glyphosate was applied at the 1.5-leaf stage, and wheat seeds were sown 0, 1, and 3 d after glyphosate applications. Thus, plant damage caused by glyphosate was associated with increased shikimate accumulation in the root tissue. Overall, crop damage caused by glyphosate residue to target plants was strongly influenced by soil type, soil water conditions, glyphosate sensitivity, target weed species identity, and weed densities.

scholarly journals Physiological responses of Pea plants to treatment with synthetic auxins and auxin-type herbicide

Botanica ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 125-133
Author(s):  
Dessislava Todorova ◽  
Iskren Sergiev ◽  
Elena Shopova ◽  
Liliana Brankova ◽  
Jurga Jankauskienė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽  
Free Proline ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Antioxidant Defence ◽  
Shoot Fresh Weight ◽  
Synthetic Auxins ◽  
Antioxidant Defence System

The effect of exogenously applied 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) on growth and antioxidant defence of pea plants, preliminary treated with two synthetic auxin compounds 1-[2-chloroethoxycarbonyl-methyl]-4-naphthalenesulfonic acid calcium salt (TA-12) and 1-[2-dimethylaminoethoxycarbonylmethyl]naphthalene chlormethylate (TA-14) was examined. All chemicals were applied by foliar spraying. Applied alone, TA-12 and TA-14 had no significant effects, but they modulated the 2,4-D induced changes on most investigated biochemical parameters. The shoot fresh weight reduction caused by 2,4-D was partially overcome by the use of TAs. The use of TAs partially overcame the shoot fresh weight reduction induced by 2,4-D. Apart from this, no significant changes were observed in the other biometric parameters. Treatment with 2,4-D did not enhance lipid peroxidation, and hydrogen peroxide content was slightly increased. These data indicate that treatment with 2,4-D did not cause severe oxidative stress, which is also confirmed by the results of the antioxidant defence system. The application of 2,4-D provoked mild accumulation of thiol-containing compounds, free proline and phenolic compounds and increased the antioxidant enzyme activities (GST, SOD, CAT, POD and GR) to a moderate degree. Pretreatment with TAs noticeably decreased the non-enzymatic antioxidants (free proline, total phenolics and total low-molecular thiols) compared to plants treated with 2,4-D only. Except for GR, TAs pretreatment returned the enzyme activities to levels close to the controls. Based on the results obtained, we suggest that the application of both synthetic auxins could modulate 2,4-D herbicide effects.

Pitted and Hybrid Morningglory Accessions Have Variable Tolerance to Glyphosate

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 592-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian C. Burke ◽  
Krishna N. Reddy ◽  
Charles T. Bryson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Sublethal Dose ◽  
Southern United States ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Pitted Morningglory ◽  
And Control

Two greenhouse studies were conducted to investigate the variability in tolerance to a sublethal dose of glyphosate among accessions of pitted morningglory, hybrid morningglory (a fertile hybrid between pitted and sharppod morningglory), and sharppod morningglory, collected from several states in the southern United States. The first study was conducted to evaluate the variability in tolerance to glyphosate among accessions. Glyphosate at 420 g ae/ha was applied to plants at the four- to five-leaf stage, and control (percent shoot fresh weight reduction) was determined 2 wk after treatment (WAT). Pitted morningglory response ranged from −9% (indicating no response to glyphosate) to 39% control. A similar trend was observed in hybrid morningglory. Control of two related species, cypressvine morningglory and red morningglory, averaged 40 and 29%, respectively, and was similar to control of the most susceptible pitted morningglory and hybrid morningglory accessions. Ivyleaf morningglory control was 9%. Sharppod morningglory control was highest (48%) among the morningglories studied. A second study was conducted to determine levels of tolerance to glyphosate based onGR50(dose required to cause a 50% reduction in plant growth) in 10 accessions that were least to most sensitive to glyphosate (7 pitted, 2 hybrid, and 1 sharppod morningglory). GlyphosateGR50doses ranged from 0.65 to 1.23 kg/ha, a two-fold variability in tolerance to glyphosate among the 7 pitted morningglory accessions. Increasing levels of tolerance were associated with the absence of a leaf notch. These results indicate the existence of variable tolerance to a sublethal dose of glyphosate among accessions of pitted morningglory.

Benzobicyclon Activity on Common Louisiana Rice Weeds

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin M. McKnight ◽  
Eric P. Webster ◽  
David C. Blouin
Keyword(s):  
Field Conditions ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Flooded Field

AbstractA study was conducted at three locations in Louisiana to evaluate the response of common Louisiana rice weed species to different rates of application of benzobicyclon herbicide. Benzobicyclon was applied at 31, 62, 123, 185, 246, 493, 739, 986, and 1,232 g ai ha–1into flooded field conditions when ducksalad was at the first elongated-leaf stage. Barnyardgrass, false pimpernel, and yellow nutsedge control never exceeded 50% from any rate of benzobicyclon applied, averaged across evaluation timing. Ducksalad control, averaged across evaluation timing, was 83% when treated with 493 g ha−1and did not increase when treated with higher rates of benzobicyclon. At 42 d after treatment (DAT), purple ammannia and Indian toothcup treated with 185 and 246 g ha–1of benzobicyclon were controlled 58% and 81%, respectively, and did not differ in control compared with higher rates of benzobicyclon. All weeds were hand-harvested from each plot and separated by species at the conclusion of the study. No differences in fresh-weight biomass were observed for barnyardgrass, false pimpernel, purple ammannia, or yellow nutsedge. Treatment with benzobicyclon at ≥62 g ha–1resulted in reduced ducksalad fresh weight 42 DAT compared with the nontreated sample. Indian toothcup fresh weight was reduced 77% to 96% compared with the nontreated sample when treated with benzobicyclon at 246 to 1,232 g ha–1.

Efficacy of Residual And Non-Residual Herbicides Used in Cotton Production Systems When Applied with Glyphosate, Glufosinate, or MSMA

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Price ◽  
Clifford H. Koger ◽  
John W. Wilcut ◽  
Donnie Miller ◽  
Edzard Van Santen
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Cotton Production ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Pitted Morningglory ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Hemp Sesbania ◽  
Prickly Sida ◽  
Smooth Pigweed

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate weed control provided by glyphosate, glufosinate, and MSMA applied alone or in mixture with residual and nonresidual last application (LAYBY) herbicides. Herbicide treatments included glyphosate early postemergence (EPOST) alone or followed by glyphosate, glufosinate, or MSMA late-postemergence (LPOST) alone or tank-mixed with one of the following LAYBY herbicides: carfentrazone-ethyl at 0.3 kg ai/ha, diuron at 1.12 kg ai/ha, flumioxazin at 0.07 kg ai/ha, fluometuron at 1.12 kg ai/ha, lactofen at 0.84 kg ai/ha, linuron at 0.56 kg ai/ha, oxyfluorfen at 1.12 kg ai/ha, prometryn at 1.12 kg ai/ha, or prometryn + trifloxysulfuron at 1.12 kg ai/ha + 10 g ai/ha. Residual herbicides were also applied alone LPOST. Weeds evaluated included barnyardgrass, broadleaf signalgrass, coffee senna, entireleaf morningglory, hemp sesbania, ivyleaf morningglory, johnsongrass, large crabgrass, Palmer amaranth, pitted morningglory, prickly sida, redroot pigweed, sicklepod, smooth pigweed, spiny amaranth, and velvetleaf. Treatments containing MSMA provided lower average weed control compared to those containing glyphosate or glufosinate, and residual herbicides applied alone provided inadequate weed control compared to mixtures containing a nonresidual herbicide. Across 315 of 567 comparisons (55%), when a LAYBY herbicide was added, weed control increased. The most difficult to control weed species at all locations was pitted morningglory. Barnyardgrass and hemp sesbania at the Mississippi location and hemp sesbania at the Louisiana location were collectively difficult to control across all treatments as well.

Differential Toxicity of Tralkoxydim inHordeumSpecies

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 946-948 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham Tal ◽  
Yuval Benyamini ◽  
Baruch Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Spontaneum ◽  
Full Recovery ◽  
Severely Injured ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Shoot Fresh Weight ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Differential Toxicity ◽  
Selective Herbicide

In greenhouse studies, tralkoxydim applied POST at 100 to 300 g ai/ha during the three-to four-leaf stage of development were differentially toxic to threeHordeumspecies. Tralkoxydim severely injured wall barley by cessation of growth and death of the whole plant.Hordeum spontaneum, barley, and wheat were less affected by the herbicide in declining order, respectively. However, 4 wk after treatment, full recovery was observed in barley and wheat, but not inH. spontaneum, as reflected in the shoot fresh weight. Tralkoxydim could be considered as a selective herbicide in wheat and barley fields for the control of wall barley.

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