Leaf Wash Techniques for Estimation of Foliar Absorption of Herbicides

Three wash techniques, each with 1, 10, or 95% (v/v) ethanol:water were used to measure foliar absorption of14C-glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine],14C-3,6-dichloropicolinic acid, and14C-chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide} in Tartary buckwheat [Fagopyrum tataricum(L.) Gaertn. ♯3FAGTA], Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. ♯ CIRAR], and barley (Hordeum vulgareL. ‘Galt’). For the herbicides and species tested, the most suitable common procedure for determining absorption consisted of a double or triple rinse with or immersion in 10% ethanol. Wiping the treated leaves with cotton balls moistened with the solvent was much less effective. Efficiency of herbicide removal by a given solvent was not related consistently to solubility of the herbicide in the solvent.

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Fate of Picloram in Canada Thistle, Soybean, and Barley

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500027168 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 350-353 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

M. P. Sharma ◽

W. H. Vanden Born

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Hordeum Vulgare ◽

Chromatographic Analysis ◽

Distribution Patterns ◽

Cirsium Arvense ◽

Canada Thistle ◽

Foliar Absorption ◽

Selective Action ◽

Ethanol Extracts ◽

Shoot Meristems

Autoradiography and radioassay results indicated that14C-picloram (14C-4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) was absorbed and translocated rapidly in Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop.], soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Harosoy 63’], and barley (Hordeum vulgareL. ‘Parkland’) following foliar or root application. Foliar absorption was much faster and more complete in soybean and Canada thistle than in barley. The radioactivity from14C-picloram accumulated in shoot meristems in Canada thistle and soybean, whereas in barley it was distributed throughout the plant following uptake by foliage or roots. Decarboxylation of14C-picloram by foliarly-treated Canada thistle, soybean, and barley plants did not occur in appreciable amounts. Chromatographic analysis of ethanol extracts of plants treated with14C-picloram up to 20 days revealed no evidence of picloram metabolism by these plant species. It is concluded that differences in absorption and in distribution patterns of picloram after shoot or root uptake contribute greatly to the expression of its selective action in the species studied.

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Dicamba Uptake, Translocation, Metabolism, and Selectivity

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500048414 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 113-117 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

F. Y. Chang ◽

W. H. Vanden Born

Keyword(s):

Hordeum Vulgare ◽

Root Uptake ◽

Tartary Buckwheat ◽

Fagopyrum Tataricum ◽

Sinapis Arvensis ◽

Triticum Vulgare ◽

Wild Mustard ◽

Minor Metabolite ◽

Anisic Acid ◽

A Minor

Greenhouse studies indicated that 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba) or its metabolic derivative was strongly accumulated in meristematic tissues of Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum(L.) Gaertn.) and wild mustard (Sinapis arvensisL.) following both foliar and root uptake. In barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) and wheat (Triticum vulgareL.), it was distributed throughout the plants. Detoxification of dicamba occurred in all four species though not at equal rates, and a common major metabolite was identified chromatographically as 5-hydroxy-3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid. A minor metabolite, 3,6-dichlorosalicylic acid, was found in barley and wheat but not in Tartary buckwheat or wild mustard. The four species tolerated dicamba treatment in the order of wheat, barley, wild mustard, and Tartary buckwheat. This ranking corresponds with the ability of the plants to detoxify dicamba and is inversely related to the extent of dicamba absorption and translocation in them.

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CONTROL OF CANADA THISTLE AND TOLERANCE OF BARLEY TO 3,6 DICHLOROPICOLINIC ACID

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps84-030 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 64 (1) ◽

pp. 215-217 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

P. A. O’SULLIVAN ◽

V. C. KOSSATZ

Keyword(s):

Hordeum Vulgare ◽

Cirsium Arvense ◽

Canada Thistle ◽

Hordeum Vulgare L

Control of topgrowth of 10-cm-tall Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense L. Scop.) was excellent, and barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ’Gait’) yields were increased when 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid was applied at rates of 0.2 kg/ha and higher. No injury to barley cvs. Gait and Klondike was evident with herbicide rates of 0.1–0.9 kg/ha applied at the three-leaf, six-leaf and boot stages and yields were not adversely affected.Key words: Canada thistle, barley tolerance, 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid

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Relationship between relative time of emergence of Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) and yield loss of barley

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/p02-042 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 82 (4) ◽

pp. 861-863 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. T. O’Donovan ◽

A. S. McClay

Keyword(s):

Decision Support ◽

Hordeum Vulgare ◽

Regression Model ◽

Nonlinear Regression ◽

Yield Loss ◽

Tartary Buckwheat ◽

Nonlinear Regression Model ◽

Fagopyrum Tataricum ◽

Hordeum Vulgare L ◽

Relative Time

A nonlinear regression model was used to describe the relationship between Tartary buckwheat [Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.] density and relative time of emergence, and yield of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Yield loss increased the earlier the weed emerged relative to the crop. The model is being used in computerized decision support systems for weed management in western Canada. Key words: Fagopyrum tataricum, Hordeum vulgare, nonlinear regression model, relative time of emergence, decision support system

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Effects of picloram on growth and on chlorophyll, RNA, and protein content of plants

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b72-260 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 50 (10) ◽

pp. 2039-2044 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M. P. Sharma ◽

W. H. Vanden Born

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Hordeum Vulgare ◽

Protein Content ◽

Ribonucleic Acid ◽

Foliar Application ◽

The Other ◽

Cirsium Arvense ◽

Canada Thistle ◽

Hordeum Vulgare L ◽

Glycine Max L

Foliar application of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) markedly inhibited the growth of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr., cv. Harosoy 63) and Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.). The rates of picloram which caused death of soybean (0.14 kg/hectare) and Canada thistle (0.56 kg/hectare) in 2 weeks caused no marked injury symptoms to barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Parkland). ED50 values of picloram (doses required to reduce growth by half) were 16.1 g/hectare for soybean, 18.2 g/hectare for Canada thistle, and 3.64 kg/hectare for barley.Picloram (250 mg/liter, about 0.30 kg/hectare), both 1 and 3 days after treatment, markedly reduced the chlorophyll content of soybean and Canada thistle plants. RNA (ribonucleic acid) and protein contents of such picloram-treated plants, on the other hand, were increased up to 30% over controls. In barley, picloram had very little effect on chlorophyll, RNA, and protein content.

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INFLUENCE OF ETHEPHON ON ABSORPTION AND TRANSLOCATION OF HERBICIDES IN CANADA THISTLE

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps75-123 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 55 (3) ◽

pp. 795-800 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

A. G. ARSON ◽

J. D. BANDEEN

Keyword(s):

Cirsium Arvense ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Canada Thistle ◽

Full Bloom ◽

Foliar Absorption ◽

Maximum Accumulation ◽

Growth Room ◽

Anisic Acid ◽

Ethephon Treatment ◽

Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

The influence of ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) on the foliar absorption of 14C-labelled dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) and 14C-labelled 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] at three growth stages of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) was investigated in the growth room. There was increased leaf uptake and retention of dicamba and 14C from 2,4-D under the influence of ethephon at all growth stages; this was reflected in total foliar absorption. The most efficient dicamba/ethephon combination, on the basis of the amount of herbicide accumulated in the roots, was simultaneous ethephon treatment at the bloom and post full bloom stages. Maximum accumulation of 14C from 2,4-D in roots occurred with simultaneous 2,4-D and ethephon application at the post full bloom stage. Differences between acropetal and basipetal accumulation following dicamba treatments were much smaller than those observed after treatment with 2,4-D. More 14C from 2,4-D was accumulated in the roots than was translocated acropetally in all 2,4-D treatments at all growth stages.

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Influence of Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) Density on Yield Loss of Barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500082771 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 33 (4) ◽

pp. 521-523 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

E. Ann de St. Remy ◽

John T. O'Donovan ◽

Alan K. W. Tong ◽

P. Ashley O'Sullivan ◽

M. Paul Sharma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Hordeum Vulgare ◽

Yield Loss ◽

Plant Density ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Tartary Buckwheat ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Regression Equations ◽

Fagopyrum Tataricum ◽

The Relationship

The relationship between Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn. ♯ FAGTA) plant density (x) and percent yield loss (ŷ) was expressed by the following linear regression equations for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), respectively; ŷ = 0.63 + 2.75 √x and ŷ = 5.04 + 3.05 √x. Tartary buckwheat causes serious yield reduction in barley and wheat. A Tartary buckwheat density at 30 plants/m2 at emergence reduced barley yield by 16% and wheat yield by 22%.

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