The Basis for Synergism between Barban and Flamprop on Wild Oat (Avena fatua)

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahendra P. Sharma ◽  
Fayaz A. Qureshi ◽  
William H. Vanden Born
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Nonionic Surfactant ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Synergistic Interaction ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Commercial Formulation ◽  
Leaf Stage

Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of the methyl ester of14C-flamprop [N-benzoyl-N-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-DL-alanine] (hereafter referred to as flamprop-methyl) and14C-barban (4-chloro-2-butynyl-m-chloro carbanilate) in wild oat (Avena fatuaL.) were investigated to determine the basis of the synergistic interaction between the two herbicides. The mutual effects of the two herbicides were studied when they were applied together to wild oat at the two- and four-leaf stage. The addition of the commercial formulation of barban, barban formulation additives, technical barban, or the nonionic surfactant polyoxyethylene-6-tridecylether resulted in varying degrees of increase in the absorption of14C-flamprop-methyl. Translocation of14C-flamprop-methyl following leaf application in wild oat was mainly acropetal. The addition of commercial barban to14C-flamprop-methyl did not influence the pattern of14C translocation. Metabolism of flamprop-methyl by wild oat at either leaf stage was not influenced by barban. Absorption of14C-barban was increased by the addition of the commercial formulation of flamprop-methyl and by polyoxyethylene-6-tridecylether. The addition of flamprop-methyl did not influence the pattern of translocation and metabolism of14C-barban in wild oat at either leaf stage. It is concluded that increased absorption of flamprop-methyl and barban by wild oat at the two- and four-leaf stages is the most important factor in the synergistic interaction between these herbicides. Translocation and metabolism of the herbicides do not seem to be important factors in the synergism observed.

Selectivity of Dichlofop Methyl Among Wheat, Barley, Wild Oat (Arena fatua) and Green Foxtail (Setaria viridis)

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 382-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.G. Todd ◽  
E.H. Stobbe
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Species Sensitivity ◽  
Methyl Propionate ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Green Foxtail

The selectivity of {2-[4-(2′,4′-dichlorophenoxy) phenoxy] methyl propionate}, (hereinafter referred to as dichlofop methyl), among wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘Neepawa’), barley (Hordeum vulgareL. ‘Bonanza’), wild oat (Avena fatuaL.), and green foxtail (Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv.) was investigated. On an ED50basis, barley, wild oat, and green foxtail were 2, 190, and 1,090 times more sensitive, respectively, to foliar-applied dichlofop methyl at the two-leaf stage than was wheat. Selectivity decreased with increasing maturity of the plant material with the ratio of selectivity between barley and wild oat decreasing from 55 at the two-leaf stage to three at the four-leaf-plus-one-tiller stage. Greater spray retention and more rapid penetration of dichlofop methyl partially explained the susceptibility of green foxtail, but did not explain selectivity between wheat, wild oat, and barley. Root uptake of14C-dichlofop methyl by the four species was proportional to the amount of solution absorbed during the treatment period and to the concentration of dichlofop methyl in the treatment solution but was not related to species sensitivity to this herbicide.

Basis for Interactions of Ethofumesate1and Desmedipham on Sugarbeets and Weeds

Weed Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 619-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Eshel ◽  
R.L. Zimdahl ◽  
E.E. Schweizer
Keyword(s):  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Synergistic Interaction ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Synergistic Interactions ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Spray Volume ◽  
Brassica Kaber

A synergistic interaction occurred when sugarbeets (Beta vulgarisL. ‘Mono-Hy Al’) were treated with mixtures of ethofumesate (2-ethoxy-2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-5-benzofuranyl methanesulphonate) and desmedipham [ethylm-hydroxycarbanilate carbanilate (ester)]. Depending on the stage of weed growth synergistic interactions were also observed on two weed species: wild mustard [Brassica kaber(DC.) L.C. Wheeler ‘pinnatifida’ (Stokes) L.C. Wheeler] and wild oat (Avena fatuaL.). Desmedipham penetrated the foliage more slowly than did ethofumesate. The rate of desmedipham penetration was positively correlated with the concentration of its formulants (solvents and adjuvants) in the spraying emulsion, and to a lesser extent with the formulants of ethofumesate. Increasing the spray volume also increased desmedipham penetration. None of these factors affected penetration by ethofumesate.14C-labeled ethofumesate and desmedipham did not translocate out of treated leaves regardless of the concentration of formulants or active ingredients. These data suggest that the synergistic interaction is mainly due to the increased penetration by desmedipham when applied with ethofumesate.

Resistance to Aryloxyphenoxypropionate Herbicides in Two Wild Oat Species (Avena fatuaandAvena sterilisssp.ludoviciana)

Weed Science ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali M. Mansooji ◽  
Joseph A. Holtum ◽  
Peter Boutsalis ◽  
John M. Matthews ◽  
Stephen B. Powles
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Avena Sterilis ◽  
Susceptible Control ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Marked Resistance

Resistance to the methyl ester of diclofop, an aryloxyphenoxypropionate graminicide, was shown for a wild oat (Avena fatua) population from Western Australia, and marked resistance to a range of aryloxyphenoxypropionate and cyclohexanedione graminicides was detected in a winter wild oat (Avena sterilisssp.ludoviciana) population from South Australia. TheA. sterilisbiotype exhibited high levels of resistance to the aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides diclofop, fluazifop, haloxyfop, fenoxaprop, quizalofop, propaquizafop, and quinfurop and low levels of resistance to the cyclohexanedione herbicides sethoxydim, tralkoxydim, and cycloxydim. Ratios of LD50values for responses of resistant and susceptibleA. sterilisto the aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides were between 20 for propaquizafop and > 1,000 for fluazifop, and were between 2.5 and 3 for the cyclohexanedione herbicides. The LD50value for diclofop for theA. fatuabiotype was 442 g ai ha-1which was 2.7-fold that of a susceptible control. Thirty-three percent of the plants survived at the registered rate of application.

Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Growth and Yield as Influenced by Duration of Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Competition

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 890-893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. Kirkland
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Removal Experiments

The effect of duration of wild oat competition on spring wheat yield and growth was determined in time-of-removal experiments conducted over a three year study period in Saskatchewan, Canada. Failure to remove wild oat reduced wheat yield 28 and 39% at wild oat populations of 64 and 188 plants per m2, respectively. Wheat yield was not reduced by wild oat densities of 64 or 118 plants per m2until the six- and seven-leaf stage of wild oat, respectively. Removing wild oat at 64 plants per m2before the seven-leaf stage and 118 plants per m2before the five-leaf stage did not increase wheat culm or fresh weight production.

Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Control by Flufenprop-methyl

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. Miller ◽  
J. D. Nalewaja ◽  
W. A. Olson
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Triticum Durum ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Barley Cultivars

Postemergence applications of flufenprop-methyl [methyl-N-benzoyl-N(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-2-amino-propionate] for wild oat (Avena fatuaL.) control in spring wheat (Triticum aestivumL.), durum wheat (Triticum durumL.), and barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) were evaluated in the field, greenhouse, and controlled environmental chambers. Wild oat control with flufenprop-methyl was greater at the five-leaf stage than three and one-half or two-leaf stage of growth. Wild oat control was not reduced when flufenprop-methyl was tank-mixed with bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-(4) 3H-one, 2,2-dioxide]. Tolerance of spring and durum wheat cultivars to flufenprop-methyl was acceptable; however, tolerance of barley cultivars was considerably more variable. Air temperature after treatment, soil fertility, and moisture did not influence wild oat control with flufenprop-methyl; however, a simulated rainfall of 1 mm within 1/2 h or 4 mm within 4 h after application reduced wild oat control.

Adjuvant Combinations with Quizalofop for Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Control in Peppermint (Mentha piperita)

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert N. Stougaard
Keyword(s):  
Nonionic Surfactant ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Mentha Piperita ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Liquid Fertilizer ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate

Field experiments were conducted at Kalispell, MT, to determine the optimum adjuvant combination for wild oat control in peppermint with quizalofop. Quizalofop was applied to four- and eight-leaf wild oat plants at 20 and 50 g ai/ha with either a nonionic surfactant (NIS) or methylated seed oil (MSO) alone or in combination with 28% urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) liquid fertilizer. Differences among adjuvants were most apparent when quizalofop was applied at the lowest rate. MSO was more effective than NIS for enhancing quizalofop activity. Quizalofop efficacy with both adjuvants increased when applied with UAN. Greater than 90% wild oat control was obtained with the lowest rate when applied with MSO plus UAN to four-leaf wild oat plants. These results demonstrate the potential to improve the consistency of weed control as well as reduce postemergence herbicide rates when applied with the proper adjuvant combination.

DELAYED SEEDING FOR WILD OAT CONTROL IN RAPESEED IN NORTHWEST ALBERTA

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 1101-1106 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. DARWENT ◽  
J. H. SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Brassica Campestris ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Wild Oats

In a 4-yr study, rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.) was seeded where wild oats (Avena fatua L.) had been controlled either by various delayed seeding procedures or by an early spring application of trifluralin at 1.1 kg a.i./ha. The trifluralin treatment provided the best wild oat control. However, allowing wild oats to grow to the two-leaf stage, destroying them with cultivation and then seeding rapeseed resulted in commercially acceptable control (70% or more) with little or no loss of crop yield. Postponing cultivation until the wild oats reached the three- to four-leaf stage provided control that was almost equivalent to that attained with cultivation at the two-leaf stage but resulted in reduced crop yields. Destruction of wild oat seedlings at the two-leaf stage by paraquat or glyphosate did not improve the level of control over that provided by cultivation.Key words: Oat (wild), delayed seeding, rapeseed, trifluralin

Morphological and Histological Effects of Three Grass Selective Herbicides on Developing Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Stems

Weed Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 575-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rakesh Jain ◽  
William H. Vanden Born
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Histological Examination ◽  
Cell Elongation ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Stem Tissue ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Initial Injury ◽  
Observation Times

Three grass selective herbicides, sethoxydim, fluazifop, and haloxyfop, applied to wild oat plants at the five-leaf stage inhibited growth and induced chlorosis in leaves. Young and actively growing tissues were affected first. Stem elongation in wild oat was inhibited within 2 days of treatment with sethoxydim and within 5 days of treatment with fluazifop or haloxyfop. At these same observation times, internodes that were elongating rapidly at the time of treatment were constricted at the base. These symptoms were followed by necrosis of the internode tissue. Histological examination of the affected internodes indicated that the herbicides inhibited cell division in very young internodes and inhibited both cell division and cell elongation in slightly older internodes. Initial injury occurred in the epidermal, cortical, and procambium cells of the peripheral regions of the stems located at the base of the affected internodes. Necrosis then progressed to the center of the stem tissue and all cells in the internodes were killed within 14 days of treatment. All three herbicides caused similar morphological and histological effects on developing wild oat stems.

CONTROL OF WILD OATS IN FIELD CORN WITH FLAMPROP METHYL

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 271-274
Author(s):  
G. H. FRIESEN
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Field Corn ◽  
Corn Field ◽  
Active Isomer ◽  
Field Plots

The efficacy of flamprop methyl and its active isomer (WL43423) on wild oats (Avena fatua L.) in field corn (Zea mays L.) was studied in field plots at Morden, Manitoba from 1983 to 1985. The herbicides were applied at recommended rates at the two-leaf, four-leaf and six-leaf stages of field corn. Spraying at the four-leaf stage consistently provided maximum wild oat control with acceptable field corn tolerance. When 2,4-D amine was applied at the same time as flamprop methyl, reduced wild oat control and field corn tolerance was observed.Key words: Oat (wild), Avena fatua, corn (field), Zea mays, flamprop methyl, WL43423

Effect of Moisture Stress on Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Response to Diclofop

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Akey ◽  
Ian N. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Propanoic Acid ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Growth Room ◽  
Reduced Activity

The effect of moderate moisture stress on the activity of the methyl ester of diclofop {2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid} applied to wild oat (Avena fatuaL.) and the influence of morphological and physiological factors on the activity of the herbicide on stressed plants were investigated in growth-room experiments. Wild oat was grown in very fine sandy loam brought to a gravimetric soil moisture content (SMC) of 20% (water potential of -0.3 bars) or 10% (-6.5 bars) prior to herbicide treatment. The activity of diclofop on wild oat was slightly, but significantly, reduced when the SMC was increased from 10 to 20% immediately after spraying. Maintaining the SMC at 10% after spraying further reduced the activity of the herbicide. Wild oat plants grown at 20% SMC had 22% greater leaf area and retained 23% more herbicide than plants grown at 10% SMC. Penetration of the methyl ester of14C-diclofop into wild oat grown at 20 or 10% SMC did not differ significantly 12, 24, or 48 h after application. Stressed and unstressed plants did not differ significantly in the metabolism of the methyl ester of14C-diclofop. However, growth at a low SMC prior to treatment decreased the proportion of the radiolabeled herbicide recovered in the apex, third leaf, and tillers of wild oat. This may partially account for the reduced activity of this herbicide on wild oat subjected to moisture stress.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document