Effects of Soil Temperature, Seed Depth, and Cyanazine on Giant Foxtail (Setaria faberi) and Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) Seedling Development

Weed Science ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas C. Mester ◽  
Douglas D. Buhler
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Seedling Development ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Weed Population ◽  
Setaria Faberi ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Initial Seed

Controlled-environment experiments were conducted to determine the effects of soil temperatures of 5 to 20 C, seed depths of 0 to 6 cm, and above- or below-seed cyanazine placement on germination and seedling development of giant foxtail and velvetleaf. Giant foxtail did not germinate at 5 C and failed to emerge from 6 cm deep within 21 days at 10 C. Increasing soil temperature above 10 C increased giant foxtail germination and emergence. Velvetleaf germinated at 5 C but did not emerge within 21 days. Velvetleaf emerged within 21 days from soil depths of 2 to 6 cm at soil temperatures of 10, 15, and 20 C. Giant foxtail and velvetleaf seed germinated on a soil surface kept moist by mulch or frequent watering. Giant foxtail seedling survival was 100% after germination on the soil surface. Velvetleaf often failed to become established; only 28% of the velvetleaf that germinated at 20 C survived. Injury to giant foxtail by cyanazine increased with increasing soil temperatures and decreasing seed depths. Cyanazine placement above or below the seed did not have a consistent effect on giant foxtail injury. Cyanazine placed above the seed was more injurious to velvetleaf than placement below at 15 and 20 C. Differential responses of giant foxtail and velvetleaf seed germination and seedling survivability to initial seed depth appears to be a major factor in weed population shifts when tillage is reduced or eliminated.

Surface Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Residues, Giant Foxtail (Setaria faberi), and Soybean (Glycine max) Yield

Weed Science ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 939-943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ribas A. Vidal ◽  
Thomas T. Bauman
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Setaria Faberi ◽  
Giant Foxtail

Experiments were conducted from 1992 through 1994 to determine the effect of 0 to 12 Mg ha−1of surface wheat residues (SWR) on giant foxtail density and crown node length, and soybean yield. Giant foxtail density decreased as SWR increased from 0 to 12 Mg ha−1. SWR of 6 to 12 Mg ha−1reduced giant foxtail density by 2 to 50 % compared to bare soil. The crown node of giant foxtail was 2 cm above the soil surface with 12 Mg ha−1of SWR. Frost in 1992 injured soybean more than weeds in plots with SWR while soybean in soil with no SWR was not injured. In absence of frost in 1993 and 1994, yield of weedy soybean increased 20 to 29%, respectively, with the increase of SWR from 0 to 6 Mg ha−1. In weed-free plots, soybean yield was similar across all SWR levels. These results confirm the hypothesis that high levels of SWR increased soybean yield in weedy plots because of decreased giant foxtail infestation.

Effect of soil temperature, seeding depth and cultivar on wheat tolerance to simulated ethalfluralin carryover

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-188
Author(s):  
A. L. Darwent ◽  
L. P. Lefkovitch ◽  
P. F. Mills
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Cultivar Selection ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Environment Experiment ◽  
A Minor

Field and controlled environment experiments were conducted at Beaverlodge, Alberta to determine the effect of soil temperature, seeding depth and cultivar on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) tolerance to ethalfluralin. In one experiment, ethalfluralin was applied and incorporated, and wheat was seeded at several depths in late April/early May when soil temperatures were lowest or in late May when soil temperatures had increased. Mean 3-yr wheat yields decreased by 45% as the rate of ethalfluralin increased from 0 to 0.75 kg ha−1 and by 21% as the depth of seeding increased from 4 to 12.5 cm but the effect of ethalfluralin on yields was similar regardless of the soil temperature (time of seeding). Mean plant density decreased by 55% as the rate of ethalfluralin increased and by 25% as the depth of seeding increased. Reductions in mean plant density from ethalfluralin were slightly greater when seeded into the warmer soils. In another experiment, the effect of ethalfluralin on the yields of three wheat cultivars, Laura, Conway and Biggar was similar, i.e. the cultivar × rate of ethalfluralin interaction was not significant. However, the mean plant density of Biggar, averaged over rates of ethalfluralin, was less than that of the other cultivars in 1 of 2 yr. In a controlled environment experiment, the oven-dry weight and percent emergence of wheat shoots of the cultivars, Katepwa, Laura and Conway, seeded at 1.5 or 4 cm into soils containing ethalfluralin at concentrations of 0 to 4 ppm and maintained at temperatures of 4.5 or 15 °C, were reduced by decreases in temperature and increases in the rate of herbicide and depth of seeding. However, the interaction of soil temperature × rate of ethalfluralin was not significant for the oven-dry weight of the wheat shoots and the reduction in percent emergence of the wheat shoots as the rate of ethalfluralin increased was only slightly greater at 4.5 °C than at 15 °C. These results indicate that soil temperature and cultivar selection have a minor effect on wheat tolerance to ethalfluralin while herbicide concentration and depth of seeding have a major impact. Key words: Ethalfluralin, wheat, seeding depth, soil temperature, cultivar

Soil temperatures in Egypt

1928 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. McKenzie Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Temperature Wave ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Temperature Waves ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
The Times ◽  
Maximum Air Temperature

1. The soil temperatures in Egypt at a number of depths have been recorded by means of continuous recording thermometers. In general, the records show that the amplitude of the temperature wave at the surface of the soil is considerably greater than the air temperature wave. There is, however, a considerable damping of the wave with depth, no daily variation in temperature being observed at a depth of 100 cm.2. No definite relation between the air and soil temperatures could be traced. The maximum air temperature was recorded in May and the maximum soil temperature in July.3. The amplitude of the temperature wave decreases with increase in depth. The decrease in amplitude of the soil temperature wave is not regular owing to variations in the physical properties of the soil layers. Between any two depths, the ratio of the amplitudes of the temperature waves is constant throughout the year. The amplitude of the soil temperature wave bears no relation to the amplitude of the air temperature wave.4. The time of maximum temperature at the soil surface is constant throughout the year at 1 p.m. The times of maximum temperature at depths below the surface lag behind the time of surface maximum, but they are constant throughout the year. When plotted against depth, the times of maximum at the various soil depths lie on a straight line.

scholarly journals Specifics of soil temperature under winter wheat canopy

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Krčmáŕová ◽  
Hana Stredová ◽  
Radovan Pokorný ◽  
Tomáš Stdŕeda
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Experimental Plot ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the course of soil temperature under the winter wheat canopy and to determine relationships between soil temperature, air temperature and partly soil moisture. In addition, the aim was to describe the dependence by means of regression equations usable for phytopathological prediction models, crop development, and yield models. The measurement of soil temperatures was performed at the experimental field station ˇZabˇcice (Europe, the Czech Republic, South Moravia). The soil in the first experimental plot is Gleyic Fluvisol with 49-58% of the content particles measuring < 0.01 mm, in the second experimental plot, the soil is Haplic Chernozem with 31-32% of the content particles measuring < 0.01 mm. The course of soil temperature and its specifics were determined under winter wheat canopy during the main growth season in the course of three years. Automatic soil temperature sensors were positioned at three depths (0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 m under soil surface), air temperature sensor in 0.05 m above soil surface. Results of the correlation analysis showed that the best interrelationships between these two variables were achieved after a 3-hour delay for the soil temperature at 0.05 m, 5-hour delay for 0.10 m, and 8-hour delay for 0.20 m. After the time correction, the determination coefficient reached values from 0.75 to 0.89 for the depth of 0.05 m, 0.61 to 0.82 for the depth of 0.10 m, and 0.33 to 0.70 for the depth of 0.20 m. When using multiple regression with quadratic spacing (modeling hourly soil temperature based on the hourly near surface air temperature and hourly soil moisture in the 0.10-0.40 m profile), the difference between the measured and the model soil temperatures at 0.05 m was −2.16 to 2.37 ◦ C. The regression equation paired with alternative agrometeorological instruments enables relatively accurate modeling of soil temperatures (R2 = 0.93).

scholarly journals Soil temperature and agronomic implications in two regions of the State of São Paulo, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Maurício Dominguez Nasser ◽  
Estefânia Martins Bardiviesso ◽  
Ariel Santivañez Aguilar ◽  
Augusto Zonta
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Red Latosol

Plants can tolerate a wide range of soil temperature variations, but their development is affected when the soil undergoes higher or lower temperatures of certain extreme values. The aim of this study was to assess the soil temperature of two regions of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Daily measurements of soil temperature were taken at two weather stations, one in the municipality of Adamantina (soil classified as Podzolic, Dark Red Latosol, Eutrophic, moderate A, of sandy/medium texture) and another in the municipality Monte Alegre do Sul (soil classified as Red Yellow Podzolic, of fine sandy-clayey texture) within a period of 365 days. The experimental design was completely randomized, with the two municipalities being the treatments, and 12 repetitions determined by monthly averages. The soil temperature at a 3-cm depth in Adamantina reached values above 40°C, values not observed in Monte Alegre do Sul. At a 12-cm depth, there were no differences between the municipalities. In Monte Alegre do Sul, the recorded soil temperatures proved suitable for crops, with better use of organic matter by the soil and greater stability of surface temperature throughout the day compared to Adamantina. In Adamantina, however, the use of agronomic technology is required to ensure greater stability of surface temperature. The temperature throughout the year in the soil surface layer in the Adamantina region in the afternoon was higher than in the Monte Alegre do Sul region, a fact that implies the need of differentiated agronomic technology depending on the cultivation location.

scholarly journals Effects of soil early-spring temperature on the morphometric parameters of mitochondria in Galanthus nivalis L. leaves

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 149-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
O M Fediuk ◽  
N O Bilyavska ◽  
E K Zolotareva
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Positive Temperature ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Spring Temperature ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Galanthus Nivalis

In the natural conditions early-spring period development of Galanthus nivalis L., the leaves germination from bulbs was carried out in the soil surface layer, mainly, covered with snow, so the leaves were exposed to low soil temperatures. It was found, that at the leaf germination stage, when exposed to minus soil temperature, the mitochondria were predominantly elongated, that is, functionally active. Under the influence of positive temperature, the mitochondria form changed to a round one, which indicates their transition to low functional activity. A similar tendency was manifested even during the budding stage, in particular, when the soil temperature was lowered to an average of –3.47 °C, the mitochondria changed their form to an elongated one, that is, they passed into an active functional state. Wherein, the temperature of the leaves was higher by 3.84 °C compared to the soil. At the stages of germination and budding of G. nivalis under natural conditions, a direct correlation was found between the soil surface layer temperature and the leaves temperature, and at the flowering stage this relation was reverse. During the flowering stage, despite the influence of predominantly positive soil temperatures, leaves growth was significantly slowed, and their temperature was only slightly higher by 0.38 °C compared to the soil. At the same time, the mitochondria changed their shape to a round one. Thus, the increase in their long axis at different stages in spring development, are aimed at adapting to influence low temperatures of the soil surface layer.

EFFECTS OF SOIL TEMPERATURE ON THE PHYTOTOXICITY OF TRIFLURALIN TO WILD OATS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 929-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. DARWENT
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Experiments were conducted in the field and in controlled environment chambers at Beaverlodge, Alberta to determine the influence of soil temperature on the phytotoxicity of trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N, N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) to wild oats (Avena fatua L.). In the field trifluralin reduced wild oat emergence the most in early May when soil temperatures were lowest. As soil temperatures increased in May, the effectiveness of trifluralin in reducing wild oat emergence declined. In controlled environment studies, the effectiveness of trifluralin in reducing wild oat shoot growth was greatest at 4 °C. At 7.5 °C, the effectiveness of trifluralin in reducing wild oat shoot growth declined. However, at both 10 and 20 °C, small increases in trifluralin phytotoxicity occurred. Exposure of wild oat shoots to trifluralin vapors at 7.5 and 20 °C indicated decreased shoot growth of wild oats at 7.5 °C but increased volatilization of trifluralin at 20 °C. Thus, the lack of any major differences in the effectiveness of trifluralin in reducing wild oat shoot growth at temperatures from 7.5 to 20 °C may be due to the counteraction of these two phenomena.

scholarly journals EFEITOS DO FOGO SOBRE ALGUMAS VARIÁVEIS MICROMETEOROLÓGICAS EM UMA FLORESTA DE BRACATINGA (Mimosa scabrella, Benth.), NO MUNICÍPIO DE COLOMBO, PR

FLORESTA ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leocadio Grodzki ◽  
Ronaldo Viana Soares ◽  
Antonio Carlos Batista ◽  
Paulo Henrique Caramori
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Surface Albedo ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Energetic Balance ◽  
Vegetation Regeneration

O sistema agroflorestal da bracatinga utiliza queima após o corte e retirada da madeira, dando lugar à semeadura de espécies agrícolas. A queima controlada altera a temperatura do ar e do solo. A mudança de refletividade da superfície é mais rápida que dos reflorestamentos próximos. A transformação das folhas e galhos secos em cinza após a queima, faz com que haja mudanças do albedo, alterando o balanço energético. Os resultados mostram temperaturas do ar de 600ºC por 20-40 segundos a 1 cm do solo e de 100 a 300°C a 60 e 160cm do solo, respectivamente, durante 1 minuto. Temperaturas de 100ºC ao nível do solo residiram por mais de 3 minutos. A temperatura do solo não foi afetada a 2,5cm de profundidade. Durante a queima, a temperatura se elevou em 1ºC. O albedo de 0,24 antes da queima, passou para 0,21 logo após a queima. Após 60 dias, o albedo voltou a 0,24 devido a recomposição da vegetação. FIRE EFECTS ON SOME MICROMETEOROLOGICAL VARIABLES IN A BRACATINGA (Mimosa scabrella, Benth.) FOREST, COLOMBO, PR Abstract The bracatinga agriculture-forest systems adopted by farmers consists on burning the residues after wood’s harvesting prior to sowing the crops. This procedure is repeated each 6 to 8 years in the same area. The prescribed burning changes air and soil temperatures. Changes in reflectivity are faster then in the surrounding forest areas. Transforming leaves and branches into ashes after burning changes the albedo of the surface, altering the energetic balance. Results showed air temperatures of 600°C during 20 to 40 seconds, 1cm above the soil surface, and 100 to 300°C at 60 and 160cm above the soil surface, during 1 minute. Temperatures over 100°C on the soil surface were observed for more than 3 minutes. Soil temperature was not affected at 2.5cm depth; during burning, the temperature raised only 1ºC. The surface albedo that was 0,24 before the burning changed to 0,21 after burning and returned to 0.24 sixty days after the burning due to the vegetation regeneration.

scholarly journals Analysis of soil temperature at various depths by Fourier technique

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-274
Author(s):  
B.S. LAMBA ◽  
N.N. KHAMBETE
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Harmonic Analysis ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Fourier Technique ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Phase Angles

Harmonic analysis of weekly means of soil temperatures at 5,.15 and 30 cm; depths have been done for seven stations of .India. The corresponding amplitudes and phase angles In respect of different harmonics are presented-    The warmest soil near the soil surface (5 cm depth) occurs during the period 16th to 19th week. While the  highest maximum occurs during the period 20th to 26th week (30 cm depth).  

scholarly journals 623 Does the Aquadome Ameliorate Diural Fluctuations

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 555A-555
Author(s):  
Kimberly Swenson ◽  
Albert H. Markhart
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
Cold Night ◽  
Data Loggers ◽  
Protection Systems

A major limitation to plant growth in spring is low night temperatures. A variety of plant protection systems have been developed to keep the temperatures around the plant warmer than the ambient air. One system that has been developed for use with individual plants is a double walled stiff plastic tent. The space between the walls can be either filled with water or air. The top of the tent can be either open or closed. The objective of this investigation is to quantify the effect of these protection systems under controlled environmental conditions. Two wash-tubs filled with wet soil were placed in a controlled environment growth chamber. One tent was placed on the soil surface of each tub. The chamber was programmed to simulate a cold night. Temperatures started at 20 °C and then decreased to –5 °C at a rate of about 4 °C/h. During this time, ambient air temperature, jacket temperature, soil temperature, and air inside the tent was measured continuously with self-contained data loggers. Water filled tents delayed the time it took for the inside temperature to reach the outside temperature by 2 hours. There was not apparent effect on soil temperature. The effect of water vs. air-filled jackets and the effect of capping the top will also be presented.

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