Interference Between Soybeans (Glycine max) and Common Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) Under Indiana Field Conditions

Weed Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 753-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
William T. Henry ◽  
Thomas T. Bauman
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Xanthium Strumarium ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Over Time

The effects of interference between soybeans and common cocklebur were investigated. Common cocklebur interference reduced soybean growth at each of four sample dates during the growing season. The area of interference surrounding individual common cocklebur plants within the soybean row fluctuated over time with respect to intensity and spatial distribution. Soybean growth was significantly reduced up to 10 cm away from individual cocklebur plants at 6 weeks after planting (WAP), 30 cm at 8 WAP, 20 to 30 cm at 10 WAP, and 40 cm at 12 WAP. The maximum possible distance of cocklebur influence, determined by regression analysis, also varied during the growing season. When areas of interference from adjacent cocklebur plants overlapped, the cumulative influence was found to be additive, especially late in the growing season. Soybean interference caused a 50 to 90% reduction in the size of common cocklebur plants grown within the soybean row compared to plants grown without interference. At harvest, soybean yield was reduced up to 40 to 50 cm within the row from individual cocklebur plants. The maximum distance of interference on one side of individual cocklebur plants was 75 cm. One cocklebur plant reduced soybean yield 16.0% within 1.5 m of soybean row as the result of full-season interference. Interference of common cocklebur plants spaced 60 cm apart within the row overlapped and caused an additive reduction in soybean seed yield. Across all cocklebur treatments, there was a consistent ratio of approximately 1 kg/ha loss in soybean seed yield for each 4 kg/ha of cocklebur herbage produced.

Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Competition in Soybean (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 410-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duane P. Rathmann ◽  
Stephen D. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Soybean Yield

The effects of various densities and durations of wild oat (Avena fatuaL.) competition in soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Evans’] were determined in the field during a 2-yr period. Season-long competition by densities of 1, 3,9, and 30 wild oat plants/m of row reduced soybean seed yield an average of 6, 17, 32, and 51%, respectively. An infestation of 30 wild oat plants/m of row did not reduce soybean yield if the period of competition was limited to 4 weeks after crop emergence; however, yields were reduced 29, 50, 63, 58, and 63% when wild oat competed for 5, 6, 7, and 8 weeks, or season long, respectively. Wild oat competition reduced soybean pods per plant and seeds per plant more than seeds per pod or seed weight.

Effect of Imazaquin and Chlorimuron Plus Metribuzin on Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) Interference in Soybean (Glycine max)

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 206-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Shaw ◽  
Marshall B. Wixson ◽  
Clyde A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Cassia Obtusifolia ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Herbicide Use

Three experiments evaluated sicklepod interference with soybean with and without preplant incorporated applications of chlorimuron plus metribuzin or imazaquin. Sicklepod density, weed-free period, and weedy period were examined. In the absence of herbicides, soybean seed yield was reduced with 2 sicklepod plants row m-1, whereas 8 plants row m-1were necessary to reduce yield when herbicides were used. Herbicide use also increased soybean yield at higher sicklepod densities. Chlorimuron plus metribuzin reduced sicklepod dry matter at 8 plants row m-1. To maintain soybean yield, a weed-free period of 4 wk after emergence was required, regardless of treatment. Both herbicide treatments resulted in increased soybean yield at the zero and two wk weed-free periods; however, they did not affect soybean yield when the weed-free period was 4 wk or more. Imazaquin reduced sicklepod density when plots were left weedy full-season, and further reductions were noted with chlorimuron plus metribuzin. A sicklepod weedy interval of 8 wk reduced soybean yield when untreated, but either herbicide treatment extended that interval to 16 wk.

Venice Mallow Competition in Soybeans

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Eaton ◽  
K. C. Feltner ◽  
O. G. Russ
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Soybean Plant ◽  
Hibiscus Trionum

Competition studies were conducted with soybeansGlycine max.(L.) Merr. ‘Clark 63’ and Venice mallow (Hibiscus trionumL.). One Venice mallow per 7.5 cm of soybean row reduced soybean seed yield 632 kg/ha after 85 days competition. Thirty to 40-cm weed bands in and between soybean rows reduced yields 270 to 651 kg/ha with 35 to 40 days of competition. A natural stand of 215 Venice mallow plants per square meter reduced soybean yield 454 kg/ha after 30 days of competition, and competition up to 110 days reduced yield as much as 1490 kg/ha. Weed competition affected the number of pods per soybean plant more than any other seed-yield component, and soybean height was reduced. Soybean yields were reduced more when soil moisture was abundant early in the growing season and limited in late summer than when moisture was limited early in the growing season and above average until soybeans matured.

Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) Interference in Soybeans (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 358-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry A. Baysinger ◽  
Barry D. Sims
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Critical Duration ◽  
Ambrosia Trifida ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Giant Ragweed

Field experiments were established near Portageville, MO, to determine the effects of giant ragweed interference in soybeans. Threshold densities of giant ragweed that reduced soybean yield were less than two plants 9 m−1of soybean row. This density reduced soybean seed yield 46 and 50% in 1988 and 1989, respectively, after full-season interference. The critical duration of giant ragweed interference in soybeans was between 4 and 6 weeks after emergence (WAE) in 1988 and between 2 and 4 WAE in 1989. Full-season giant ragweed interference at densities of 220 000 and 360 000 plants ha−1in 1988 and 1989, respectively, resulted in almost complete soybean yield loss. Eight to 10 weeks after emergence of giant ragweed-free conditions were required to prevent soybean yield reductions.

Interference of Certain Broadleaf Weed Species in Soybeans (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 654-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet L. Shurtleff ◽  
Harold D. Coble
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Redroot Pigweed

Field experiments were conducted in 1979, 1980, and 1981 to determine the level of interference five broadleaf weed species exert on soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.]. Weed species studied were common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr. ♯ XANST), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemesiifoliaL. ♯ AMBEL), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL. ♯ CHEAL), sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL. ♯ CASOB), and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL. ♯ AMARE). The following soybean seed yield reductions were observed with a density of 16 weeds/10-m row: redroot pigweed 22%, common lambsquarters 15%, common ragweed 12%, and sicklepod 5%, respectively. At a density of 8 weeds/10-m row, common cocklebur reduced soybean yield 11%. No single weed growth parameter predicted soybean seed yield reduction for all weed species. Soybean height was reduced by sicklepod competition; was not affected by competition from common lambsquarters, common ragweed, or common cocklebur; and was increased in the presence of redroot pigweed at 12 weeks after planting, when measured 30 cm from the weeds. Leaf area of soybean was higher at greater distances from the weed for all weed species. The range of soybean leaf area reductions occasioned by proximity to individual weed species corresponded fairly well with differences in soybean yield reduction.

Interactions Between Soybean (Glycine max) Cultivars and Selected Weeds

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 770-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Monks ◽  
Lawrence R. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Competitive Effects ◽  
Soybean Cultivars

Competition of weeds was characterized by determining the distance down the soybean row that a weed affects soybean biomass and yield. Field studies were conducted for 2 yr to compare competitive effects of common cocklebur, johnsongrass, Palmer amaranth, sicklepod, and tall morningglory on ‘Forrest’ and ‘Centennial’ soybeans. The weeds did not significantly reduce soybean biomass for 6 weeks after emergence. Palmer amaranth, common cocklebur, and tall morningglory had the greatest biomass by 6 weeks after emergence. However, only competition from common cocklebur and Palmer amaranth measurably reduced soybean biomass during the growing season. Biomass of Forrest and Centennial soybeans was reduced when these cultivars were growing within 12.5 and 50 cm of common cocklebur, respectively. Johnsongrass, sicklepod, and tall morningglory grew more slowly than the other weeds and had no measurable competitive effects on soybean biomass. Soybean competition reduced biomass of all weeds 90 to 97%. Soybean cultivar influenced the level and duration of competitiveness depending on the weed species present. Biomass of both soybean cultivars was reduced when they were growing within 50 cm of Palmer amaranth. Soybean seed yield was reduced when soybeans were growing within 25 cm of common cocklebur and Palmer amaranth and also when they were growing within 12.5 cm of tall morningglory. Sicklepod had no effect on soybean seed yield.

scholarly journals Using Canopy Measurements to Predict Soybean Seed Yield

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 3260
Author(s):  
Peder K. Schmitz ◽  
Hans J. Kandel
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
The Individual

Predicting soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed yield is of interest for crop producers to make important agronomic and economic decisions. Evaluating the soybean canopy across a range of common agronomic practices, using canopy measurements, provides a large inference for soybean producers. The individual and synergistic relationships between fractional green canopy cover (FGCC), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) interception, and a normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) measurements taken throughout the growing season to predict soybean seed yield in North Dakota, USA, were investigated in 12 environments. Canopy measurements were evaluated across early and late planting dates, 407,000 and 457,000 seeds ha−1 seeding rates, 0.5 and 0.8 relative maturities, and 30.5 and 61 cm row spacings. The single best yield predictor was an NDVI measurement at R5 (beginning of seed development) with a coefficient of determination of 0.65 followed by an FGCC measurement at R5 (R2 = 0.52). Stepwise and Lasso multiple regression methods were used to select the best prediction models using the canopy measurements explaining 69% and 67% of the variation in yield, respectively. Including plant density, which can be easily measured by a producer, with an individual canopy measurement did not improve the explanation in yield. Using FGCC to estimate yield across the growing season explained a range of 49% to 56% of yield variation, and a single FGCC measurement at R5 (R2 = 0.52) being the most efficient and practical method for a soybean producer to estimate yield.

The Economics of Common Cocklebur Control in Soybean Production

Weed Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Anderson ◽  
C. G. McWhorter
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Land Management ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Foreign Matter ◽  
Soybean Production ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Seed Moisture ◽  
Control Net

The effects of common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr.) on soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] yields, grades, and net returns were determined by regression analysis of data from 450 research plots from 1971 through 1973. Common cocklebur control from 0 to 100% was achieved by various combinations of preemergence and postemergence practices. Foreign matter in soybean seed samples was 0.7% with total common cocklebur control and 5.1% with no control. At least 70% control of common cocklebur was required to avoid deductions from gross harvested weights due to seed moisture levels exceeding 13%. Small discounts for damaged kernels occurred when common cocklebur control was less than 40%. With 100% common cocklebur control, the estimated US soybean grade was 1.3. Failure to control common cocklebur resulted in a predicted grade of 3.9. When adjusted for various weight discounts, soybean yields were 1170 kg/ha without control of common cocklebur and 1890 kg/ha for 100% control. Soybean yields were increased about 6% for each 10% increase in common cocklebur control. Net returns to land, management, and general farm overhead were $63/ha when common cocklebur was not controlled, and $119/ha with 95% control.

scholarly journals Soybean yield, biological N2 fixation and seed composition responses to additional inoculation in the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter D. Carciochi ◽  
Luiz H. Moro Rosso ◽  
Mario A. Secchi ◽  
Adalgisa R. Torres ◽  
Seth Naeve ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
The United States ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Seed Composition ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Nodule Number ◽  
Soil Inoculation ◽  
Seed Inoculation

AbstractIt is unclear if additional inoculation with Bradyrhizobia at varying soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] growth stages can impact biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), increase yield and improve seed composition [protein, oil, and amino acid (AA) concentrations]. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of different soybean inoculation strategies (seed coating and additional soil inoculation at V4 or R1) on: (i) seed yield, (ii) seed composition, and (iii) BNF traits [nodule number and relative abundance of ureides (RAU)]. Soybean field trials were conducted in 11 environments (four states of the US) to evaluate four treatments: (i) control without inoculation, (ii) seed inoculation, (iii) seed inoculation + soil inoculation at V4, and (iv) seed inoculation + soil inoculation at R1. Results demonstrated no effect of seed or additional soil inoculation at V4 or R1 on either soybean seed yield or composition. Also, inoculation strategies produced similar values to the non-inoculated control in terms of nodule number and RAU, a reflection of BNF. Therefore, we conclude that in soils with previous history of soybean and under non-severe stress conditions (e.g. high early-season temperature and/or saturated soils), there is no benefit to implementing additional inoculation on soybean yield and seed composition.

Use of Infrared Thermometry in Determining Critical Stress Periods Induced by Quackgrass (Agropyron repens) in Soybeans (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 784-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter H. Sikkema ◽  
Jack Dekker
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Infrared Thermometry ◽  
Agropyron Repens

Field experiments were conducted during 1981 and 1982 in Ontario, Canada, on the effects of quackgrass [Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv. # AGRRE] interference in soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] and the usefulness of infrared thermometry in predicting critical periods of weed interference. Soybean seed yield, dry weight, number of leaves, height, and number of pods were substantially reduced due to quackgrass interference. High levels of P and K fertility did not overcome the quackgrass interference. Part of the competitive effects of quackgrass was alleviated by irrigation. Infrared thermometry successfully detected the first occurrence of quackgrass-induced stress during the early soybean flowering stage, when the quackgrass was in the four-leaf gtowth stage. This coincided with the onset of the first significant soybean yield loss. No additional soybean yield loss occurred after quackgrass reached the five-leaf growth stage. There was an inverse relation between accumulated stress degree days and soybean yield reductions due to quackgrass interference. The use of the stress degree day concept may be a valuable tool in predicting soybean yield losses due to quackgrass interference.

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