Effects of Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) on Growth, Yield, and Nutrient Status of Transplanted Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 775-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasanta C. Bhowmik ◽  
Krishna N. Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Unit Area ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Marketable Fruit

Field studies were conducted to determine the effects of various barnyardgrass populations on growth, yield, and nutrient concentration of transplanted “Jetstar’ tomato. Barnyardgrass densities at 16, 32, and 64 plants/m tomato row were tested in 1982 and 1983. Barnyardgrass shoot fresh weights/unit area increased as density increased. Fresh weight of barnyardgrass shoots ranged from 17 100 kg/ha at 16 plants/m of row to 35 500 kg/ha at 64 plants/m of row. At the vegetative stage, tomato shoot dry weight was unaffected by barnyardgrass. As crop growth progressed, tomato shoot dry weight decreased at all barnyardgrass densities. Season-long interference of barnyardgrass reduced marketable tomato fruit number and fruit weight at all densities compared to weed-free plots. Reductions in marketable fruit weight ranged from 26% to 16 plants/m row to 84% at 64 plants/m row. In 1982, concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg in tomato shoots were unaffected by season-long interference of barnyardgrass at all densities. However, in 1983, concentrations of N and K decreased and concentration of P increased in tomato leaves as the density of barnyardgrass increased. Concentrations of Ca and Mg in tomato leaves were unaltered by barnyardgrass density.

Interference of Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) in Transplanted Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 505-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasanta C. Bhowmik ◽  
Krishna N. Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Marketable Fruit ◽  
Fruit Stage

Field studies were conducted in 1982 to 1984 to determine the effects of common lambsquarters on growth, yield, and nutrient concentration of transplanted tomato. Common lambsquarters densities ranged from 16 to 64 plants/m tomato row and fresh weight ranged from 26 360 kg/ha at 16 plants/m to 46 000 kg/ha at 64 plants/m row. Common lambsquarters did not affect tomato shoot dry weight at the vegetative stage but decreased the weight at the early fruit stage. Season-long interference of common lambsquarters reduced marketable tomato fruit number and also, marketable fruit weight ranging from 17% at 16 plants/m to 36% to 64 plants/m row. Concentrations of N in tomato leaves were unaltered at vegetative and flowering stages but decreased regardless of common lambsquarters density at early fruit and harvest stages. Weed density did not alter concentrations of P, K, and Ca in tomato leaves.

INFLUENCE DE LA CONDUCTIVITÉ ÉLECTRIQUE DE LA SOLUTION NUTRITIVE SUR LA CROISSANCE ET LE DÉVELOPPEMENT DE LA TOMATE DE SERRE CULTIVÉE AVEC OU SANS ÉCLAIRAGE D’APPOINT

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOSÉE CHARBONNEAU ◽  
ANDRÉ GOSSELIN ◽  
MARC-J. TRUDEL
Keyword(s):  
Electric Conductivity ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Conductivité Électrique ◽  
Marketable Fruit ◽  
Supplementary Lighting

Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ’Vendor’ and ’Carmelo’) were cultivated under different electric conductivities (2, 4 and 6 mS cm−1) of a continuously or intermittently supplied nutrient solution. The plants were grown in an NFT system, with or without supplementary lighting using high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps. Raising electric conductivity reduced the shoot dry weight but increased root dry weight. The number of fruit on the first truss and the fruit weight were not affected significantly by electric conductivities. The use of supplementary lighting with an electric conductivity of 6 mS cm−1 increased the number of marketable fruit. High electric conductivity modified the mineral composition of leaf tissue mainly P, Ca and Mg. The vegetative growth was reduced and better yield was obtained with tomato plants grown under supplementary lighting and high electric conductivity.Key words: Tomato, supplementary lighting, nutrient solution, HPS, electric conductivity, salinity

Influence of Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) on the Critical Period for Weed Control in Plasticulture-Grown Tomato

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul V. Garvey ◽  
Stephen L. Meyers ◽  
David W. Monks ◽  
Harold D. Coble
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Tomato Yield ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Competition For Light

Field studies were conducted in 1996, 1997, and 1998 at Clinton, NC, to determine the influence of Palmer amaranth establishment and removal periods on the yield and quality of plasticulture-grown ‘Mountain Spring' fresh market tomato. Treatments consisted of 14 Palmer amaranth establishment and removal periods. Half of the treatments were weed removal treatments (REM), in which Palmer amaranth was sowed at the time tomato transplanting and allowed to remain in the field for 0 (weed-free all season), 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, or 10 wk after transplanting (WAT). The second set of the treatments, weed establishment treatments (EST), consisted of sowing Palmer amaranth 0 (weedy all season), 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, or 10 WAT and allowing it to grow in competition with tomato the remainder of the season. Tomato shoot dry weight was reduced 23, 7, and 11 g plant−1for each week Palmer amaranth removal was delayed from 0 to 10 WAT in 1996, 1997, and 1998, respectively. Marketable tomato yield ranged from 87,000 to 41,000 kg ha−1for REM of 0 to 10 WAT and 28,000 to 88,000 kg ha−1for EST of 0 to 6 WAT. Percentage of jumbo, large, medium, and cull tomato yields ranged from 49 to 33%, 22 to 31%, 2 to 6%, and 9 to 11%, respectively, for REM of 0 to 10 WAT and 30 to 49%, 38 to 22%, 3 to 2%, and 12 to 9%, respectively, for EST of 0 to 6 WAT. To avoid losses of marketable tomato yield and percentage of jumbo tomato fruit yield, tomato plots must remain free of Palmer amaranth between 3 and 6 WAT. Observed reduction in marketable tomato yield was likely due to competition for light as Palmer amaranth plants exceeded the tomato plant canopy 6 WAT and remained taller than tomato plants for the remainder of the growing season.

scholarly journals Applications of plant growth promoting bacteria and Trichoderma spp. for controlling Orobanche crenata in faba bean

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Ahmed Touny El-Dabaa ◽  
Hassan Abd-El-Khair
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Orobanche Crenata ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight

Abstract Background Orobanche crenata is an obligate root parasite belonging to Orbanchaceae. Broomrape causes great damage to the faba bean. Several attempts were applied for controlling parasitic weeds. So, the aim of this work is to study the application of Trichoderma spp. as well as three rhizobacteria species in comparison to herbicidal effect of Glyphosate (Glialka 48% WSC) for controlling broomrape infesting faba bean (Vicia faba). Materials and methods Three pot experiments were carried out in the greenhouse of the National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt during two successive winter seasons. Trichoderma inocula were adjusted to 3.6 × 108 propagules/ml and the bacterium inocula were adjusted at 107–109 colony-forming unit (CFU)/ml. All treatments were applied, before 1 week of sowing, at rate of 50 ml per pot in experiments I and II, while 100 ml per pot in experiment III. Results Trichoderma spp. (T. harzianum, T. viride and T. vierns) as well as three rhizobacteria species (Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilus) enhanced the growth parameters in faba bean plants, i.e. shoot length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight and leaf number in the first experiment when applied without O. crenata infection. In the second experiment, all bio-control could protect plants against O. crenata infection, where it had better juvenile number reduction, than glyphosate after 2 months of application. Both B. subtilis and B. pumilus had the highest reduction to juvenile fresh weight, while their effect was equal to herbicide for juvenile dry weight, respectively. The bio-control agents had high effects until the 4th month, but it was less than that of the herbicide. In experiment III, the bio-control agents could highly reduce the juvenile parameters after 2 months, as well as juvenile fresh weight and juvenile dry weight after 4 months, than the herbicide, respectively. The bio-control agents were effective until 6 months, but less than the herbicide effect. All bio-control treatments highly increased the plant growth parameters, than the herbicide. Conclusion The application of Trichoderma spp. as well as rhizobacteria species could play an important role in controlling broomrape in faba bean as a natural bioherbicide.

scholarly journals Foliar applications of bio-fabricated selenium nanoparticles to improve the growth of wheat plants under drought stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 706-714
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ikram ◽  
Naveed Iqbal Raja ◽  
Bilal Javed ◽  
Zia-ur-Rehman Mashwani ◽  
Mubashir Hussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Selenium Nanoparticles ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight

AbstractThe present study was aimed to biosynthesize selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and assess their foliar applications to improve the growth of wheat plants under controlled irrigation and drought stress. Bud aqueous extract of Allium sativum L. was used as a reducing and stabilizing agent of SeNPs followed by their optical and morphological characterization by using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Various concentrations of SeNPs (10, 20, 30, and 40 mg/L) were applied exogenously to drought-tolerant (V1) and drought-susceptible (V2) wheat varieties at the trifoliate stage. Under the positive control conditions, plants were irrigated with 450 mL of water/pot (100% field capacity); and under water-deficit environment, plants were irrigated with 160 mL of water/pot (35% field capacity). Remarkable increase in plant height, shoot length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root length, root fresh weight, root dry weight, leaf area, leaf number, and leaf length has been observed when 30 mg/L concentration of SeNPs was used. However, the plant morphological parameters decreased gradually at higher concentrations (40 mg/L) in both selected wheat varieties. Therefore, 30 mg/L concentration of SeNPs was found most preferable to enhance the growth of selected wheat varieties under normal and water-deficient conditions.

Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum)Cultivar Responses to Trifluralin and Postemergence Herbicides

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 352-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon A. Clay ◽  
Jim F. Gaffney ◽  
Leon J. Wrage
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Wheat Field ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Cultivar Responses ◽  
Postemergence Herbicides

Trifluralin is used for weed control in wheat but may reduce vegetative growth and yield. Postemergence (POST) herbicides may cause additional plant stress to trifluralin-stressed wheat. Field studies at Groton, SD in 1991 and 1992 and at Highmore, SD in 1992 evaluated the effects of 2,4-D-amine, difenzoquat, metsulfuron, and a combination of fenoxaprop-ethyl + 2,4-D-ester + MCPA-ester on hard red spring wheat cultivars ‘2375,’ ‘Prospect,’ and ‘Butte 86’ seeded in areas treated with preplant incorporated trifluralin either in the spring before seeding (0.56 kg ai/ha) or the previous year (1.12 or 2.24 kg ai/ha). Trifluralin applied alone in the spring, and followed by some POST herbicides, reduced shoot dry weight and grain yield. Trifluralin reduced the yield of Prospect the most and the yield of 2375 the least. Yields of trifluralin-treated wheat were reduced 23% by metsulfuron and 14% by fenoxaprop-ethyl + 2,4-D + MCPA compared to yields of wheat treated with only the respective POST herbicide. Yields were not reduced with any trifluralin-POST herbicide combination when trifluralin was applied a year prior to seeding wheat.

scholarly journals Grafted eggplant yield, quality and growth in infested soil with Verticillium dahliae and Meloidogyne incognita

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 1673-1681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebahattin Çürük ◽  
H. Yıldız Dasgan ◽  
Sedat Mansuroğlu ◽  
Şener Kurt ◽  
Meltem Mazmanoğlu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Verticillium Dahliae ◽  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Solanum Torvum ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Soil Infestation

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of grafting (onto Solanum torvum Sw.) on plant growth, yield and fruit quality of the Pala and Faselis eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) cultivars, grown in a soil infested with Verticillium dahliae Kleb. and Meloidogyne incognita, or in noninfested soil. Soil infestation decreased yield, plant height, final above-ground biomass, and also reduced fruit mean weight and shoot dry weight depending on cultivar or grafting. Grafting decreased fruit oxalic acid and the soluble solid contents, and increased mean fruit weight, depending on cultivar and soil infestation. Grafting also reduced the negative effects of the pathogens on disease index, plant height and shoot dry weight. Cultivar Pala was more vigorous than Faselis, and S. torvum was a vigorous rootstock. The combination of a vigorous rootstock with a weak cultivar (Faselis) is more profitable than that of a vigorous rootstock and a vigorous cultivar (Pala). Using S. torvum as a rootstock for cultivar Faselis, grown in soil infested with the pathogens, is most likely to be useful in conventional and low-input sustainable horticulture, since grafting increases protection against the pathogens, and reduces the losses in quality and yield.

Response of Concord Grapes (Vitis labrusca) to 2,4-D in Irrigation Water

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard D. Comes ◽  
Louis Y. Marquis ◽  
Allen D. Kelley
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Detection Limit ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Vitis Labrusca ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

In field studies 0.1 ppmw ae or less 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] applied by sprinklers in 5.1 cm of water over 8 h did not affect the number or dry weight of leaves or length of canes of 1-yr-old Concord grape plants (Vitis labruscaL.). A second application at 0.01 ppmw or higher to the same plants 1 yr later reduced growth of leaves, canes, and trunk. Combined effects of root pruning (required to position plants for treatment the second year) and 2,4-D probably account for this apparent anomaly. When 2,4-D was applied annually at 1.0 ppmw or less to established plants for three consecutive years, growth, yield, and fruit quality were not affected. No residues of 2,4-D were detected in the fruit at harvest (detection limit 0.05 ppmw). Grapes treated with 1.0 ppmw 2,4-D developed moderate injury symptoms.

Dog mustard (Erucastrum gallicum) response to crop competition

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-403
Author(s):  
David A. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Summer Fallow ◽  
Crop Competition

Greenhouse studies suggested that dog mustard was less competitive than wheat, but of similar competitiveness to flax. In field studies, dog mustard growth and development were markedly affected by crop competition. Competition from flax and wheat reduced dog mustard leaf area, shoot dry weight, plant height, and seed production compared with the weed grown on summer-fallow. Dog mustard was a prolific seed producer when grown in the absence of interspecific competition. On summer-fallow, dog mustard produced as many as 79,100 seeds plant−1when moisture was not a limiting factor. However, average seed production was 19,400 and 8000 seeds plant−1in 1994 and 1995, respectively.

Tomato Root Uptake of Carfentrazone

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline M. Crespo ◽  
Andrew W. MacRae ◽  
Cristiane Alves ◽  
Tyler P. Jacoby ◽  
Rick O. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Root Uptake ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Tomato Root ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Injury ◽  
Herbicide Alternatives

Fresh market tomato is an important and valuable crop in Florida, accounting for 630 million dollars farm-gate value, which was 45% of the total value of the U.S. crop in 2010. In order to maintain or increase its productivity, labeled herbicide alternatives to methyl bromide are important to limiting seed production of weeds emerging between the raised plasticulture beds. A study was conducted inside a greenhouse where carfentrazone was applied as a drench at 0.03125×, 0.0625×, 0.125×, 0.25×, 0.5×, 1×, 2×, 4×, and 8× and as a subsurface irrigation at 0.0625×, 0.125×, 0.25×, 0.5×, 1×, 2×, 4×, 8×, and 16× rates. The 1× rate equaled the maximum labeled rate of carfentrazone (35.1 g ai ha−1) that would be applied to an area of 0.360 m2. Both the drench and subsurface trials showed an increase in plant injury and reduced growth as the rate of carfentrazone increased. The drench trial, however, was observed to have higher visible injury and greater growth reduction (based on plant measurement) than the subsurface trial, when comparing similar rates. For the 1× rate of carfentrazone in the drench trial vs. the subsurface trial, injury was 66 and 24.5%, respectively. For the 1× rate the tomato plants had estimated growth, based on the curves fit for the data, of 4.8% vs. 39.9% for the drench and subsurface trials, respectively. The subsurface trial better represents what happens in the field when carfentrazone root uptake injury is observed since it is normally observed to be around 10% or less. This still leaves a level of concern; once a 10% injury level in the subsurface trial was estimated to have reduced tomato growth, fruit weight, and total shoot dry weight by 33, 15, and 9.5%, respectively.

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