A true gift of mother earth: the use and significance of obsidian at Çatalhöyük

2011 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tristan Carter
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Raw Material Variability ◽  
Mother Earth

AbstractThis paper reviews 50 years of obsidian studies at Neolithic Çatalhöyük in the Konya plain, central Anatolia. A number of key issues are addressed: (1) the source of the site's raw materials, the means and forms by which the obsidian was introduced to the site and the role of Çatalhöyük in the supra-regional dissemination of these raw materials; (2) the alleged gender associations of certain obsidian goods in the burial record and beyond; (3) a more general consideration of the social significance of the circulation and consumption of obsidian at the site, including the phenomena of hoarding and gifting, plus the important role of projectiles in the creation of social identities and various forms of ritual behaviour, not least the termination of the life of a building/individual; (4) the technotypological and raw material variability through time; (5) the use of obsidian in daily practice and craft-working.

scholarly journals The Status and the Role of ‘Chocolate’ Silicite in the Bohemian Neolithic

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 49-64
Author(s):  
Pavel Burgert
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Carpathian Mountains ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
The Status ◽  
Czech Lands ◽  
Image Expansion

The article focuses on the chronological status of the distribution of ‘chocolate’ silicite originating from the area of south-east Poland in the prehistory of the Czech lands. The flow of ‘chocolate’ silicite across the Carpathian Mountains culminated in the period of the Stroke-Ornamented Ware culture (5100/5000–4500/4400 cal BC) in the area studied. Based on the analysis of the contexts of finds and the classification of the artefacts, the raw material is interpreted as an indicator of the presence of individuals or groups with an exclusive social status. Both the pattern of distribution and the status are common to other ‘exotic’ raw materials, especially for Carpathian obsidian, in the studied area in that same period. By comparing the spatial and chronological image expansion of both materials can lead to similar conclusions in their assessment

Microbial Oil Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass – Recent Development and Prospect

2014 ◽  
Vol 541-542 ◽  
pp. 397-403
Author(s):  
Zhang Nan Lin ◽  
Hong Juan Liu ◽  
Zhi Qin Wang ◽  
Jia Nan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Microbial Oil ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Application Potential

Microbial oil is one of the ideal raw materials for biodiesel production because of its rapid reproduction and less influence by the climate and season variation. However, the high cost is one of the key issues that restricted its production in a large-scale. Lignocellulosic biomass, the cheap and renewable resource, might be the best raw material for microbial oil production by oleaginous microorganisms. Recent development on the microbial oil production from lignocellulosic biomass was summarized in this paper. Furthermore, the challenges and application potential of microbial oil were prospected.

WORKING WITH CLAY

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemary A. Joyce ◽  
Julia A. Hendon ◽  
Jeanne Lopiparo
Keyword(s):  
Communities Of Practice ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Craft Production ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
North Central ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractEvidence from sites in the lower Ulua valley of north-central Honduras, occupied betweena.d.500 and 1000, provides new insight into the connections between households, craft production, and the role of objects in maintaining social relations within and across households. Production of pottery vessels, figurines, and other items in a household context has been documented at several sites in the valley, including Cerro Palenque, Travesía, Campo Dos, and Campo Pineda. Differences in raw materials, in what was made, and in the size and design of firing facilities allow us to explore how crafting with clay created communities of practice made up of people with varying levels of knowledge, experience, and skill. We argue that focusing on the specific features of a particular craft and the crafter's perspective gives us insight into the ways that crafting contributed to the reproduction of social identities, local histories, and connections among members of communities of practice who comprised multicrafting households.

scholarly journals Determination of Data Mining Application Design Patterns Booking Raw Food In Restaurant Fountain With Apriori Algorithm

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Risnamawati Ndruru ◽  
Paska Marto Hasugian
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Inventory Management ◽  
Design Patterns ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Web Based ◽  
New Information ◽  
Material Ordering

Booking is an activity carried out by certain parties to ensure availability, in carrying out certain activities the company has a supply of material in quantities that exceed the needs. As a result, in the warehouse there is a buildup of raw materials or it can happen otherwise. Inventories of materials that are too small can hinder the company's operations in the form of unavailability of materials when needed. The role of inventory will determine the operation of the company because the inventory will run well if supported by good management. Therefore, the concept of inventory management that affects ordering is very important to be applied by companies so that the goals of effectiveness and efficiency are achieved. So we need a Data Mining that can quickly to determine the Determination of Food Raw Material Ordering Patterns in Restaurant Fountain Using Apriori. Data Mining is the extraction of new information taken from large chunks of data that helps in making decisions. One of the applications of data mining for Determining the Pattern of Ordering Food Raw Materials in Restaurant Fountain Using Apriori. Apriori method is a method for determining frequent itemsets for boolean association rules. The research aims to build the application of Determining the Pattern of Ordering Food Raw Materials in Restaurant Fountain with a web-based application and as a tool for designing applications using the Mysql Database. This data mining is able to determine the ordering of food items in the Restaurant Fountain with the required amount.  

scholarly journals Uma perspetiva diacrónica da ocupação do concheiro do Cabeço da Amoreira (Muge, Portugal) a partir da tecnologia lítica

2020 ◽  
pp. 733-744
Author(s):  
Joana Belmiro ◽  
João Cascalheira ◽  
Célia Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Clear Distinction ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Lithic Assemblages ◽  
Raw Material Variability ◽  
Technological Analysis

This study presents preliminary results from a technological analysis of lithic artefacts from the Mesolithic shellmidden of Cabeço da Amoreira (Muge, Portugal). The main goal was to understand the technological and raw material variability within the two main excavation areas of the site, in order to characterize the different occupation moments. A typological and attribute approach was used in the analysis. The results suggest a clear distinction of the lithic assemblages, associated with the sedimentary differences identified in the composition of the several layers. This separation can be found mostly in the frequencies of raw materials, cores and retouched tools.

scholarly journals Radiometric properties of sepiolite minerals from quarries in central Anatolia of Turkey

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aybaba Hancerliogullari ◽  
Madee Ali ◽  
Ash Kurnaz ◽  
Seref Turhan
Keyword(s):  
Dose Rate ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Gamma Dose ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Gamma Ray Spectrometry ◽  
Radon Emanation ◽  
Agriculture Fertilizer

Sepiolite is a naturally occurring clay mineral of sedimentary origin and is a magnesium hydrosilicate. Sepiolite has been widely used as an additive raw material in ceramics and cement industry, pharmaceutical, cleaning-detergent, paper, paint, cosmetic agriculture, fertilizer, etc. In this study, the natural radioactivity levels, radon emanation coefficients and radon exhalation rates of 30 sepiolite samples collected from open three sepiolite quarries (Beylikova, Polath and Sivrihisar) in Central Anatolia region of Turkey were determined by using a gamma-ray spectrometry with an HPGe detector. The average absorbed gamma dose rates directly measured in Beylikova, Polath and Sivrihisar open three sepiolite quarries located in Central Anatolia region of Turkey were found as 59, 65, and 64 nGyh?1, respectively. The average activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in 30 sepiolite samples collected from those quarries were found as 38.6, 12.4, and 67.4 Bqkg?1, respectively. The average emanation coefficient and exhalation rate of radon of sepiolite samples were determined as 22 % and 0.065 Bqkg?1h?1, respectively. Also, radiological parameters (outdoor absorbed gamma dose rate, annual effective dose rate, external and internal index) were estimated to evaluate the use of sepiolite samples as additive raw materials in the building sector.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF INFLUENCE OF PALEOGEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS ON THE FORMATION OF MINERAL RAW MATERIALS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CERAMIC PRODUCTS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF OPISHNYANSKE DEPOSIT OF CLAY ROCKS)

2021 ◽  
pp. 15-24
Author(s):  
Zh.M. Matviishyna ◽  
◽  
S.P. Doroshkevych ◽  
A.S. Kushnir ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Miocene ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Mineral Raw Materials ◽  
Mineral Raw Material ◽  
Clay Rocks ◽  
Material Formation

The main properties and features of clay rocks, which are the basic raw materials for the manufacture of ceramic products are outlined. The main morphogenetic, physicochemical and geochronological characteristics of clay rocks of the Opishnyanske deposits (Poltava region) are covered, the natural conditions of this mineral raw material formation in the late Miocene, Pliocene and Pleistocene are reconstructed, the role of paleogeographic conditions in their formation and accumulation is estimated. Perspective locations of their place position are marked out basing on paleogeographical data.

Role of alkanolamines in ordinary and alternative cement systems

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludovico Mascarin ◽  
Luca Valentini ◽  
Maria Chiara Dalconi ◽  
Enrico Garbin ◽  
Gilberto Artioli
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Setting Time ◽  
High Reactivity ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
Hydration Kinetics ◽  
Calcium Complexes ◽  
Kinetics Of

<p>Ordinary cement resulting from the reaction of a calcium aluminosilicate-rich powder plus water works as binding matrix in modern concrete. The design of alternative binders is currently a global challenge in order to reduce the environmental footprint associated to the ordinary cement production. Alkali-activated calcined clay materials (AAccMs) represent a class of sustainable binders made of the blending of a concentrated alkaline solution and a solid fraction with thermally treated phyllosilicates. Metakaolin produced by the heat treatment at temperatures between 550-900°C of kaolinite, has long fascinated the scientific community for its high reactivity at high-pH stage. However, the higher costs of commercial metakaolin push towards the use of locally available low-purity kaolinitic soils, such as laterite covers, as potential raw materials to produce low-CO<sub>2</sub> cements with the benefit of reducing the cost of feedstock transportation.</p><p>The work is focused on the role of triethanolamine (TEA) and triisopropanolamine (TIPA) on the reaction kinetics of ordinary cement pastes and AAccMs, the latter with different aluminosilicate reactive fraction and degree of purity. TEA and TIPA are tertiary alkanolamines with a developed molecular structure. It has been assessed that low equal dosages of alkanolamines introduced in advance to the mixing water for cement hydration can act on the setting time and the degree of cement reaction. These chemical compounds, and above all TIPA, are recognized as iron-chelating agents that can increase the dissolution rate of ferric ions from the ferroaluminate phase of cement and promote their complexation. Moreover, alkanolamines can also form water-soluble calcium-complexes that may influence the hydration kinetics of calcium-silicate phases and the precipitation of hydrates in the binder microstructure.</p><p>The raw and the reacted materials are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the kinetic pathways are followed with the aid of a semi-adiabatic calorimetry. The dissolution-precipitation steps of hydration in aqueous and alkaline solutions are subsequently simulated. Ordinary cement is used to clarify the role of alkanolamines as hardening accelerators. Afterwards, the kinetics of alkali-based pastes of high-purity metakaolin and a Fe-rich laterite, both blended with waste marble powder, are compared with the aim of assessing the formation of calcium-complexes in solution and any change in the kinetics due to the presence of iron in the raw material. Mechanical strength tests are performed to make clear the beneficial or detrimental effect of TEA and TIPA on the materials.</p>

Pottery-Making in Spanish California: Creating Multi-Scalar Social Identity through Daily Practice

2011 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 642-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Peelo
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
San Antonio ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Community Identity ◽  
Ceramic Production ◽  
Alta California ◽  
Social Distinction ◽  
Example Variability

Between 1769 and 1834, the Spanish missions of Alta California were pluralistic communities. Faced with cultural entanglement, residents of particular missions formed communities of practice, out of which a shared social identity may have emerged. This process of colonial identity construction is illustrated by the patterned ways potters at one mission, Mission San Antonio de Padua, constructed Plainwares. Potters within this mission community selected the same local raw materials and fired ceramics in open fires. As potters participated in shared traditions of ceramic production, with regard to these steps in the manufacturing sequence, they may have created a shared social identity. In addition to the creation of a shared community identity, potters may have produced and reproduced other social identities that served to create arenas of division. For example, variability in primary forming techniques may suggest that gender identities were created out of the way some potters, possibly women, hand modeled vessels while others, possibly men, threw vessels on a wheel. Through ceramic production, potters at Mission San Antonio de Padua may have at one scale fostered a sense of belonging to the mission community, but at other scales created arenas for social distinction within the indigenous population.

Preparation and Mechanism of Cordierite by Using Calcined Bauxite as Raw Material at Relatively Low Temperature

2013 ◽  
Vol 785-786 ◽  
pp. 1066-1071
Author(s):  
Jian Feng Wu ◽  
Bin Zheng Fang ◽  
Xiao Hong Xu ◽  
Xin Bin Lao
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Synthetic Process ◽  
Synthetic Temperature ◽  
Sintering Method

The cordierite was synthesized at relatively low temperature by pressureless sintering method, using calcined bauxite, talcum , quartz and feldspar as raw materials in this paper. The water absorption (Wa), porosity (Pa), bulk density (Db) and bending strength of samples have been tested, and the synthetic process and mechanism have been investigated by XRD, SEM, and so on. The results showed that the cordierite could be synthesized at 1280°C and the range of synthetic temperature is 1160~1300°C, when the sample was sintered at 1280°C for 2h, its bulk density and bending strength were 2.20g/cm3and 72.13MPa, respectively. XRD analysis showed that the main phase of sample was cordierite, the cordierite content was about 88wt%, and the minor phases were MgAl2O4spinel and corundum. SEM results showed that the samples were dense and the pore sizes were 5 μm~100μm, the grains were growth and development well, the grains size were 0.5μm~6μm. High reaction activity corundum and mullite were provided by calcined bauxite, then coupled with the role of feldspar, thus reduced the synthetic temperature of cordierite.

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