Zoomorphic Iron Age Sculpture in Western Iberia: Symbols of Social and Cultural Identity?

1994 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 403-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús R. Alvarez-Sanchis
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Native Identity ◽  
Regional Settlement ◽  
Critical Resources

One of the most interesting archaeological features of western Iberian Protohistory is the stone animal sculptures, usually called ‘verracos’. The function and meaning of this kind of monument is discussed, taking into account the regional settlement pattern and changes during the early Roman period. The sculptures were used as an index of economic value (cattle) and by studying their spatial distribution in the Amblés Valley (Avila) it is proposed that they were used as landmarks delimiting critical resources (pasture) the explotation of which could have been organized by the elites of the 2nd Iron Age communities living in the Valley. The presence of first Roman settlers did not necessarily lead to a clear breakdown of pre-existing social symbols and cultural traditions. This is reflected through a continuity of sculpture production probably without changes to the spatial pattern. Thus, it is possible to conclude that sculpture production may reflect social, economic, and ideological ties between the old hierarchy and the new elites, expresed in terms of native identity.

scholarly journals Spatial distribution and ecological niche modelling of Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum., in the Guineo-Congolese region of Benin (West Africa)

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-44
Author(s):  
Ismaïla Toko Imorou
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Niche Modelling ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressures ◽  
Rcp Scenarios ◽  
The Impact

Triplochiton sleroxylon (samba) is a West and Central African forest species of high socio-economic value which is increasingly threatened by anthropogenic pressures from various sources. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of climate change on the spatial distribution of Triplochiton sleroxylon in the Guineo-Congolese region of Benin. All of 2311 occurrence data of this species were combined with current and future climate variables in the Maxent program under RCP scenarios 4.5 and 8.5 by 2055. Analysis of the spatial pattern of Triplochiton scleroxylon revealed an aggregative distribution between 1m and 7 m distance. But for a distance between 0 and 1 m and more than 7 m, the spatial pattern revealed a random spatial distribution. Under current climatic conditions, 45.17% of the study area of the Guineo-Congolese region in Benin and 61.69% of the one of protected areas are currently very suitable for the cultivation and conservation of samba. Projections to 2055 indicate a significant increase in the area of these habitats for the two scenarios used. These results show that the current and future climatic conditions of the Guineo-Congolese region in Benin remain favourable for the cultivation and conservation of this species. Unfortunately, outside protected areas, these favourable habitats are occupied by settlements and fields. Taking these results into account could effectively contribute to the sustainable conservation of this species in Benin. © 2020 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Climate change, Maxent program, niche modelling, aggregative distribution, Triplochiton scleroxylon, Benin

Part V Regional Approaches, Ch.36 Oceania

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Forrest Craig ◽  
Corrin Jennifer
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Well Being ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
Intangible Cultural Heritage ◽  
International Level ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
The World ◽  
Protection Of Cultural Heritage

This chapter addresses the protection of cultural heritage in Oceania. How the peoples of Oceania relate to their environment is through the prism of heritage. That heritage is holistic, embracing all life, and is both tangible and intangible. Understood through cultural traditions, it defines their cultural identity and remains inseparable from their social, economic, and environmental well-being. The States of Oceania have not engaged with the protection of cultural heritage at an international level, and, while party to the World Heritage and Intangible Cultural Heritage Conventions, the level of protection is modest, though increasing in significance.

Spatial Patterns of Urban Innovation and Their Evolution from Perspectives of Capacity and Structure: Taking Shenzhen as an Example

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Erjie Hu ◽  
Di Hu ◽  
Handong He
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Tertiary Industry ◽  
Innovation Capacity ◽  
Structure Index ◽  
Secondary Industry ◽  
Spatial Spillover Effect

Innovation is a key factor for a country’s overall national strength and core competitiveness. The spatial pattern of innovation reflects the regional differences of innovation development, which can provide guidance for the regional allocation of innovation resources. Most studies on the spatial pattern of innovation are at urban and above spatial scale, but studies at urban internal scale are insufficient. The precision and index of the spatial pattern of innovation in the city needs to be improved. This study proposes to divide spatial units based on geographic coordinates of patents, designs the innovation capability and innovation structure index of a spatial unit and their calculation methods, and then reveals the spatial patterns of innovation and their evolutionary characteristics in Shenzhen during 2000–2018. The results show that: (1) The pattern of innovation capacity of secondary industry exhibited a pronounced spatial spillover effect with a positive spatial correlation. The innovation capacity and innovation structure index of the secondary industry evolved in a similar manner; i.e., they gradually extended from the southwest area to the north over time, forming a tree-like distribution pattern with the central part of the southwest area as the “root” and the northwest and northeast areas as the “canopy”. (2) The pattern of innovation capacity of tertiary industry also had a significant spatial spillover effect with a positive spatial correlation. There were differences between the evolutions of innovation capacity and innovation structure index of tertiary industry. Specifically, its innovation capacity presented a triangular spatial distribution pattern with three groups in the central and eastern parts of the southwest area and the south-eastern part of the northwest area as the vertices, while its innovative structure showed a radial spatial distribution pattern with the southwestern part of the southwest area as the source and a gradually sparse distribution toward the northeast. (3) There were differences between the evolution modes of secondary and tertiary industries. Areas with high innovation capacity in the secondary industry tended to be more balanced, while areas with high innovation capacity in the tertiary industry did not necessarily have a balanced innovation structure. Through the method designed in this paper, the spatial pattern of urban innovation can be more precise and comprehensive revealed, and provide useful references for the development of urban innovation.

scholarly journals Occurrence of tuberculosis cases in Crato, Ceará, from 2002 to 2011: a spatial analisys of specific standards

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayrla Lima Pinto ◽  
Talina Carla da Silva ◽  
Lidiane Cristina Félix Gomes ◽  
Maria Rita Bertolozzi ◽  
Lourdes Milagros Mendoza Villavicencio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Temporal Trend ◽  
Kernel Method ◽  
Quantitative Approach ◽  
Point Pattern ◽  
Hybrid Design ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Population Groups

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the spatial distribution of tuberculosis in Crato, Ceará, Brazil, from 2002 to 2011, aiming to check for a point pattern. METHODS: This is an ecological, temporal trend and hybrid design study, with a quantitative approach. A total of 261 cases of tuberculosis were geo-referenced and 20 (7.1%) were considered as losses due to the lack of address. The profile of patients in 10 years of study was in accordance with the following pattern: men aged between 20 and 59 years, with low schooling, affected by the pulmonary form of tuberculosis and who were cured from the disease. RESULTS: The analysis of the spatial distribution of tuberculosis points out that in the period of study, new cases of the disease were not distributed on a regular basis, indicating a clustered spatial pattern, confirmed by the L-function. The map with the density of new cases estimated by the Kernel method showed that the "hot" areas are more concentrated in the vicinity of the central urban area. CONCLUSION: The study allowed pointing out areas of higher and lower concentration of tuberculosis, identifying the spatial pattern, but it also recognized that the disease has not reached all of the population groups with the same intensity. Those who were most vulnerable were the ones who lived in regions with higher population densities, precarious living conditions, and with intense flow of people.

Potential contact statistics for measuring scale-dependent spatial pattern and association: an example of northern cod (Gadus morhua) and capelin (Mallotus villosus)

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 1355-1368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L O'Driscoll ◽  
David C Schneider ◽  
George A Rose ◽  
George R Lilly
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Point Pattern Analysis ◽  
Point Pattern ◽  
Mallotus Villosus ◽  
Capelin Mallotus Villosus ◽  
Potential Contact

Analysis of simulated data showed that potential contact statistics could be used to describe spatial pattern in sample density data. Potential contact is a new method, analogous to Ripley's K function for mapped point pattern analysis. Potential contact can be used to describe spatial pattern and association over a range of scales without grouping data and is robust against the presence of zeros. The statistical output is ecologically interpretable, as a measure of the degree of contact between individuals. This new technique was applied to examine changes in the spatial distribution of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) off Newfoundland, Canada, from 1985 to 1994, a period that encompassed a collapse of the cod stock. Sample data from bottom-trawl surveys indicated that cod were aggregated in patches with dimensions of 100-250 km. During the period of cod decline in the 1990s, spatial structure changed in three ways: the number of patches decreased, patch size shrank, and contact with conspecifics at small (10-20 km) scales fell. Cod were broadly associated with capelin (Mallotus villosus), a major prey species. Spatial distribution of capelin changed over the same time period as changes in cod distribution, and there was no evidence that contact between cod and capelin decreased.

scholarly journals Revisiting the “West-Baltic” Type Hydronymy in Central Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-87
Author(s):  
Pavel A. Gusenkov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
East European Plain ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
The West ◽  
East European ◽  
Central Russia ◽  
Distribution Scheme ◽  
Eastern Baltic

The article examines the substrate hydronymy of the middle Oka and the Dnieper regions (ending in -va, -da, etc.) that is typically attributed to the West-Baltic toponymic stratum and associated with the language of the Moschinskaya archaeological culture and the related archaeological sites. The author analyzed its spatial distribution in the East European Plain. The study has found that: 1) the spread of names of waterbodies ending in -va correlates with the distribution scheme of substrate Baltic hydronymy in general and the monuments of the Dnieper-Dvina, Yukhnovskaya, and Late Dyakovo cultures of the Early Iron Age; 2) the spread of hydronyms with zh/z sound variation (including as a distinctive feature) correlates with the Krivich and Radimich culture areas, and the range of Russian dialects with lisping pronunciation which makes no difference between sibilants and hushing sounds; 3) Baltic hydronymy ending in -da is not attested in the area of the Moschinskaya culture and related archaeological sites; 4) among the names with the root ape-/upe- found in the same cultural milieu, only those containing Eastern Baltic variant are verifiable; 5) the hypothesis for East Baltic origination of the names with the root stab- is not inferior to the West Baltic; 6) there are no sufficient grounds for tracing some river names to the Prussian words pannean and sug since most of these hydronyms refer to a later period while the others have more plausible explanations; 7) for some hydronyms (Zerna, Opochinka, Ponya, Sezhikovka, etc.) the substrate origin is not confirmed. Based on the above observations, the hypothesis for the presence of a West-Baltic layer of hydronymy in the middle Oka region and the consequent assumption of the West-Baltic origin of the Moshinskaya culture were disputed.

scholarly journals Geospatial characterizing of Under-Five Mortality in Alexandria, Egypt

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Adel Hassan ◽  
Ahmed Mohamed Ramadan ◽  
Mohamed Mostafa Tahoun ◽  
Abdelrahman Omran ◽  
Shimaa Gad El-karim Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Size Population ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Alexandria City ◽  
Low Incidence

This study aimed to identify geo-spatial pattern of under-five mortality (U5M) in Alexandria and its key determinants. We analyzed the geospatial distribution of 3064 deaths registered at 24 health offices reported from January 2018 to June 2019. The localities of Alexandria city were clustered into high and low incidence areas. Neonates represented 58.7% of U5M, while post-neonates and children were 31.1%, 10.2% respectively. Male deaths were significantly higher (P=0.036). The main leading causes of U5M were prematurity (28.32%), pneumonia (11.01%), cardiac arrest (10.57%), congenital malformation (9.95%), and childhood cardiovascular diseases (9.20%). Spatial distribution of U5M (including the most common three causes) tend to be clustered in western parts of Alexandria (El Hawaria, Bahig, Hamlis and Ketaa Maryiut). Another 9 clusters are at risk of being hotspots. Illiteracy, divorce, and poor locality characteristics (household size, population density, and access to water supply and sanitation), were statistically significant predictors of U5M.

scholarly journals Geospatial Distribution of Public Secondary in Gombe Local Government Area, Gombe State of Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-39
Author(s):  
Yila Caiaphas Makadi ◽  
Abecca Stephen Sati ◽  
Ismail Dankaka
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Public Secondary School ◽  
Data Survey ◽  
Senior Secondary

The paper reviews research tradition of accessibility level and spatial distribution of student in public secondary school in gombe local government area, Gombe state. Primary and secondary data were used for the study. Primary data was collected using questionnaire and a hand-held GPS receiver to capture the coordinate points of schools and other relevant data. Secondary data include administrative map, population figures of both students and Teachers, Names and addresses of the secondary schools in the study area. The data were analyzed using geographic information techniques. From the data survey carried out, the result of the analysis showed the accessibility level and spatial distribution of school in Gombe were seventeen (17) public senior secondary and total number of students were nineteen thousand and eleven (19,011). The nearest neighbor analysis (NNA) for the spatial pattern of school were carried out based on each ward in study area which as ten (10) wards in each ward revealed two major spatial distributions. The spatial pattern of the Gombe LGA has Nearest Neighbour Ratio (NNR): 3.385087, Bolari East ward with NNR: 3.385087 and Shamaki wards NNR: 1.600148, which showed dispersed pattern, while Jekada Fari ward with NNR: 0.214890, Pantami ward with NNR: 0.226863, and Herwo Gana wards with NNR: 0.185239, were showed clustered pattern. The nearest neighbor index shows clustered pattern for all the wards in the local government area except Bolari East and Shamaki wards that has dispersed pattern of distribution. The implication of these two patterns means that accessibility is poor in the study area. Students travel than normal to overcome the function of distance.

scholarly journals Sustainability status analysis of shrimp production management at Cilacap Regency, Central Java, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 322 ◽  
pp. 05015
Author(s):  
Untung Adi Nugroho ◽  
Titin Siswantining ◽  
Sugeng Budiharsono
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Production Management ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Economic Dimension ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Rapid Appraisal ◽  
Shrimp Production ◽  
Status Analysis ◽  
De Man

Shrimp is one of the main export commodities of the Indonesian fishery, which is produced from various regions. One of the areas that become the center of shrimp production is Cilacap Regency. The main type of shrimp commodity in Cilacap is banana shrimp (Fenneropenaeus merguensis de Man) which has high economic value. The production of banana shrimp in Cilacap is declining. This study aimed to analyze the sustainability status of banana shrimp management in Cilacap waters in a multidimensional base (Multidimensional Scaling/MDS) which is seen through the ecological, social, economic, ethical, technological, and institutional dimensions. The tool used to analyze the sustainability status is the Rapid Appraisal for Fisheries (Rapfish). This research shows that the sustainability value of banana shrimp management reaches 49.68 or is in the Less Sustainable status. Referring to the sustainability analysis results on each dimension, it can be seen that the economic dimension is the dimension with the lowest sustainability status. This is due to the low income of the fishermen on the results of the shrimp catch. From the sustainability status of shrimp management, it is necessary to take strategic steps to improve the sustainability status of shrimp management in Cilacap Regency.

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