Simple morphological spelling rules are not always used: Individual differences in children and adults

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 1071-1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
NENAGH KEMP ◽  
PAUL MITCHELL ◽  
PETER BRYANT
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
School Children ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Chance Performance ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Morphological Rule ◽  
English Spelling ◽  
Rules And Exceptions

ABSTRACTThe English spelling system has a variety of rules and exceptions, but both theoretical and empirical accounts have generally concluded that by about age 9 or 10, children master the morphological rule that regular plural nouns (e.g., socks) and third-person singular present verbs (e.g., lacks) are spelled with the inflectional ending –s. In three experiments, however, we found that when forced to rely exclusively on morphological cues, only a minority of primary school children, secondary school children, and even adults performed significantly above chance at choosing the appropriate spelling for novel words presented as inflected or uninflected nouns and verbs. Further, significantly above-chance performance was more common in adults who had attended school until age 18, compared to age 16. We conclude that many spellers, especially those who do not go on to tertiary education, never learn some simple morphological spelling rules, and instead rely on a store of individual word-specific spellings.

scholarly journals Primary school children often underestimate their nasal obstruction

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-169
Author(s):  
Francesca Occasi ◽  
Marzia Duse ◽  
Tommaso Vittori ◽  
Anna Rugiano ◽  
Giancarlo Tancredi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Nasal Obstruction ◽  
School Children ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Nasal Resistance ◽  
Nasal Patency ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Subjective Sensation

Background: No consensus has ever been reached about the correlation between nasal resistance and the subjective sensation of nasal patency. The aim of the present study was to better de ne whether primary school and secondary school aged children correctly estimate their nasal obstruction. Materials and methods: Two hundred eighty four children (168 males and 116 female) aged between 6 and 14 years (9.5+2.9 years) affected by Pediatric Allergic Rhinitis underwent Rhinomanometry and they were considered as correctly estimating their nasal obstruction when the grade of nasal patency corresponded to the severity of the NOSE score, overestimating when the grade of nasal patency was <1 when compared to the severity of the score, underestimating when the grade of nasal patency was >1 when compared to the severity of the score. Results: Correlation between NOSE score and nasal patency was statistically significant (r -0.74; p<0.001). Children between 6 and 9 years of age underestimate (43.7%) and children >12 overestimate (34.7%) their symptoms more frequently than children among other age ranges (p<0.001). Conclusion: Although NOSE score approximately allow to quantify nasal obstruction, in children, especially between 6 and 9 years of age, an objective measurement of nasal patency should be performed to better define the therapeutic approach.

When Truants and School Refusers Grow Up

1982 ◽  
Vol 141 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Berg
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Conduct Disorder ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Primary School ◽  
School Children ◽  
Antisocial Behaviour ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Child Psychiatrists

Truancy is the term commonly used to describe unjustifiable absence from school. Persistent truancy occurs in approximately 1 per cent of primary school children. It increases considerably over the secondary school years to affect about 10 per cent of 15-year-olds. It is often associated with evidence of other antisocial activity. Educational attainment is inclined to be low. And children who truant often come from disadvantaged homes (Fogelman et al, 1980). Truancy in cases referred to child psychiatrists is usually just one manifestation of a conduct disorder characterized by a whole variety of antisocial behaviour (Hersov, 1960).

Comorbidities in Primary vs Secondary School Children With Obesity and Responsiveness to Lifestyle Intervention

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (9) ◽  
pp. 3803-3811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kylie Karnebeek ◽  
Supriya Thapar ◽  
Maartje Willeboordse ◽  
Onno C P van Schayck ◽  
Anita C E Vreugdenhil
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Lifestyle Intervention ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
School Children ◽  
Interquartile Range ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Z Score

AbstractContextChildhood obesity increases the risk of diseases as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.ObjectiveTo evaluate the prevalence of comorbidities in school-age children with obesity and to compare its prevalence and the effect of a lifestyle intervention between children in primary and secondary school and between boys and girls.DesignCross-sectional analysis and lifestyle intervention.SettingCentre for Overweight Adolescent and Children’s Healthcare.PatientsComorbidities were evaluated in 149 primary and 150 secondary school children with (morbid) obesity (162 girls). The effect of lifestyle intervention was studied in 82 primary and 75 secondary school children.InterventionOne-year interdisciplinary lifestyle intervention.ResultsInsulin resistance (37%), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (3%), dyslipidemia (48%), hypertension (7%), and elevated liver transaminase levels (54%) were already common in primary school children. Glomerular hyperfiltration and insulin resistance were more prevalent in secondary school children. IGT was more prevalent in girls. The change in body mass index z score after intervention was greater in primary school children (primary vs secondary: −0.25 ± 0.32 vs −0.11 ± 0.47), even as the change in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations [primary vs secondary: −0.30 (interquartile range, −0.70 to 0.10) vs −0.10 (interquartile range, −0.40 to 0.30)] and systolic blood pressure z score (primary vs secondary: −0.32 ± 1.27 vs 0.24 ± 1.3). The change in body mass index z score, but not in comorbidities, was greater in boys (boys vs girls: −0.33 ± 0.45 vs −0.05 ± 0.31).ConclusionsThe presence of comorbidities is already evident in primary school children with obesity. The effect of a lifestyle intervention on these comorbidities is greater in primary compared with secondary school children, stressing the need for early interventions.

scholarly journals Chronic bullying victimization across school transitions: The role of genetic and environmental influences

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Bowes ◽  
Barbara Maughan ◽  
Harriet Ball ◽  
Sania Shakoor ◽  
Isabelle Ouellet-Morin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Primary School ◽  
School Children ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Bullying Victimization ◽  
Family Risk Factors ◽  
Increased Risk

AbstractWe investigated the antecedents and consequences of chronic victimization by bullies across a school transition using a genetically sensitive longitudinal design. Data were from the Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study (E-Risk), an epidemiological cohort of 2,232 children. We used mothers' and children's reports of bullying victimization during primary school and early secondary school. Children who experienced frequent victimization at both time points were classed as “chronic victims” and were found to have an increased risk for mental health problems and academic difficulties compared to children who were bullied only in primary school, children bullied for the first time in secondary school, and never-bullied children. Biometric analyses revealed that stability in victimization over this period was influenced primarily by genetic and shared environmental factors. Regression analyses showed that children's early characteristics such as preexistent adjustment difficulties and IQ predicted chronic versus transitory victimization. Family risk factors for chronic victimization included socioeconomic disadvantage, low maternal warmth, and maltreatment. Our results suggest that bullying intervention programs should consider the role of the victims' behaviors and family background in increasing vulnerability to chronic victimization. Our study highlights the importance of widening antibullying interventions to include families to reduce the likelihood of children entering a pathway toward chronic victimization.

Colors and Figures in Senegal

1983 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 971-978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter D'Hondt ◽  
Michel Vandewiele
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
School Children ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Heterogeneous Sample ◽  
Favorite Color

A sample of 2,500 primary school children and 943 secondary school children asked to name their favorite number (between 0 and 9) and their favorite color, gave as the primary school children's preference brown-five and that of the second group black-nine. These observations do not corroborate the 1941 findings of Eysenck, preference: blue for a larger but more heterogeneous sample that contained few Africans. Several interpretations of the phenomenon are discussed, including a greater awareness of school children of their cultural identity as they grow older, a sensitiveness to color and figures shaped by the culture, and mental traditions of the ethnic group to which they belong, etc.

Intensity- and Domain-Specific Levels of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in 10- to 14-Year-Old Children

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1543-1550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stijn De Baere ◽  
Jan Seghers ◽  
Renaat Philippaerts ◽  
Kristine De Martelaer ◽  
Johan Lefevre
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
Sedentary Behavior ◽  
School Children ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Electronic Diary ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
And Gender

Background:to investigate levels of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) in 10- to 14-year-olds and to determine PA differences between week-weekend days, genders and school stages.Methods:241 children were recruited from 15 primary and 15 secondary schools. PA was assessed for 7 days using the SenseWear Mini Armband and an electronic diary. Week-weekend and gender differences were determined using 2-way repeated-measures ANOVA. Combined intensity- and domain-specific PA differences between genders and school stages were examined using 2-way ANOVA.Results:Weekdays were more active compared with weekend days. Physical activity level (PAL) of boys was higher compared with girls. Boys showed more moderate (+15 min/day) and vigorous PA (+9 min/day), no differences were found for SB and light PA. Secondary school children showed more SB (+111 min/day), moderate (+8 min/day) and vigorous (+9 min/day) PA and less light PA (-66 min/day) compared with primary school children. No difference was found for PAL. The results of the combined intensity- and domain-specific parameters revealed more nuanced differences between genders and school stages.Conclusions:Our results demonstrate the complexity of PA and SB behavior of children, indicating the need for a multidimensional and differentiated approach in PA promotion.

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