scholarly journals Observations of Comets, Minor Planets and Meteors in Japan

1988 ◽  
Vol 98 ◽  
pp. 87-89
Author(s):  
Ichiro Hasegawa
Keyword(s):  
Early Period ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Minor Planets ◽  
World War ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Second World

In the early period of this century, some comets were discovered by Japanese amateur astronomers. Just fifty years ago, in 1937, Minoru Honda began to search for systematically comets with his 15-cm reflector. He observed Comet Encke without an ephemeris in November, 1937, and made his firts discovery of a comet in 1940. This comet was also discovered independently by Shigeki Okabayashi (Comet Okabayashi-Honda, 1940e). Subsequently, Honda discovered Comet Friend-Reese-Honda (1941a) in 1941. Unfortunately, Okabayashi was killed at the Second World War in 1945.After the end of the war, Honda discovered ten comets during 1947 and 1968. In 1968, he discovered three comets in a year. He has been an active observer of comets and novae. Stimulated by Honda’s success, Tsutomu Seki began his comet hunting in 1950, and his long and patient efforts were rewarded with the discovery of Comet Seki, 1961f. Seki later discovered six comets, and rediscovered six short-period comets before 1981. In that year, Seizo Goto, a well-known telescope maker in Japan, donated a 60-cm reflector. Since then, with the Goto telescope, Seki has made many astronomic observations of comets and minor planets. He has rediscovered some periodic comets and has discovered many minor planets every year.

scholarly journals Yugoslav-Greek relations from the end of the Second World War to 1990 chronology, phases, problems and achievements

Balcanica ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 257-282
Author(s):  
Milan Ristovic
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
World War ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Republic Of Macedonia ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Short Period ◽  
New Period ◽  
Yugoslav Republic ◽  
Second World

Yugoslav-Greek relations from the end of WWII to the breakup of Yugoslavia and went through several phases. A short period of interlude when the diplomatic relations were re-established 1945/1946 was followed by a much longer one (1946-1950) of conflict due to the Yugoslav support to the Communists in the Greek Civil War. A pragmatic approach to the issue of both parties resulted in a prolonged period (1950-1967) of working relations that culminated in the signing of tripartite treaties with Turkey, Treaty of Ankara (1953) and Bled Agreements (1954). Even though the treaties lost most of their importance after the reconciliation between Belgrade and Moscow in 1955/1956, and the Cyprus crisis, they created a climate of correct relations between two neighbouring states marked by reciprocal visits on the highest level. The coup d??tat of April 1967 brought to power a dictatorship in Greece (1967-1974) and thus inaugurated a new period of tensions in bilateral relations. The last period 1974-1990 was characterized by good working relations between Belgrade and Athens mainly due to the Greece?s efforts to integrate the European Economic Community (EEC) that supposed good relations with its neighbours. The issue of relations of Athens with Socialist Republic of Macedonia, first as a part of Socialst Yugoslavia, and then, after the collapse of the Federation, as the independent country, proved to be the last problem for Yugoslavia and a lasting one for the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, as it used to be known after 1990.

BBC2 and World Cinema

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-360
Author(s):  
Ieuan Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Iron Curtain ◽  
World War ◽  
Hollywood Films ◽  
General Rules ◽  
World Cinema ◽  
Ready Availability ◽  
Second World

This article examines the origins of BBC2's reputation as a purveyor of films from around the world, exploring the significance and impact of the strand World Cinema (1965–74) and assessing the range and diversity of its offer. Foreign-language titles had been broadcast by the Corporation since before the Second World War, due partly to their ready availability at a time when Hollywood films were ‘off limits’, given the hostility of American (and British) film companies towards the new rival medium of television. During this early period, however, these continental films were not popular, undoubtedly due to the fact that subtitles were very difficult to read on small, low-definition television screens. BBC2, with its commitment to minority tastes and interests and its use of both the higher-definition 625-line UHF system and colour, was perfectly placed to revive and foster interest in world cinema. For those who urged broadcasters to adopt and maintain an enlightened film policy, World Cinema became exemplary, as a rare exception to the general rules in early television of editing for content or length, block buying (the practice of buying the rights to a mixed package of films in order to acquire certain gems) and haphazard scheduling. For a generation of cinephiles, World Cinema was a formative and educative experience. Particular attention is paid here to the first five years of World Cinema, which saw the strand give attention to a variety of ‘New Waves’ and relay experiences from behind the Iron Curtain and further afield.

J. G. Farrell's Indian Works: His Majesty's Subjects?

2003 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. R. A. Goonetilleke
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
Joseph Conrad ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Historical Novels ◽  
World War ◽  
Major Work ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Second World

. . . There had always been some corner of the Empire where His Majesty's subjects were causing trouble . . .J. G. Farrell, Troubles (London: Cape, 1990) p. 215.J. G. Farrell has, in common with Paul Scott, an admiration for Joseph Conrad (obvious in their use of symbolism, topographical and otherwise), a fascination with the decline of Empire as a subject for fiction; a reputation that rests on a series of historical novels on this subject. Farrell died at the age of 44 whereas Paul Scott did so at 58; therefore it is not fair to compare their overall achievement. Yet it is necessary to observe that, whereas Scott portrayed one country during a single short period in his major work, Farrell's view was global and spanned virtually a century, lighting upon three important crises in three different countries during three different periods: Troubles (1970), set in the context of the Irish disturbances of 1919-21; The Siege of Krishnapur (1973), located during the 1857 ‘Mutiny’ in India; The Singapore Grip (1978), focusing on the period leading up to the surrender of Singapore to the Japanese during the Second World War, the first signal defeat of the might of the British Empire by an Asian power.

The program of observation of minor planets and comets at the Bucharest Observatory

1974 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 29-31
Author(s):  
Cornelia Cristescu
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Maximum Magnitude ◽  
Minor Planets ◽  
World War ◽  
Second World

The observation of minor planets and comets began at the Bucharest Observatory in 1930, using the refracting telescope Merz—Prin (D = 38 cm, F = 600 cm). The observations were interrupted during the Second World War, and only in 1951 the department of photographic astrometry, much more developed, resumed the work.The program was devoted to the observation of comets and minor planets, the maximum magnitude obtained being 12 for minor planets and 9 for comets. Beginning from 1954 the Bucharest Observatory participates in the observation of the 10 minor planets, selected for the Catalogue of Faint Stars, and up to the end of 1970 about 4000 precise positions were obtained. At the request of the Institute of Theoretical Astronomy from Leningrad, these observations are continued. Besides these, about 1000 precise positions for other minor planets were obtained in the interval 1951—1963.

Violence, Pacifism, and the Use of Force

2021 ◽  
pp. 450-466
Author(s):  
G. Scott Davis
Keyword(s):  
Just War ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Nuclear Deterrence ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
World War ◽  
Christian Realism ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
Fellowship Of Reconciliation ◽  
Second World

This chapter lays out the historical development of Niebuhr’s thought on war and peace in the context of American history and religious thought. It argues that in his early thought he accepts the received wisdom concerning early Christian non-violence, a position that led him to join the “Fellowship of Reconciliation” in 1928. With the Japanese incursions into China in the early 1930s, however, his position began to shift in ways captured in his early exchange with his brother, H. Richard Niebuhr. By the time he delivered the Gifford Lectures, at the very beginning of the Second World War, he has rejected pacifism and begun to develop the positions associated with ‘Christian Realism’. This extended into the early period of nuclear deterrence, though with increasing qualification. By the early 1960s, the perceived lack of restraint led Paul Ramsey to turn to the Catholic just war tradition to articulate a Reformation doctrine of principled love that could clarify which uses of force were acceptable and which had to be rejected. The tradition of Niebuhr persists, however, in such thinkers as John Carlson, whose Christian realist account of war and peace draws directly from Niebuhr and his legacy.

Notstand und Sachverstand

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 405-442
Author(s):  
Stefanie Middendorf
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
International Level ◽  
World War ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The First World War ◽  
State Finance ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

Abstract In the aftermath of the First World War, the Weimar Republic found itself in financial disarray. Originally put forward by the antirepublican right, the idea of a forced loan emerged. The idea triggered harsh controversies regarding the shortfalls in the new state’s sovereignty and its lack of fiscal power within the framework of an international order. The conflicting images of the Weimar state effected the decisions finally taken. This article argues that a rhetoric of emergency was combined with notions of the expert as an apolitical figure in order to legitimize compulsory lending. Yet, contrary to contemporary perceptions, the Weimar forced loan was not a result of governmental impotence or an exceptional incident within the history of public finance. As a political tool, it helped to solve conflicts on the national as well as the international level, if only for a short period of time. As an instrument of state finance, it was not an act of failure to still fiscal needs the ‚normal way‘ but a conscious claim for the autonomy of the Weimar state. But the conviction that compulsory loans might be a legitimate element of fiscal politics under the auspices of a strong and well-informed state emerged only with the Second World War – in Germany as well as on an international level.

At the crossroads of Marxism and structuralism in modern Polish literary theory (1918–1939): The case of Warsaw and Vilnius student circles

Thesis Eleven ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 159 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-77
Author(s):  
Danuta Ulicka
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Literary Theory ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Czeslaw Milosz ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Philosophical Texts ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Second World

In this paper, I aim to determine the place of Marxism in Polish literary studies of the 20th century. The starting point is (1) Czesław Miłosz’s comment on the identity of Marxism and structuralism; (2) the absence of the term ‘Marxism’ in the names of Polish workers’ parties and pro-Marxist academic discourse (except an insignificant short period directly after the Second World War when Marxist rhetoric prevailed). Referring to political history, I suggest an explanation of this state of affairs, revealing the function of Marxism under different names in philosophical texts from the beginning of the 20th century. To support my argument, I draw on documents from the newly discovered archive of Dawid Hopensztand. I use this archive to reconstruct his social biography and justify the main thesis about the permanent presence of Marxism in the works of such thinkers as Leszek Kołakowski, Zygmunt Bauman, and even Czesław Miłosz.

Negotiations leading to the Anglo-Polish agreement of 31 March 1939

1956 ◽  
Vol 10 (37) ◽  
pp. 59-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Desmond Williams
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Personal Relations ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Second World

The second World War was to find Germany and Italy as allies in a conflict in which their initial opponents were Britain, France and Poland. Italy did not immediately enter the war, but by the terms of the ‘pact of steel’ of 22 May 1939 she was to become a belligerent. The war broke out over the invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939. The circumstances under which it arose were peculiar in one particular point, namely in that Great Britain entered the conflict directly and immediately as an ally of a power in eastern Europe. She had entered the wars of 1914 and of 1793 in a secondary manner—as an ally of powers already at war and over commitments which related primarily to western and central Europe. It was novel therefore that she should have become involved directly in a conflict relating to eastern Europe.If one had tried to predict, in 1919, the circumstances under which Britain would fight another war with Germany, few would have hazarded the opinion that she would choose the crossing of the Polish frontier as a casus belli. In addition, if one had, in 1938, tried also to predict Britain’s ally in an eventual conflict, Poland would have come towards the end of the list. Since 1934, Poland had generally been regarded as a power which was endeavouring to keep out of conflicts between Germany and the western powers—at least in the early stages of such a war. The relations between Berlin and Warsaw were, as from their agreement of 26 January 1934, surprisingly cautious; and the personal relations between leading Germans and Poles reflected—or so it appeared—the existence of such friendly relations. However, within a very short period after the Munich agreement of 30 September 1938, Britain was to become deeply involved in the defence of a frontier which British public opinion had previously regarded as the most open to criticism and revision of all the arrangements concluded at Versailles.

Displaced persons, returnees and ‘unsuitables’: the Dutch selection of DPs (1945–1951)

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlou Schrover ◽  
Tycho Walaardt
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Homeland Security ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Displaced Persons ◽  
World War ◽  
Short Period ◽  
To Come ◽  
Camp Life ◽  
Second World ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractAfter the Second World War, Dutch authorities allowed 8,000 displaced persons (DPs) to come to the Netherlands, but only 3,904 came, and 25 per cent of them returned to camp life in Germany. This article seeks to explain why debates on the DP issue changed so rapidly within a short period of time. In earlier publications, it has been claimed that ‘selling’ DPs as workers helped to solve the DP issue. This strategy did not work for the Netherlands. This article analyses how the DP issue was framed by organisations, the Dutch government, civil servants, the Dutch Homeland Security Department, newspapers and employers.

The Legality of Modern Forms of Aerial Warfare

1968 ◽  
Vol 72 (692) ◽  
pp. 685-692
Author(s):  
D. H. N. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Present State ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Separate Treatment ◽  
Aerial Warfare ◽  
The Law ◽  
Second World

Everyone here will realise that I have to treat a vast subject in a short period of time, and those who are already familiar with it will be aware that I shall have to make a number of assertions, each of which really deserves separate treatment in its own right. I shall arrange the lecture as follows. I shall begin by clarifying the basic assumptions on which I intend to proceed. Next, I shall look at the state of the laws of aerial warfare at the end of the Second World War. Finally, I shall make a few observations on the present state of the law. As time is limited I shall devote more attention to the principles according to which, in my view, this subject should be broached than to detailed rules.

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