The elastic modulus of columnar-grain fresh-water ice
An analysis is presented of stress and strain measurements made during an investigation of the characteristics of cracks formed in columnar-grain, type S2 fresh-water ice, during uniaxial, compressive loading at the nominal strain rates of 10−3, 10−4 and 10−5s−1, and temperatures of −5°, −10°, −20° and −30°C. The analysis shows that for this range of strain rate and temperature, ice behaves as an anelastic solid. Results are given for the time, grain-size and temperature dependence of the elastic modulus in the plane perpendicular to the long direction of the grains. They are shown to be in reasonable agreement with results of an earlier study of the anelastic behaviour of the same type of ice. It is suggested that the grain-size and temperature dependence of the elastic moduli of ice for this range of strain rate and temperature may be due, in part, to the dependence of the relaxation time on these variables.