The French occupation of the western Jafara and the village of Dahibat, 1890-1891

1984 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 113-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. G. H. Joffé

AbstractThe creation of the Libyan-Tunisian border through the Jafara plain, in the wake of the French occupation of Tunisia in 1881, was to be codified in a formal treaty in 1910, just before the Italian occupation of Libya and the outbreak of the Italo-Libyan wars. However, the border, as then defined, had little to do with any prior social, political or economic reality – Muslim political theory is more concerned with communal sovereignty than with territorial control, while the Jafara plain had always been a region of local political autonomy. In reality, it represented the complex attempts by local military commanders, with the full support of the French administration in Tunis, to maximise French territorial control at the expense of the Turkish administration in Tripoli. The abandoned village of Dahibat, at the foot of the Jabal Nafusa, provided an ideal means of applying such control, particularly as the original population was anxious to return and the French were able to use their anxiety as a means of applying concepts of territorial sovereignty to the Jafara. However, in creating a rigid territorial division, the French authorities also created the grounds for resistance at a local level that eventually expressed itself first through the First World War jihad movement in the Jafara and later formed part of the Tunisian independence movement.

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-34
Author(s):  
Benjámin Dávid

Examining the consequences of the First World War, it can be concluded that its impact on the demographic conditions was significant. In addition to the national data it is important to examine them on local level, too. Based on these studies interesting data have been found. Therefore, I have decided to examine the 20th century history of my hometown, Gyomaendrõd in detail. (It is important to note that during the investigated period Gyoma and Endrõd were two separate villages.) Gyoma village is a traditional lowland settlement which is located in Bekes County. Based on the 1910 census, 11 699 people lived in Gyoma. The denominational share of Gyoma in 1910 shows a Calvinistic majority (74%), Catholic (15%) and Lutheran (8,5%) minority. If the nationalities are examined, it can be noticed that 94% of the population is of Hungarian nationality, while there is a 5% German minority. In my research I set two main objectives: Firstly, I will clarify how many of the men enlisted from the settlement died, where, when and in which corps. Based on the exact war loss and official statistics it will be shown how it led to social, demographic and economic changes in the life of the village. For my research I used documents found in the Békés County Archives of Békési Branch Archives, more precisely the death certificates were used as primary resources.


1996 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 235-245

Hans Lissmann overcame extraordinary difficulties to become one of the pioneers of experiments on animal locomotion and the discoverer of the electric sense of fishes. The Russian Empire He was born on 30 April 1909 at Nikolayev, a Black Sea port near Odessa. Most of what we know of his early life comes from two typewritten memoirs, written in 1944 when he was interned. He was the younger of the two sons of German parents, Robert Lissmann, an exporter of grain, and his wife Ebba. A photograph taken in 1913 or 1914 shows a prosperous family formally posed with the boys dressed immaculately and impractically, entirely in white. Until Hans was five the family lived in Nikolayev and in Novorossiysk, another port on the northern shore of the Black Sea. He spoke Russian with his parents and French with his grandparents. Then, after the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, the family was sent to Kargala, a village near Orenburg on the edge of the Urals, 1100 miles north-east of Nikolayev. There they were interned as aliens among a population of Tartars, Bashkirs and Kirghis. Hans learned some Tartar, and was also taught German. Drawings that he made there show a village of log buildings inhabited by men in turbans, and a rider on a Bactrian camel. Their mother taught the boys arithmetic and languages, and arranged for them to be introduced to biology by an interned zoologist and a botanist who took them into the surrounding countryside on summer afternoons. She supported the family by teaching in the village school when her husband was arrested and taken away for several months. The Russian Revolution came, and Kargala was captured and recaptured several times by the Reds and Whites.


Rural History ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (02) ◽  
pp. 181-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Martin

AbstractThe civilian food shortages and accompanying malnutrition that characterised the latter stages of the First World War were instrumental in fundamentally changing the course of European history. In Russia, food shortages were a key underlying factor in precipitating the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, while in Germany, food shortages led to the so-called ‘turnip winter’ of 1917, which effectively helped to undermine commitment to the war effort and contribute to the country’s defeat. In spite of Britain’s precarious dependence on imported food, and the shipping losses inflicted by German U-boats, the population was less badly affected. This achievement has been attributed to the work undertaken by Lord Rhondda, the second food controller, whose actions were characterised as the ‘heroic age of food control’. This article uses evidence from official government reports, newspapers and diaries, memoirs and biographies to challenge the prevailing historiography about the success of food control measures in Britain during the First World War. It shows that the Ministry of Food under Lord Rhondda’s period of tenureship was not only indecisive, but that efforts to save the nation from malnutrition, if not actual starvation, were in large part the result of initiatives implemented at the local level.


1980 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 349-350
Author(s):  
David E. Gardinier

The first members of the Congregation of the Holy Ghost arrived in the Gabon estuary in 1844. Their activities were largely confined to the northern shore of the estuary and nearby Cape Esterias until 1878. When they began to establish posts on the coasts from Loango to Rio Muni and at various points in the Ogooué and N'Gounié valleys. The establishment of New Kamerun and the coming of the First World War delayed their penetration into the Fang areas of the northern interior until the 1920s. Prior to the early 1880s all of Gabon belonged to the Vicariate Apostolic of the Two Guineas with its bishop at Libreville. After that time the southern coasts were assigned to the new Vicariate Apostolic of Loango. Loango itself formed part of the colony of Gabon until 1918 when it was definitively attached to the Middle Congo.The kinds of records deriving from the Spiritan presence in Gabon, which are housed in the mother house of the French province, include: (1) the Bulletin Général de la Congrégation, handwritten from 1857 to 1885 and then printed. The Bulletin summarizes the activities of each vicariate and each mission station, annually at first and then for periods of two to four years. (2) Annual and five-year reports to the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith in Rome; annual reports to the Oeuvres de la Propagation de la Foi and the Oeuvre de la Sainte Enfance, French lay organizations which provided the bulk of the funds for missionary activities; reports to the superior-general of the congregation and later to the secretary for African missions.


Rural History ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Turnock

The village is an important research theme in Romania in view of its significance for culture and ecology as well as the modernisation process. Interest developed after Romanian Independence but the efforts of the early historians like A.D. Xenopol (1847–1920) were greatly extended after the First World War, when the enlargement of frontiers, adding Transylvania (and temporarily Bessarabia) to the Old Kingdom embracing Moldavia and Wallachia, gave Romanian scholars access to the whole of the central Carpathian belt. Historians like C. Daicoviciu (1898–1973) and C.C. Giurescu (1901–77) were joined by ethnographers and sociologists, such as D. Gusti (1880–1955) and R. Vuia (1887–1963), ecologists like I. Simionescu (1873–1944) and geographers including I. Conea (1902–74) and V. Mihailescu (1890–1978).1 Interdisciplinary research stimulated by royal patronage was particularly fruitful in the case of the project involving a selection of some sixty representative Romanian villages (‘60 sate romanesti’).2 This gave rise to numerous publications, including monographs and shorter pieces, which formed the core of a distinguished sociology journal of the 1930s: Sociologie Romaneasca.


2021 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-68
Author(s):  
Silke Fehlemann

Abstract The mode of irreconcilability was a structural problem of the Weimar Republic. The violent experience of the First World War had intensified the emergence of new patterns of perception which appeared to be almost obsessively related to the body. This development was accompanied by an upswing of visualization opportunities. Using the example of leading Weimar politicians, it can be demonstrated how sensory mobilization could represent gateways for anti-democratic agitation. These practices could destabilize the republic by reviling its representatives by visualization. The early Nazi press expanded the arsenal of sensory mobilization. The destabilization of the moral, political, and aesthetic order worked through a clear radicalization and dynamization of traditional revilement strategies down to the local level.


Author(s):  
Beryl Pong

The introduction examines how writers anticipated the Second World War in the interwar period, and why dread became a pervasive experience in the 1930s and 1940s. Beginning with the problem of how to define the spatio-temporal boundaries of modern wartime, it argues that, with war looming, modernist time philosophy gradually shifted focus from the past to the future. The chapter then presents a model for understanding Second World Wartime through the concept of late modernist chronophobia. As a war understood to be a repetition of the First World War, but whose effects were expected to be more catastrophic and total, it is characterized by a fear of time itself. During the Blitz, this is enacted on a local level on the home front, through the temporalities of aerial bombardment. The chapter discusses why, as a bridge between the memory of the First World War and the incipient temporalities of the Cold War, the Second World War is crucial to understanding how modern wartime developed in the twentieth century.


Author(s):  
Vanda Wilcox

Italy fought the Great War in pursuit of a Greater Italy; to that end, all the resources of nation and empire were mobilised. The end of the First World War saw the demise of the liberal emigrant model in Italy, in which diaspora communities were still colonies, in favour of a more conventional vision based solely on direct territorial control. Tracing the growth of Italian colonial ambitions from 1911 through to 1923 as against the objective decline and weakening of its real empire highlights the extent to which it was an empire of fantasy as much as reality. Nonetheless, though in many ways insubstantial, empire and above all the idea of empire exerted enormous influence on Italian attitudes, policies, and priorities in the era of the First World War, with devastating long-term consequences.


2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 247-253
Author(s):  
Ivan Kalivoda

Antonín Přecechtěl was born on 6 November 1885 in the village of Srbce in the Prostějov region (Moravia) in a peasant’s family. He graduated from the secondary grammar school in Kroměříž and studied medicine at the Czech Medical Faculty of the Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague. After graduating in 1910, he started his career as a surgeon at prof. Kukula’s surgery clinic in Prague. As a surgeon, he participated in the Balkan Wars and the First World War. In 1918 he began to work at prof. Kutvirt’s ear clinic in Prague. Here he obtained habilitation in otology and pharyngology in 1920, and in 1924 he was appointed associate professor. After Kutvirt’s death, he became the head of the clinic in 1930, and in the same year, he also received habilitation in rhino-laryngology, thus completing the process of unifying the teaching of otorhinolaryngology as one field. He held the position of head of the Otolaryngology Clinic for 30 years. He was a founding member of the Czech Otolaryngological Society (1921) and in the period 1935–1951, he was its chairman. In 1926, as a founding member, he participated in the founding of the prestigious organization Collegium Oto-Rhino-Laryngologicum Amicitiae Sacrum. He also participated in the establishment and management of the international journal Otolaryngologia Slavica, and the journal Czechoslovak Otolaryngology began to be published in 1952 on his initiative. The results of his scientific work have been published in almost 400 publications in both domestic and foreign journals. Přecechtěl was also involved in laboratory and experimental research, especially on the vestibular apparatus. In 1954 he was appointed a full member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, in which he founded the Otolaryngological Laboratory. Professor Přecechtěl created his own otorhinolaryngology school and trained many experts. He died on 5 February 1971, at the age of 85. Keywords: history – Antonín Přecechtěl – remembrance – commemoration – Czech otorhinolaryngology – ENT


Author(s):  
Светлана Павловна Сорокина

Статья предваряет публикацию архивных материалов, посвященных традиционным святочным представлениям, исполнявшимся в селе Воронеже Черниговской губернии в конце XIX в. Записи принадлежат уроженцу села, собирателю и краеведу И. С. Абрамову. Абрамовым собран значительный материал по фольклору и этнографии Воронежа, большая часть которого до настоящего времени не опубликована и хранится в РГАЛИ. Среди записей собирателя материалы по фольклорному театру занимают немаловажное место. Им зафиксированы три варианта народной драмы «Царь Максимилиан». Публикуемые ниже материалы расширяют картину бытования произведений фольклорного театра в Воронеже и шире на Черниговщине. Они показывают, что в селе Воронеже на Святки исполнялся целый ряд в различной степени ритуализованных представлений (колядование, щедрование, засевание, хождение с козой и звездой, драма), которые в своей совокупности можно назвать «святочным театром». В плане распространения обрядово-игровых форм Воронеж не был исключением для восточной части Черниговской губернии, в частности, на рубеже XIX-XX вв. здесь было записано шесть вариантов драмы «Царь Максимилиан». В статье приводятся сведения об исполнителях, от которых сделаны записи, дается характеристика материалов. В период 1916-1937 гг., когда производились записи, представления с козой, звездой и народная драма «Царь Максимилиан» уже вышли из активного бытования, что свидетельствует об усилении процесса изменения традиции в первую треть XX в., в том числе и под влиянием таких социальных катаклизмов, как Первая мировая война и революция. Таким образом, публикуемые ниже записи отражают тот этап жизни одного из сегментов традиции, когда он становится частью народной памяти. This article precedes the publication of archival materials devoted to the traditional Christmas (Yuleytide) plays, performed in Voronezh Village, Chernigov Province, in the late nineteenth century. This material was gathered by a native of the village, the collector and ethnographer I. S. Abramov. Abramov assembled a significant amount of material on the folklore and ethnography of Voronezh, a large part of which, stored in the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art, has not yet been published. Materials on folk theater occupy an important place among Abramov’s records. For example, he recorded three versions of the folk drama “Tsar Maximilian.” The materials published in this article expand our picture of folk theater in Voronezh and in the larger Chernigov Province. They show that in Voronezh a number of ritualized performances (including “kolyadovanie,” “shchedrovanie,” “zasevanie,” walking with a goat and a star, drama) were performed at Yuletide, which taken together may be called “Yuletide theater.” In terms of the distribution of ritual forms of play, Voronezh was no exception for the Eastern part of Chernigov Province. For example, at the turn of the nineteenth - twentieth century, six versions of “Tsar Maximilian” were recorded in the region. The article describes the records that have been preserved and information about the performers who left them. During the period 1916-1937, when these records were made, performances with goat, star and “Tsar Maximilian” had already become a thing of the past, reflecting the changes that came about due to the cataclysm of the First World War and Revolution. Thus, the records reflect the stage of life of one portion of the tradition when it was becoming part of the people’s memory


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