By-products from the food and dairy industries

1980 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 71-78
Author(s):  
D. D. Singer
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Economic Resource ◽  
Hog Production ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Dining Room ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Cost ◽  
By Products

For the purpose of this paper I intend to include within the term ‘by-products’ all those materials that arise from the food industries which are not consumed by the human population of the United Kingdom. Some of these materials are not acceptable as part of the human diet, or, if acceptable, find no ready market. Other materials are inedible, perhaps by humans and other animals, but can be converted into acceptable food or feed whilst yet others which are edible and acceptable are wasted in processing, storage, transport, distribution and in the kitchen and dining room. It is impossible to give a figure for the annual amount of by-products and waste available but statistical evidence points to approximately 6 million tonnes of food, all of which is edible but not consumed. This figure does not include by-products which are not intended for human consumption such as abattoir wastes, whey and brewery wastes and cereal offals. The total figure is therefore larger and represents a considerable potential economic resource. (It must be observed however, that only a small fraction of these wastes and by-products can be economically utilized. Other speakers are dealing with animal slaughter, fish and cereal wastes and I will therefore give only passing attention to these materials.)About 40 million gallons of cheese whey are produced in the UK each year on the farm. Of this, about 12 million gallons are fed directly to pigs. Although it appears that heavy hog production and cheese making are often associated, disposal of whey on farm remains a problem, since the price fetched by whey may be only a quarter or less than the cost of transport. Disposal on land, where it can be useful as a fertilizer, can lead to pollution problems. Trials carried out by ADAS (Wolverhampton) on both beef and dairy cattle are promising. It has been shown that every kg of barley previously fed to dairy cattle can be replaced by 10 litres of whey at half the cost, making barley feed unnecessary. In diets for steers, calculations have shown that a litre of whey at 6% solids can replace 90g of compound for energy (Peacock, 1977).

Use of vegetable and arable by-products

1980 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 33-43
Author(s):  
G. H. Francis
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Market Pressures ◽  
By Products

In Agricultral Statistics, United Kingdom, 1974, the area of land devoted to vegetables grown in the open for human consumption is given as 187 500 ha. This amounted to some 4% of the tillage land in the UK, and along with similar areas of sugar beet and maincrop potatoes would appear to offer significant scope for the utilization of associated by-products as feed for livestock. The range of such crops produced in the UK is quite wide, but climatic and market pressures will influence actual cropping from year to year. Relevant details for the United Kingdom are set out in Table 1, and it will be seen that in 1974 England and Wales accounted for 95, 78 and 100%, respectively, of the areas of outdoor vegetables, maincrop potatoes and sugar beet grown in the UK. In the following, therefore, the discussion will be concentrated on the problems of production and distribution of vegetable and arable by-products. Similar problems of distribution will no doubt occur in other countries as well.

scholarly journals Re-calculating the cost of coccidiosis in chickens

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Damer P. Blake ◽  
Jolene Knox ◽  
Ben Dehaeck ◽  
Ben Huntington ◽  
Thilak Rathinam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
The United States ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Chicken Population ◽  
Global Cost ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Significant Disease

Abstract Coccidiosis, caused by Eimeria species parasites, has long been recognised as an economically significant disease of chickens. As the global chicken population continues to grow, and its contribution to food security intensifies, it is increasingly important to assess the impact of diseases that compromise chicken productivity and welfare. In 1999, Williams published one of the most comprehensive estimates for the cost of coccidiosis in chickens, featuring a compartmentalised model for the costs of prophylaxis, treatment and losses, indicating a total cost in excess of £38 million in the United Kingdom (UK) in 1995. In the 25 years since this analysis the global chicken population has doubled and systems of chicken meat and egg production have advanced through improved nutrition, husbandry and selective breeding of chickens, and wider use of anticoccidial vaccines. Using data from industry representatives including veterinarians, farmers, production and health experts, we have updated the Williams model and estimate that coccidiosis in chickens cost the UK £99.2 million in 2016 (range £73.0–£125.5 million). Applying the model to data from Brazil, Egypt, Guatemala, India, New Zealand, Nigeria and the United States resulted in estimates that, when extrapolated by geographical region, indicate a global cost of ~ £10.4 billion at 2016 prices (£7.7–£13.0 billion), equivalent to £0.16/chicken produced. Understanding the economic costs of livestock diseases can be advantageous, providing baselines to evaluate the impact of different husbandry systems and interventions. The updated cost of coccidiosis in chickens will inform debates on the value of chemoprophylaxis and development of novel anticoccidial vaccines.

Expanded Function Orthodontic Auxiliaries; a Proposal for their Introduction in the UK

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. D. O'Brien ◽  
W. C. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
The United States ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Treatment Provision ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Cost

The role of dental and orthodontic auxiliaries in Europe and the United States is reviewed, and the advantages of their employment in the United Kingdom are discussed in terms of increasing the cost-effectiveness of orthodontic treatment provision. A three-stage programme for the evaluation of Orthodontic Auxiliaries in the UK is proposed.

REVIEW ARTICLE Laminitis in the dairy cow: a cell biological approach

1997 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAY A. K. HENDRY ◽  
AMANDA J. MacCALLUM ◽  
CHRISTOPHER H. KNIGHT ◽  
COLIN J. WILDE
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Economic Factor ◽  
Dairy Farming ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Annual Incidence ◽  
Animal Suffering ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Cost

Lameness is a major welfare concern in dairy cattle. Estimates of the annual incidence of lameness range from 4 to 30%, and even in well managed herds as many as 15% of animals can be affected (Esselmont, 1990). In addition to the cost in animal suffering, lameness is accompanied by loss of production on a scale comparable, in temperate countries, with that caused by mastitis. Lost production, veterinary charges and milk discard costs coupled with reduced fertility or premature culling in turn make lameness a major economic factor in dairy farming. In the UK alone, the estimated cost in lost production is £44–£90 million per annum, equivalent to £10–20 per cow (Booth, 1989; Esselmont, 1990).

scholarly journals A flexible method for optimising sharing of healthcare resources and demand in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Lacasa ◽  
Robert Challen ◽  
Ellen Brooks-Pollock ◽  
Leon Danon
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Random Search ◽  
Geometric Graph ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Autonomous Communities ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Nearest Neighbours ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Cost

AbstractAs the number of cases of COVID-19 continues to grow, local health services are at risk of being overwhelmed with patients requiring intensive care. We develop and implement an algorithm to provide optimal re-routing strategies to either transfer patients requiring Intensive Care Units (ICU) or ventilators, constrained by feasibility of transfer. We validate our approach with realistic data from the United Kingdom and Spain. In the UK, we consider the National Health Service at the level of trusts and define a 4-regular geometric graph which indicates the four nearest neighbours of any given trust. In Spain we coarse-grain the healthcare system at the level of autonomous communities, and extract similar contact networks. Through random search optimisation we identify the best load sharing strategy, where the cost function to minimise is based on the total number of ICU units above capacity. Our framework is general and flexible allowing for additional criteria, alternative cost functions, and can be extended to other resources beyond ICU units or ventilators. Assuming a uniform ICU demand, we show that it is possible to enable access to ICU for up to 1000 additional cases in the UK in a single step of the algorithm. Under a more realistic and heterogeneous demand, our method is able to balance about 600 beds per step in the Spanish system only using local sharing, and over 1300 using countrywide sharing, potentially saving a large percentage of these lives that would otherwise not have access to ICU.

scholarly journals The Unique Lipidomic Signatures of Saccharina latissima Can Be Used to Pinpoint Their Geographic Origin

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
João P. Monteiro ◽  
Felisa Rey ◽  
Tânia Melo ◽  
Ana S. P. Moreira ◽  
Jean-François Arbona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Saccharina Latissima ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Fatty Acid Profiles ◽  
Lower Content ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Lipid Species ◽  
The Uk

The aquaculture of macroalgae for human consumption and other high-end applications is experiencing unprecedented development in European countries, with the brown algae Saccharina latissima being the flag species. However, environmental conditions in open sea culture sites are often unique, which may impact the biochemical composition of cultured macroalgae. The present study compared the elemental compositions (CHNS), fatty acid profiles, and lipidomes of S. latissima originating from three distinct locations (France, Norway, and the United Kingdom). Significant differences were found in the elemental composition, with Norwegian samples displaying twice the lipid content of the others, and significantly less protein (2.6%, while French and UK samples contained 6.3% and 9.1%, respectively). The fatty acid profiles also differed considerably, with UK samples displaying a lower content of n-3 fatty acids (21.6%), resulting in a higher n-6/n-3 ratio. Regarding the lipidomic profile, samples from France were enriched in lyso lipids, while those from Norway displayed a particular signature of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylcholine. Samples from the UK featured higher levels of phosphatidylethanolamine and, in general, a lower content of galactolipids. These differences highlight the influence of site-specific environmental conditions in the shaping of macroalgae biochemical phenotypes and nutritional value. It is also important to highlight that differences recorded in the lipidome of S. latissima make it possible to pinpoint specific lipid species that are likely to represent origin biomarkers. This finding is relevant for future applications in the field of geographic origin traceability and food control.

The public's opinion regarding the impact of equine passports on the industry

2006 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 255-258
Author(s):  
S. N. Turnbull ◽  
D. M. Abraham
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Disease Rates ◽  
Crucial Information ◽  
Uk Government ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

The equine passport legislation is a comparatively new scheme that requires all horses to have a passport by 28th February 2005 (Defra, 2004). The equine passport is thought to have had a major impact on the industry in the United Kingdom, however the extent of this is, as yet, unknown due to the lack of current research. The UK Government hopes that the passport scheme will monitor horses that have been treated with medication and guarantee that they are not slaughtered for human consumption (Frank, 2003, Defra, 2004). Whilst the scheme originated from European food safety legislation (Ellis, 2003), the UK Government believes that there are other benefits attached to the equine passport, such as gaining comprehensive records about the equine population in the UK, which is crucial information required for epidemiological reasons (Mellor et al., 1999). The information will provide a denominator for the assessment of disease rates, and which areas of the country may be under threat.

scholarly journals Household food wastage in Britain

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Wenlock ◽  
D. H. Buss ◽  
B. J. Derry ◽  
E. J. Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Total Food ◽  
The Family ◽  
Food And Drink ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Storage Distribution ◽  
Food Wastage

1. The total food and drink available for human consumption in the United Kingdom would provide approximately 13 MJ (3100 kcal)/person per d, while the energy intake recommended for the population is approximately 9.6 MJ (2300 kcal)/person per d. A proportion of this substantial difference must be due to wastage in the home as well as in catering establishments and during the storage, distribution and processing of food.2. As part of a general investigation of this problem, a representative sample of 1000 British households was asked to collect all the potentially-edible food wasted in their homes during 1 week, and to keep a record of the food, other than commercial pet food, which they gave to pets and wild birds. A total of 672 households co-operated fully, 338 in summer and 334 in winter. Each food sample received was weighed, and its energy content was determined calorimetrically.3. Significantly more waste food was collected in summer than in winter, equivalent to 9.3 MJ (2220 kcal)/household per week and 7.1 MJ (1700 kcal)/household per week respectively. In terms of energy, cereals, fat and meat wastage predominated, while in terms of weight, milk was more important and fat less so.4. Considerable quantities of otherwise edible food were also given to pets and birds, accounting on average for a further 2.4 MJ (570 kcal) and 3.0 MJ (710 kcal)/household per week in summer and winter respectively. The energy content of all food wasted in the home therefore averaged 11.7 MJ (2790 kcal)/household per week in summer and 10.1 MJ (2410 kcal)/household per week in winter, equivalent to 0.6 MJ (150 kcal) and 0.5 MJ (130 kcal)/person per d respectively. This is less than one-quarter of the gap between food supplies and the amount of food thought to be eaten in the UK.5. Food wastage was significantly influenced by the composition of the family, with adults wasting more in absolute terms than children, and larger households wasting less per person than smaller households. However, with few exceptions, neither income nor geographical region significantly affected the total amount of food wasted in the home.6. When assessed against the expected usage of food in the home, wastage accounted on average for 6.5% of the energy intake in summer and 5.4% in winter.

scholarly journals Ideas of flight

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 492-494
Author(s):  
C. Maher ◽  
D. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Psychiatric Hospitals ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Admission Diagnosis ◽  
Psychiatric History ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Cost

As staff on the acute psychiatric unit at St Ita's Hospital had recently become aware of an increasing number of referrals from Dublin airport, a retrospective analysis of case notes of such patients admitted from 1987 to 1994 was undertaken. Twenty-three patients were admitted over this period, the majority arriving from the UK. Mania was the admission diagnosis in 11 patients, schizophrenia in eight, unipolar depression in two, and schizoaffective and personality disorder in one case each. All but two had a past psychiatric history. Seventeen had Irish friends or relations; five of these acting upon ‘Ireland-related’ delusions. Ten patients required temporary certification. The mean duration of hospitalisation was 19 days and the total 433 days. All patients were repatriated, nine being transferred directly to psychiatric hospitals, with the relatives eventually bearing the cost of transport in all but one.

scholarly journals Prospects and challenges for an Indian dermatologist in the United Kingdom

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 75-78
Author(s):  
Sheerja Bali ◽  
Asha Rajeev
Keyword(s):  
Professional Development ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Continuing Professional Development ◽  
General Medical Council ◽  
Medical Council ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Career Options ◽  
The Cost

The United Kingdom is a sought-after destination to gain overseas experience and long-term employment for doctors trained in India. However, for many the path is unclear. This article aims to explain the various opportunities and the steps involved in securing a job in the National Health Service (NHS) for an Indian dermatologist. The steps to obtain the General Medical Council license to practice include demonstrating competency in English and passing the Professional and Linguistic Assessments Board examinations. Once the doctor is eligible to practice, career options are working as Core Medical trainee, Staff grade and Associate Specialists and Specialty doctors (SAS) or a locum consultant. One can become a consultant in the UK without retraining in dermatology through Certificate of Eligibility for Specialist Registration. In the NHS, a dermatologist typically works for 8 h a day on the weekdays. Time is allotted for professional development through the Continuing Professional Development sessions. Doctors earn well in the UK although the cost of living is high.

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