Procedures of sire selection, sampling and application of new technology

1995 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 9-12
Author(s):  
O. Meland
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Marker ◽  
Marker Assisted Selection ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Progeny Test ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Selection Methods ◽  
Test Programme

AbstractThe objective of any well designed progeny test programme is to identify those individuals that have inherited the favourable genes from his parents. Bulls that enter a progeny test programme have been highly selected on a set of selection criteria. The criteria vary among organizations based upon their breeding philosophy and their prediction of the future economic value of various traits. The accuracy of choosing among this highly selected group is quite low. Increasing the accuracy of selection before progeny testing is the greatest potential application of genetic marker technology. Markers associated with traits of importance can greatly enhance traditional selection methods by increasing the prospect of an individual having the desired characteristics. Genetic marker-assisted selection can greatly increase the actual genetic merit of traits of economic importance

Responses of multi-trait selection in open nucleus schemes for dairy cattle breeding

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. E. Meuwissen ◽  
J. A. Woolliams
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Deterministic Model ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Secondary Traits ◽  
Open Nucleus

AbstractResponses of selection for milk production and secondary traits were predicted in open nucleus schemes using a deterministic model. Secondary traits considered were: traits recorded during lactation (e.g. mastitis resistance; calving ease); traits recorded in the nucleus only (e.g. food intake); traits recorded early in life (e.g. growth rate); and traits recorded late in life (e.g. longevity). Also, genotype × environment interactions between nucleus and commercial herds and predictors of merit in juveniles were considered.Extension of the breeding goal to include an uncorrelated secondary trait, which was recorded at each lactation, had the same heritability as milk production (assumed throughout to be 0·25) and half its economic value, increased total economic gain by a factor of 0·12. This increase was only 0·04, if the heritability of the secondary trait was 0·1. The situation for traits of low heritability was not improved by progeny testing of young bulls due to the short optimized generation intervals. Gain increased only by a factor of 0·04, if the economic value was 0·25.Including a secondary trait of heritability 0·25 and a genetic correlation with yield of 0·5 in the index, only increased economic response rates by a factor of 0·04. However, when the genetic correlation was –0·5 the benefits were greater with increases of 0·09, 0·10 and 0·22 for heritabilities of 0·05, 0·10 and 0·25, respectively. Hence, including traits with low heritability but with strong negative correlations with yield, which might apply to fertility and disease resistance, increased rates of gain moderately.If an uncorrelated secondary trait was recorded in the nucleus only, e.g. food intake, and had half the economic value of milk production, total gains increased by a factor of 0·10. Hence, recording of secondary traits can be restricted to the nucleus with only minor loss of gain. The extra economic benefit was greatest from secondary traits measured early in life compared with late in life, e.g. longevity, with benefits increased by factors of 0·24 and 0·06, respectively.Open nucleus schemes are robust in the presence of genotype × environment interactions between nucleus and commercial herds, if the breeding value estimation method accounts for these interactions, juvenile indicator traits of milk production may increase rates of gain by a factor of 0·11, if the heritability of the indicator trait is 0·25 and the correlation with milk production is 0·5.

scholarly journals Exploratory Sampling of Spalting Fungi in the Southern Peruvian Amazon Forest

Challenges ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Sarath M. Vega Gutierrez ◽  
Javier F. Illescas Guevara ◽  
Claudia C. Andersen ◽  
Jose Koechlin von Stein ◽  
Seri C. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Edible Mushrooms ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Peruvian Amazon ◽  
Fruiting Bodies ◽  
Wood Decomposition ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Madre De Dios

Most of the research related to Peruvian Amazon fungi is focused on edible mushrooms and pathogens. Other important fungi, such as the spalting type (decay fungi that pigment wood internally), are not broadly studied, as most of them do not produce fruiting bodies and can be difficult to locate. Spalting fungi, however, are of broad economic importance due to their ability to produce pigments that enhance wood aesthetics, resulting in an increased economic value. In order to begin understanding the diversity of spalting fungi within certain regions of the Amazon, a sampling of downed trees and branches (through the opening of the xylem to identify potential pigmenting and zone line producing fungi) was done in the district of Las Piedras, Madre de Dios, Peru. Fungi suspected of causing internal pigment and zone lines were collected, cultured, isolated, and sequenced. The species found belonged to the orders Helotiales, Xylariales, Hypocreales, Russulales, Polyporales, Botryosphaeriales and two specimens of the class Leotiomycetes. The fungi collected produced pigments or zone lines in wild conditions and all of them were capable of wood decomposition. Interestingly, these are the same orders and genera as North American spalting fungi, which may indicate a correlation within species that pigment wood. The results obtained start a specific database of spalted fungi in the Amazon and, with it, help support an effort to increase the forest value of ecosystems primarily used for a few high-valued tree species.

A Method of Comparing the Performances of Commercial Aircraft

1934 ◽  
Vol 38 (282) ◽  
pp. 477-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Langley
Keyword(s):  
Economic Value ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Commercial Aircraft ◽  
Earning Capacity ◽  
Commercial Importance

Major Green in his paper has given prominence to a subject which is now becoming of wide interest and great commercial importance. A method of assessing the economic value of speed is very desirable and Major Green has attempted to do this by means of an index figure.I would like to put forward a method which, whilst it does not provide a datum or index figure, offers a ready method of comparing two or more machines, taking into account those features of the aircraft which are of economic importance. It must be accepted that the geographical and political features of different routes, time-tables, and other such extra-to-aircraft items could be included in any method of comparison without the use of an empiric formula, the relative importance of whose terms would be largely a matter of opinion. Further, this method is based not on subsidy earning but profit earning capacity.

A comparison between the actual progeny test of Friesian/Holstein bulls and indexes calculated from pedigree information

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. T. Swanson ◽  
H. Joanne Bellamy
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Progeny Test ◽  
Pedigree Information ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Holstein Bulls ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Milk Marketing ◽  
Maternal Grandsire ◽  
Progeny Performance

ABSTRACTTwo pedigree indexes were calculated for 754 Friesian/Holstein bulls born between 1974 and 1980 and tested by the Milk Marketing Board. Correlations between the indexes and the average progeny performance were used to compare the indexes calculated using information from different ancestors. The first index, or estimated predicted difference (EPD) was calculated as one-half the sire progeny test, known as an Improved Contemporary Comparison (ICC), plus one-quarter the maternal grandsire ICC. The second index or estimated ICC (EICC) was calculated from one-half the sire ICC plus one-half the dam cow genetic index (CGI). The correlations between the deregressed bull evaluations (DICC) and EPD, calculated from 310 bulls, were 0·40 for milk yield, 0·40 for fat yield and 0·39 for protein yield. The corresponding correlations between the DICC and EICC, calculated from 314 bulls, were 0·43, 0·40 and 0·41. The regression coefficients for predicting average progeny performance from the EPD index were 1·00 (s.e. 0·13), 0·97 (s.e. 0·12), 0·96 (s.e. 0·13), 1·09 (s.e. 0·12) and 1·08 (s.e. 0·10) for milk, fat and protein yield, fat and protein percentage respectively. Those for predicting progeny performance from the EICC index were 0·95 (s.e. 0·11), 0·81 (s.e. 0·10) and 0·84 (s.e. 0·10) for milk, fat and protein yield respectively. Although the correlations were lower than the expected values of 0·50 (EPD) and 0·55 (EICC) the regressions were near the expected value of 1. The results indicate that the indexes are useful as a preliminary means of selecting bulls prior to progeny testing.

THE EVALUATION OF BEEF BULLS FROM AN ORGANIZED PROGENY TEST PROGRAM

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 621-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. SCHAEFFER ◽  
HOON SONG ◽  
J. W. WILTON
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Best Linear Unbiased Prediction ◽  
Progeny Test ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Test Program ◽  
Linear Unbiased Prediction ◽  
Testing Program ◽  
Best Linear Unbiased ◽  
Computational Procedures ◽  
Program Test

Three methods of evaluating beef sires for weaning weight with data obtained from an organized young sire progeny testing program were compared. Information from Agriculture Canada’s National Beef Sire Monitoring Program was utilized along with computational procedures based on best linear unbiased prediction. The methods were applied to data from the Canadian Simmental Association as an illustration of the methods. A model which incorporates the proofs of the reference sires into the comparisons with test bulls was considered more appropriate than the other two models compared. The results also showed that even in an organized progeny test program, test bulls are not truly mated to cows of equal merit or across equal herd environments.

Relative efficiency of individual selection and reference sire progeny test schemes for beef production

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 601 ◽  
Author(s):  
CA Morris ◽  
LP Jones ◽  
IR Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Gain ◽  
Progeny Test ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Selection Intensity ◽  
Individual Selection ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Genetic Progress ◽  
Test Selection ◽  
Artificial Breeding ◽  
Natural Service

Individual selection on the basis of adjusted yearling weight records (policy 1) was compared with selection of proven sires based on progeny test results ('progeny test selection'). The major assumptions in the comparisons were that herd sizes were 100 recorded cows, and that each herd used four joining groups. It was assumed that 25 herds cooperated in using two reference sires in artificial breeding to link progeny test data from young bulls in natural service, thereby increasing selection intensity without the loss in accuracy normally suffered in a single multi-sired herd. In the progeny test comparisons, preselection of young bulls for progeny testing (policy 2) was also compared with random selection among young bulls for progeny testing (policy 3). This paper contains a limited number of comparisons only, in order to indicate the possible extent of selection pressure with different policies. Comparisons in terms of annual genetic progress ranked the policies in the order 2 (greatest), 1, 3, with policy 2 being better than 3 by 90-110%. The advantage of policy 2 over policy 1 was 26-38%. In all cases, using bulls first as yearlings was preferable to 2 1/4 years in terms of annual genetic gain. With individual selection, keeping bulls for 1 year compared with 2 or 3 years had little effect on annual gain, as the rise in selection intensity balanced the rise in generation interval. Inbreeding change per year was more affected, lower rates resulting from bulls being used for 1 year only. Inbreeding rates were small with progeny test selection as described here, as long as proven sons came from young bulls as well as proven sires. The effect of selection intensity under progeny test selection with preselection becomes diluted to 25% in its contribution to annual genetic change. Thus some degree of assortative mating may be useful, or wider use of proven sires relative to young sires. With preselection the break-even number of cooperating progeny test herds was low (three herds), compared with equal rates of genetic gain from individual selection.

scholarly journals Global economic value of shark ecotourism: implications for conservation

Oryx ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés M. Cisneros-Montemayor ◽  
Michele Barnes-Mauthe ◽  
Dalal Al-Abdulrazzak ◽  
Estrella Navarro-Holm ◽  
U. Rashid Sumaila
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Shark Conservation ◽  
Shark Fisheries

AbstractAmid declining shark populations because of overfishing, a burgeoning shark watching industry, already well established in some locations, generates benefits from shark protection. We compile reported economic benefits at shark watching locations and use a meta-analytical approach to estimate benefits at sites without available data. Results suggest that, globally, c. 590,000 shark watchers expend > USD 314 million per year, directly supporting 10,000 jobs. By comparison, the landed value of global shark fisheries is currently c. USD 630 million and has been in decline for most of the past decade. Based on current observed trends, numbers of shark watchers could more than double within the next 20 years, generating > USD 780 million in tourist expenditures around the world. This supports optimistic projections at new sites, including those in an increasing number of shark sanctuaries established primarily for shark conservation and enacted in recognition of the ecological and economic importance of living sharks.

PROGENY GROUP SIZE IN AN ORGANIZED PROGENY TEST PROGRAM OF AI BEEF BULLS USING REFERENCE SIRES

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. FOULLEY ◽  
L. R. SCHAEFFER ◽  
H. SONG ◽  
J. W. WILTON
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Numerical Procedure ◽  
Progeny Test ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Program Optimization ◽  
Test Program ◽  
Testing Program ◽  
Progeny Group

A numerical procedure was utilized to optimize the number of progeny for young bulls and reference sires in a beef sire progeny testing program. Optimization was based on attaining a desired level of accuracy on the types of comparisons that were to be made after the test was completed. As heritability increased, the total number of progeny required decreased, but the percentage of reference sire progeny remained the same. There were near optimum progeny distributions with smaller total number of progeny and only slightly less accurate than the optimum solutions which could also be considered for application. Key words: Progeny testing, beef cattle, optimum designs, reference sires

scholarly journals Analysis of Direct and Indirect Selection and Indices in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Segregating Progeny

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zine El Abidine Fellahi ◽  
Abderrahmane Hannachi ◽  
Hamenna Bouzerzour
Keyword(s):  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Selection Index ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Indirect Selection ◽  
Selection Methods ◽  
Simultaneous Selection ◽  
Selection Of

Three selection methods including direct and indirect selection along with selection index based on the phenotypic values of eleven traits of agronomic interest were assessed for their application in F4 bread wheat progenies. Significant genetic variation existed among parents and crosses for the traits measured. The following were the most efficient indices for simultaneous selection of superior lines for yield and its components: base index of Williams, followed by the sum of ranks index of Smith and Hazel. The selection-based index provided the highest grain yield gains as compared to the other selection criteria, except for flag leaf area, indicating that the direct and indirect monotrait selection were not appropriate in the situation analyzed in this work. PCA identified Ain Abid × Mahon-Demias, Ain Abid × Rmada, and Ain Abid × El-Wifak as the most promising populations. At 5% selection intensity, the top 30 lines selected were distinguished, in comparison with the standard check Hidhab, by significant improvements in yield and yield components.

scholarly journals Socio-Economic Importance Of Associated Plant Species In Short Rotation Coppice Plantations

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-29
Author(s):  
Michal Beniak ◽  
Michal Žabka
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Agricultural Field ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Root Crops ◽  
Spontaneous Vegetation ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Toxic Potential

Abstract Many ecosystem services do not pass through markets. Therefore, the benefits which ecosystems provide to society are largely unrecorded. Fast-growing woody crops represent a quite new and still insufficiently explored ecosystem of agricultural land which has a potential to provide several utility functions. It may contribute to satisfaction of human needs and may enhance regional health. The goal of this paper was to detect the socio-economic importance of associated spontaneous vegetation in plantations of the energy crops (hybrids of the genera Salix) and to compare it with the socio-economic importance of adjacent permanently cultivated agricultural field. There was examined the therapeutic, melliferous, feed, allergenic and toxic potential of undergrowth for each experimental plot inside the SRC plantations. The research was carried out on the agricultural land formerly used for growing cereals and root crops – the research base Kolíňany. Our results showed that energy plantation understoreys can be assumed to be the better option for contribution to the total socio-economic value of a region than agricultural fields.

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