Light environment, gas exchange, and annual growth of saplings of three species of rain forest trees in Costa Rica

1993 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven F. Oberbauer ◽  
David B. Clark ◽  
Deborah A. Clark ◽  
Paul M. Rich ◽  
Gerardo Vega
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Light Environment ◽  
Diffuse Light ◽  
Leaf Photosynthesis ◽  
Leaf Dark Respiration

ABSTRACTLight environment, leaf physiological characteristics, and growth were compared for forest-grown saplings of three species of tropical trees with known life histories. Light environment was assessed both by hemispherical canopy photography and a quantitative visual index of crown illumination. Leaf gas exchange characteristics were measured by infrared gas analysis. The species tested included Lecythis ampla, a species tolerant of understorey conditions, Pithecellobium elegans, a species found in relatively bright sites, and Simarouba amara, a fast-growing, light-demanding species.Annual height and diameter growth did not significantly differ between the three species, but highest average rates were found for Simarouba. Likewise, saplings of the three species were found in similar low light environments although Simarouba saplings were found in slightly brighter sites and Lecythis saplings were found in the lowest light environments. Despite similar light regimes, the species differed markedly in leaf area and gas exchange. Leaf areas of Lecythis saplings were five and ten-fold greater than Simarouba and Pithecellobium saplings, respectively. Light-saturated leaf photosynthesis and leaf dark respiration rates of Lecythis were about half those of Simarouba; rates of Pithecellobium were intermediate. Lecythis had the highest leaf photosynthesis at understorey diffuse light levels. Measures of annual growth were positively correlated with estimates of both direct and diffuse light with the strongest correlations between sapling performance and diffuse light.

The Effects of Drought on Leaf Gas Exchange and Growth of Three Species of Herbaceous Perennials

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 540a-540
Author(s):  
K.J. Prevete ◽  
R.T. Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Herbaceous Perennials ◽  
Effects Of Drought ◽  
Analysis System

Three species of herbaceous perennials were tested on their ability to withstand and recover from drought stress periods of 2, 4, and 6 days. Eupatorium rugosum and Boltonia asteroides `Snowbank' were chosen because of their reported drought intolerance, while Rudbeckia triloba was chosen based on its reported drought tolerance. Drought stress began on 19 Sept. 1997. Plants were transplanted into the field the day following the end of each stress period. The effects of drought on transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and net photosynthetic rate were measured during the stress and throughout recovery using an infrared gas analysis system. Leaf gas exchange measurements were taken through recovery until there were no differences between the stressed plants and the control plants. Transpiration, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis of Rudbeckia and Boltonia were not affected until 4 days after the start of stress. Transpiration of Eupatorium decreased after 3 days of stress. After rewatering, leaf gas exchange of Boltonia and Rudbeckia returned to non-stressed levels quicker than Eupatorium. Growth measurements were taken every other day during stress, and then weekly following transplanting. Measurements were taken until a killing frost that occurred on 3 Nov. There were no differences in the growth between the stressed and non-stressed plants in any of the species. Plants will be monitored throughout the winter, spring, and summer to determine the effects of drought on overwintering capability and regrowth.

scholarly journals Salinity Influences Photosynthetic Characteristics, Water Relations, and Foliar Mineral Composition of Annona squamosa L.

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Marler ◽  
Yasmina Zozor
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Annona Squamosa

Leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, water relations, and mineral nutrient relations responses of Annona squamosa seedlings to mild salinity were studied in sand culture in five experiments during 1990, 1991, and 1993. Trees were irrigated with a complete nutrient solution (control) or with this solution amended to 3 or 6 dS·m-1 with sea salt. Inhibition of net CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance of CO2, and transpiration was apparent within 2 weeks of initiating salinity treatments, and gas exchange continued to decline until day 30 to 35. The diurnal pattern of leaf gas exchange was not altered by increased salinity. Salinity reduced CO2, light energy, and water-use efficiencies. Salinity sometimes reduced the ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence below that of the control, and this response was highly dependent on the ambient light conditions that preceded the measurements. Dark respiration was unaffected by salinity stress. Root zone salinity of 3 dS·m-1 administered for 52 days did not influence foliar sodium concentration or the ratio of sodium to potassium, but increased chloride concentration and decreased nitrogen concentration. The sodium response indicated that some form of exclusion or compartmentation occurred. Salinity reduced osmotic potential of root tissue but did not influence foliar osmotic or predawn xylem potential. These results indicate that A. squamosa is sensitive to salinity stress, and that the responses to salinity are consistent with other salt-sensitive woody perennial species.

The effects of environmental conditions on the inhibition of leaf gas exchange by NO2

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 475-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Srivastava ◽  
P. A. Jolliffe ◽  
V. C. Runeckles
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Absolute Magnitude ◽  
High Irradiance ◽  
Diffusion Resistance ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Photosynthetic Inhibition ◽  
Free Air

An open flow system was used to examine the uptake and effects of NO2 on gas exchange by primary leaves of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under a variety of conditions of irradiance, temperature, humidity, and atmospheric CO2 and O2 concentrations. At 3.0 ppm, NO2 inhibited apparent photosynthesis and dark respiration in all the conditions tested. Both 3.0 ppm and 7.0 ppm NO2 inhibited the evolution of CO2 into CO2-free air. The absolute magnitude of photosynthetic inhibition by NO2 was greatest at high irradiance, at the optimum temperature for apparent photosynthesis, and at high humidities. Changes in CO2 concentration from 100 to 600 ppm and in O2 concentration from 0 to 21% did not affect the percentage inhibition of apparent photosynthesis by NO2. High temperatures increased the inhibitory effects of NO2 on dark respiration.The effects of NO2 on apparent photosynthesis, dark respiration, and CO2 evolution into CO2-free air were based on inhibitory effects exerted within the leaves and not on CO2 diffusion into the leaf. Transpiration rate and stomatal diffusion resistance were only slightly affected by NO2. The uptake of NO2 was enhanced by high temperature, low CO2 concentration, and high humidity. The results of these studies support the view that NO2 uptake is subject to internal limitations ("mesophyll resistance") under many environmental conditions.The range and prevalence of NO2 effects suggest that NO2 may cause general detrimental changes in the physiology of leaf cells. Furthermore, the circumstances under which NO2 effects were found to occur indicate that such effects may be significant in natural ecosystems.

Reexamining the empirical relation between plant growth and leaf photosynthesis

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric L. Kruger ◽  
John C. Volin
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Empirical Relation ◽  
Leaf Photosynthesis ◽  
Unit Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Mass ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Growth Variation

Technological advances during the past several decades have greatly enhanced our ability to measure leaf photosynthesis virtually anywhere and under any condition. Associated with the resulting proliferation of gas-exchange data is a lingering uncertainty regarding the importance of such measurements when it comes to explaining intrinsic causes of plant growth variation. Accordingly, in this paper we rely on a compilation of data to address the following questions: from both statistical and mechanistic standpoints, how closely does plant growth correlate with measures of leaf photosynthesis? Moreover, in this context, does the importance of leaf photosynthesis as an explanatory variable differ among growth light environments? Across a wide array of species and environments, relative growth rate (RGR) was positively correlated with daily integrals of photosynthesis expressed per unit leaf area (Aarea), leaf mass (Amass), and plant mass (Aplant). The amount of RGR variation explained by these relationships increased from 36% for the former to 93% for the latter. Notably, there was close agreement between observed RGR and that estimated from Aplant after adjustment for theoretical costs of tissue construction. Overall, based on an analysis of growth response coefficients (GRCs), gross assimilation rate (GAR), a photosynthesis-based estimate of biomass gain per unit leaf area, explained about as much growth variation as did leaf mass ratio (LMR) and specific leaf area (SLA). Further analysis of GRCs indicated that the importance of GAR in explaining growth variation increased with increasing light intensity. Clearly, when considered in combination with other key determinants, appropriate measures of leaf gas exchange effectively capture the fundamental role of leaf photosynthesis in plant growth variation.

scholarly journals An introductory guide to gas exchange analysis of photosynthesis and its application to plant phenotyping and precision irrigation to enhance water use efficiency

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 786-808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Haworth ◽  
Giovanni Marino ◽  
Mauro Centritto
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Plant Phenotyping ◽  
Physiological Control ◽  
Commercial Plant ◽  
Productive Water ◽  
Plant Photosynthesis ◽  
Precision Irrigation

Abstract Leaf gas exchange is central to the analysis of photosynthetic processes and the development of more productive, water efficient and stress tolerant crops. This has led to a rapid expansion in the use of commercial plant photosynthesis systems which combine infra-red gas analysis and chlorophyll fluorescence (Chl-Flr) capabilities. The present review provides an introduction to the principles, common sources of error, basic measurements and protocols when using these plant photosynthesis systems. We summarise techniques to characterise the physiology of light harvesting, photosynthetic capacity and rates of respiration in the light and dark. The underlying concepts and calculation of mesophyll conductance of CO2 from the intercellular air-space to the carboxylation site within chloroplasts using leaf gas exchange and Chl-Flr are introduced. The analysis of stomatal kinetic responses is also presented, and its significance in terms of stomatal physiological control of photosynthesis that determines plant carbon and water efficiency in response to short-term variations in environmental conditions. These techniques can be utilised in the identification of the irrigation technique most suited to a particular crop, scheduling of water application in precision irrigation, and phenotyping of crops for growth under conditions of drought, temperature extremes, elevated [CO2] or exposure to pollutants.

Opposite changes in leaf dark respiration and soluble sugars with drought in two Mediterranean oaks

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 1004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Rodríguez-Calcerrada ◽  
Oula Shahin ◽  
María del Carmen del Rey ◽  
Serge Rambal
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Water Deficit Stress ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Leaf Dark Respiration ◽  
Mediterranean Oaks ◽  
Relative Production

The decline in net photosynthetic CO2 uptake (An) caused by drought could reduce the availability of soluble sugars and thus limit leaf dark respiration (Rd). We investigated the response of leaf gas exchange and nonstructural carbohydrates to drought by stopping watering to 2-year-old plants of Quercus ilex L. and Quercus pubescens Willd. grown in large pots. An declined with increasing water deficit more rapidly than Rd, and Rd declined slightly more steeply in Q. ilex than in Q. pubescens. Soluble sugars increased in drought-treated plants relative to control well watered plants, and the opposite pattern was found for starch. After rewatering, Rd returned to pre-drought rates within 2 days and An within 1 week. Soluble sugars tended to recover pre-drought values after rewatering but continued to be significantly higher in drought-treated than control plants of Q. pubescens, for which the increase in the concentration of soluble sugars had been higher. These results suggest that the relative production of soluble sugars is upregulated when An is limited, and that soluble sugars do not control respiratory rates in response to and recovery from water deficit. Rather, we suggest that the decline in Rd contributes to drought tolerance by reducing the consumption of soluble sugars, which play an important role as osmoprotectants during water deficit stress.

Inhibition of gas exchange in bean leaves by NO2

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 466-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Srivastava ◽  
P. A. Jolliffe ◽  
V. C. Runeckles
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Stomatal Resistance ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Rate Of Absorption

An open gas-flow system was used to examine the effects of the air pollutant NO2 on gas exchange by primary leaves of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Apparent photosynthesis and dark respiration were both inhibited by NO2 concentrations between 1.0 and 7.0 ppm. The degree of inhibition was increased by increasing NO2 concentration and increasing exposure time. Leaf susceptibility to NO2 varied during leaf growth. NO2 was most inhibitory at the ages when maximum rates of apparent photosynthesis or respiration were observed in the NO2-free controls (11 or 12, or 8 days after sowing, respectively). The rate of absorption of NO2 by leaves increased in direct proportion with the NO2 concentration and declined with increasing exposure time. The NO2 uptake rate in the dark was about half of its rate during illumination because of greater stomatal resistance to NO2 absorption in the dark. Transpiration rate was less affected by NO2 than was photosynthesis or respiration. Accordingly, it is suggested that the principal effects of NO2 on leaf gas exchange are exerted in the leaf mesophyll and are not on the stomata.

scholarly journals Leaf Gas Exchange Performance of Ten Quinoa Genotypes under a Simulated Heat Wave

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley Eustis ◽  
Kevin M. Murphy ◽  
Felipe H. Barrios-Masias
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Assimilation Capacity

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a highly nutritious crop that is resilient to a wide range of abiotic stresses; however, sensitivity to high temperatures is regarded as an impediment to adoption in regions prone to heat waves. Heat stress is usually associated with a decrease in crop reproductive capacity (e.g., pollen viability), yet little is known about how leaf physiological performance of quinoa is affected by high temperatures. Several trials were conducted to understand the effect of high temperatures, without confounding stressors such as drought, on ten selected quinoa genotypes considered to encompass heat sensitive and heat tolerant plant material. Plants were grown under favorable temperatures and exposed to two temperature treatments over four consecutive days. The heat treatment simulated heat waves with maximum and minimum temperatures higher during the day and night, while the control treatment was maintained under favorable temperatures (maximum and minimum temperatures for ‘Heat’: 45/30 °C and ‘Control’: 20/14 °C). Leaf gas exchange (day), chlorophyll fluorescence (predawn and day) and dark respiration (night) were measured. Results show that most quinoa genotypes under the heat treatment increased their photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance, resulting in a lower intrinsic water use efficiency. This was partly corroborated by an increase in the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm). Dark respiration decreased under the heat treatment in most genotypes, and temperature treatment did not affect aboveground biomass by harvest (shoot and seeds). These results suggest that heat stress alone favors increases in leaf carbon assimilation capacity although the tradeoff is higher plant water demand, which may lead to plant water stress and lower yields under non-irrigated field conditions.

scholarly journals Leaf Gas-exchange Characteristics of Sixteen Cycad Species

1997 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Marler ◽  
Leah E. Willis
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Growth Form ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
African Species ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Gas Exchange Characteristics ◽  
The Difference

Leaf gas exchange characteristics for 16 species of cycad were determined under field conditions in Miami, Fla. Net CO2 assimilation (ACO2) ranged from 4.9 μmol·m-2·s-1 for Lepidozamia peroffskyana Regel to 10.1 μmol·m-2·s-1 for Zamia furfuracea L. fil. in Aiton. Stomatal conductance to H2O (gs) was more variable, ranging from 85 mmol·m-2·s-1 for Cycas seemannii A. Br. to 335 mmol·m-2·s-1 for Encephalartos hildebrandtii A. Br. & Bouche. Transpiration (E) ranged from 1.7 mmol·m-2·s-1 for Cycas chamberlainii W.H. Brown & Keinholz to 4.8 mmol·m-2·s-1 for Encephalartos hildebrandtii. Highly variable E was more controlling of water-use efficiency than the less-variable ACO2. The difference between air and pinnae temperature ranged from 0.3 to 1.6 °C and was inversely related to mean gs among the species. The values within geographic regions representative of the native habitats of the species were highly variable. For example, two of the African species exhibited the highest and lowest values of water-use efficiency in the survey. Leaf gas exchange for the four largest species with arborescent growth form was less than that for the three small species with subterranean or short bulbous growth form. The diurnal variation in leaf gas exchange for Zamia furfuracea exhibited a two-peaked pattern with a distinct midday depression in ACO2 and gs. The ratio of dark respiration to maximum ACO2 for Zamia furfuracea was 0.04. As a group, the values for ACO2 and gs for these cycads ranked at the lower end of the range for all plants species.

scholarly journals Leaf Gas Exchange Response of 'Arapaho' Blackberry and Six Red Raspberry Cultivars to Moderate and High Temperatures

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 880-883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric T. Stafne ◽  
John R. Clark ◽  
Curt R. Rom
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
The Third ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
June July

Leaf gas exchange of six red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) and one blackberry (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus Watson) genotypes growing in 12-L containers was measured at four temperatures (20, 25, 30, and 35 °C) once a month for 3 months in growth chambers by infrared gas analysis. Measurements were taken on three successive leaves on the same primocane between the third and seventh nodes (≈75% to 85% of full leaf expansion). The plants were grown in ambient (field) conditions except when measurements were taken. Maximum daily ambient temperatures rose as high as ≈37 °C during this period. Net CO2 assimilation (A), evapotranspiration (ET), and stomatal conductance (gs) were measured during June, July, and August. Significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) in A were found among the seven genotypes. 'Arapaho' blackberry displayed the highest mean A rate at all temperatures. Only in the raspberry cultivars Nova and Reveille did the rate of A drop significantly when temperature increased from 20 to 30 °C. 'Reveille' was also the only cultivar in which A significantly declined between 30 and 35 °C. The ET increased significantly over the four temperatures in four cultivars ('Arapaho', 'Heritage', 'Nova', and 'Southland'). The ET rate at 35 °C was higher for 'Arapaho' than for all other cultivars. 'Autumn Bliss', 'Dormanred', and 'Reveille' did not change significantly as the temperature rose from 20 to 35 °C. Stomatal conductance of 'Heritage' and 'Arapaho' did not change significantly between 20 and 35 °C, whereas that of 'Autumn Bliss' and 'Reveille' declined almost 50% when temperature increased to 30 or 35 °C.

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